Subjectivity is the change of self when telling a story or making a story, whether oral or written. The sender involves his feelings, his opinions, his expectations and his experiences. For this reason, when the speaker is reporting subjectively, he usually tells his own vision of the world and gives emphasis to what is most important to him, such as his opinion regarding it, that is, he always takes a personal position regarding all the facts.

All the stories are different for each of the receivers, since they receive the message and adjust it according to their experiences. It is easier for a person to relate something they are told with something that has happened to them, rather than to imagine it. Therefore, the stories can be interpreted in different ways, depending on the people who receive them.

Gomis warns that interpretation is only possible with facts that are within our reach, not the consciences or thoughts of others. It is based on five hypotheses to reach this statement:

The media act as mediators" because they are situated or interposed between the readers and the world of experience that is beyond perception and direct contact. What they do is transmit versions of events that the readers have not been able to directly attend.

Time is very important. Current events are the result; they appear as a set of events that are recent and immediate. They are spread through the media and new ones are assumed for the audience. Current events must be understood as a flexible and relative thing. News journalism, as some authors warn, does not coincide with reality itself, nor is it limited to reproducing or reflecting it.

On the other hand, there is the news update. There are news that exhaust themselves, others that are talked about for days, incorporating the news.

Journalistic language does not have an aesthetic function like literary language, for example, may have. Furthermore, the journalistic is in the third person, referentially real. It also has some codes and a certain layout (layout). The primary function of journalistic language is to inform. It is also usable in newspapers.

style is a series of properties or characteristics, a supposed form of oral or written expression characteristic of the media. A way of writing accepted and disseminated by style books (style manual) that all journalists must follow to be impartial.

Ángel López García, Spanish linguist and grammarian, wrote a decalogue' related to the main characteristics of journalistic style.

When talking about journalistic style, this decalogue must be taken into account since it is aimed at a wide and heterogeneous audience and, furthermore, it is a matter of tradition. All this translates into a couple of rules to follow when presenting information:

• Expressive impersonality (third person).

• Follow the logical order of the sentence: subject-verb-predicate.

The problem is that a way of writing is usually confused with the content of the information so that the public believes that using a certain style guarantees impartiality, and this is not always the case.

It can be reported in a non-informative style and partially reported in an informative style.

Another mistake is to use style in the singular and with a unifying meaning. There is no single journalistic style, but rather a heterogeneous and complex variety of styles and registers.

Journalists cannot write as they see fit but must do so according to the journalistic genre in which they are writing.

• Informative genres such as news: informative style.

• Interpretive genres such as chronicle and report: informative but more entertaining style, with concessions to the author's own creativity.

• Genres of opinion such as the article and the editorial: free style.

The journalist, Albert Chillón") explains that it is inconceivable to speak of a single journalistic style, in the same way that one cannot speak of a single literary genre. It is a heterogeneous and complex network of styles, since there is no style that is completely referential, nor exempt from an aesthetic deviation. In his opinion, there is also no style that is capable of reproducing reality because: "speaking of informative and opinion style is only a chimera of the media that seeks to ensure that they have a vision that faithfully reproduces reality. reality."

Chillón maintains that it is a method of interpreting reality and not that journalists have the ability to reflect true reality. Each of the ways and styles of explaining reality, the facts, raises and constructs its own reality. Therefore, journalists construct reality as they recount the events that occur in it.

According to the definition of the French writer, Gustave Flaubert: "style is a way of seeing things." Language is not only an instrument with which reality can be explained, but language is the way of experiencing it. In short, reality is constructed through words. There is a plurality of style.

Chillón thinks that this characteristic of style requires an expressive effort to always find the most precise, most exact, most suggestive word. That is, the writing resources that best allow you to explain a reality. Therefore, we should move from writing to journalistic writing, a desire for style to search for the most refined word and expression to explain reality. Chillón is convinced that not only ambitious writing can be acceptable and responsible writing.

Style books appeared in the Anglo-Saxon area and arrived in Spain in the seventies, with El País (España) "El País (Spain)") being the first to have one.

According to Joan Fontcuberta: “a style book is a set of linguistic and stylistic standards that provide a means to produce messages that are more concrete, more effective and more correct”. It also specifies the treatment of information and beta some topics such as boxing in the case of the El País newspaper. Most media outlets have a style book.

Chillón criticizes the fact that style manuals contain a series of recipes that dictate generic rules of composition and style, and that they have a normative attitude that limits creativity through the imposition of mandatory guidelines. But, in his opinion, all these regulations do not fully address the expression needs of the press. This impoverishes journalistic writing and encourages us to always look for the most appropriate forms of expression for what we want to tell.

The most common style rules are:.

• Construct sentences correctly.

• Active voice preferable to passive.

• Action verbs preferable to state verbs.

• Two short sentences are better than one long one.

• Avoid archaisms, neologisms or scientific terms.

• Affirmative phrases better than negative ones.

• Intersperse fragments of direct and indirect speech.

• Grammar rules.

For Gomis, the notion of gender in journalism "comes from literary tradition and this, in turn, comes from Greco-Latin culture." This division comes from whether the forms of writing were mimetic or not with nature. A genre refers to a very heterogeneous reality and, therefore, the criteria used to define them and establish a border between them are: form, function and content.

There are two types of classifications. The first of them is the normative theory: which establishes rules about how genres should be, understood as forms of literary expression required by nature. The second is the modern theory: which does not impose rules, but rather recognizes the elements in common without setting limits between them. In this way it provides the writer with established forms of expression and makes it easier for the reader to recognize them.

Journalistic genres appear when newspapers begin to use language in different ways. The origin is in the written press and the other media have been adopting and transforming them. The current genres are the result of a slow historical evolution. Ángel Benito analyzes the stages of this evolution:

According to Gomis, journalistic genres are established as filters, communicative conventions or writing formulas that the media need for the interpretation of social reality. Each genre involves different degrees of interpretation, whether explicit or implicit. Therefore, they involve varied forms of expression and fulfill different functions.

For Wolf, these genres are culturally established forms of communication within a society; while for Castañares they are text production models and a framework of interpretation for the receiver. Sánchez and López Pan assure that they offer editors a model to guide their writing work. However, for these authors genres are alive and evolve.

In short, the definition of journalistic genre can be established as an institution that is alive and evolving that is presented as useful for the reader and the editor.

According to Gomis, there are three functions of journalistic genres. Firstly, they allow a rapid and successive assimilation of reality through schemes; Secondly, they allow setting minimums to combine the writing work and, finally, they have a didactic function since they can be taught and learned.

Las clasificaciones de los géneros responden a diferentes criterios. Así, los críticos de la teoría de los géneros clásica aseguran que ésta no recoge la tendencia a la mezcla que se produce entre ellos en la actualidad y que las barreras que no son nítidas. Existen dos teorías de géneros clásicas: la anglosajona y la latina. La anglosajona surgió en los años 20 y pretendía una separación nítida entre información y comentario basándose en el criterio de objetividad. Por este motivo establece que los hechos son sagrados y las opiniones libres por lo que existen dos géneros diferentes: el relato- story y el comentario. La latina, por su parte, aparece en los años 60 y su artífice es Martínez Albertos. Esta clasificación está planteada como una herramienta para la docencia y se basa en la teoría anterior pero añade un tercer género: el interpretativo.

The news

The news is made up of the headline, the lead") or cover and the body. Its objective is to directly communicate a new fact through a rigid structure in which the first paragraph concentrates what is most important. The expressive capacity is more limited in this genre than in the rest.

Chronicle

A chronicle is a story that recreates an event framed in a space and time. It is a narrative linked to current events, which requires presence at the scene of the events and implies the inclusion of details of the environment and descriptions. They are classified into distance chronicles –correspondents- and thematic chronicles.

Reportage

The report requires documentation and contextualization of the facts since it tries to explain in depth the keys or context of a news event. To do this, it intersperses testimonies and topics, which allows it to avoid monotony.

Interview

The interview is defined as an informative conversation with a person whose testimony is relevant given certain circumstances. It must include a photograph of the interviewee, a highlight with their name, profession or characteristics and a brief bibliographical reference.

Depending on the content, it can be informative, personality-based, mixed; and according to the question-answer format, indirect, questionnaire or in-depth.

Criticism

Criticism has a prescriptive nature, that is, the expert recommends or rejects a certain cultural product through a description and a final argument. This genre allows greater creative and expressive freedom.

Article

An article "Article (publication)") is a text of analysis and/or exposition by experts or prestigious firms that serve to accentuate the quality of the medium.

Column

A column (press) "Column (press)") is the last step of personal journalism since it requires a technique adapted to the personality of its creator. These texts appear as a section and the columnist as a fixed signature with a certain periodicity.

Editorial

A journalistic editorial is an instrument of maximum influence of a media in which institutional opinion is expressed with an authoritative tone. With this genre, the most important topics or those about which you want to form an opinion are addressed.

humor drawing

The humorous drawings are placed on the opinion or political page. These serve as a complement to a text with the same characteristics.

Letters to the editor

Through letters to the editor, the reader has the opportunity to express their opinion on various current issues. It is an audience thermometer with which a link is created with the participation space of electronic editions.

Las fuentes de información son el origen, de donde emana la noticia. Hay gente dispuesta a contar cosas interesantes y periodistas ávidos de divulgarlo.

What are sources?

According to some authors, sources are those actors whom the journalist observes or interviews, who may or may not be cited. They give basic information and ideas.

All news comes from a source that wants to make a fact known to others. In the construction of a news story, a process of searching and selecting sources takes place.

What is the relationship between the sources and the journalist?

• Mutual dependence: the journalist needs news and the sources want to have a presence in the media. They always have the news as their point of discovery.

• Information must always be contrasted to avoid poisoning sources with unworthy or inaccurate interest.

• We must also always look for both sides, making room for sources with contrary interests.

• The main danger is accommodating interested sources.

• There is a circular process of negotiations: sources-journalists-public.

The relationship between journalists and sources is complex:

• The ability or interest of the source to appropriate the journalist is influenced:

• Journalist's interest in using a source:

• There is a predominance of official or institutional sources (press offices). They are useful for their speed and accessibility, but they will always give a favorable version of the medium they represent.

• Non-shared, exclusive sources must be sought to mark the differential nature.

It is also worth mentioning the terms filtration and disinformation.

• Leaking: the source offers the information with the commitment to remain secret and the means to verify it. There are different types:

• Disinformation: premeditated attempt to deceive.

Certain things should be taken into account:

• The journalist must always cite sources or report the reason for the reservation.

• Explain whether the source is from an agency or other media.

• Consult the different parties to a conflict and cite them.

• Confidential sources cannot be revealed without express authorization.

• The attribution of sources does not exempt from responsibility.

• The journalist may refuse to reveal his sources at the request of the media or legal authorities.

• Without evaluation of sources there is no strict information.

According to the origin

(Mauricio Bustamante).

• Officials: they come from the public administration.

• Political parties and unions.

• Companies.

• Social organizations: NGO, foundation, association.

• Testimonials.

• News agencies.

• Documentation of the environment.

• Others.

According to the action model

(Héctor Borrat")

• Resistant: speaks, but sets conditions.

• Open: they do not take the initiative, but offer the information without resistance.

• Spontaneous: speaks on his own initiative to tell something.

• Avid: not only does he take the initiative but he does it with a certain urgency and intensity.

• Compulsive: not only does it take the initiative and give urgency, but it also puts all the means at its disposal.

According to professional methods

(Josep Maria Casasús")).

• Generic and conventional: agencies, press offices, press emptying.

• Specific and eventual: protagonists or testimonies of a fact.

• Personal: own resources and sources, not shared. Fruit of the journalist's work and contacts.

Other classifications

(Denis McQuail)

• First-hand or secondary sources.

• Official or unofficial.

• Personalized or non-personalized (unofficial).

Identification of people

• The names that appear cited in the news must be identified with their public personality: Position, occupation and connection with the events.

• Identification is mandatory, it constitutes the “who” of the news and is located in the lead, with few exceptions.

• If the source is cited several times, synonyms are used for subsequent identifications, always accompanied by the last name.

Acronym identification

• Acronyms, except the best known, must always be identified.

• Usual formula for the first appearance: full name and acronyms in parentheses.

• Acronyms/Acronyms of more than four: the first in capital letters and the rest in lower case.

News should always be attributed to sources

The source of the news must be identified: attribute it.

• They give strength and credibility to the informative material, except for those of the security services.

• Necessary to offer different or opposing opinions and points of view.

• In case a journalist is not completely sure of the accuracy of the information.

• Important when conclusions, resolutions and information are made public.

The types of attribution are the following

• Direct: attributable and citable.

• With reservations: citable but not attributable to the specific name or position of the person making them.

• Reservation required: the journalist speaks on his own behalf, without citing the source. It is what some official departments usually use to provide information.

• Full reserve attribution: not cited or attributed (off the record). Negotiation with the source.

Appointment type

Direct: reproduces the statements verbatim.

• The direct quote is always enclosed in quotation marks to differentiate where each attribution begins and ends.

• Maximum degree of contact of the reader with the subjects who report. It gives credibility and breaks linearity.

Indirect: the journalist does not reproduce the information verbatim but simply explains it.

• The quote is introduced using verbal connectors and without quotes.

• Allows long statements to be condensed into a short space.

An information agency is an organization that collects news from its correspondents in different places in its area of activity and transmits it immediately to the headquarters, where, after processing the information, they send it, as quickly as possible, to their clients (radio stations, newspapers, magazines or television stations), known in journalistic jargon as subscribers. These pay based on the services received, which can be of a very different nature (a press conference, a specific photo or image), although they are usually paid monthly payment for the agreed services: national and international information, graphic service.

A diary is not defined only by the content but also by the presentation. For this reason, design and information form a unitary whole so that form and content maintain an indissoluble relationship.

Design is an element of communication. Canga defines design as the technique that allows determining the location of a set of printed and non-printed elements on the surface of a graphic space with the purpose of structuring, hierarchizing and facilitating the readability of journalistic information.

The importance of design lies in the fact that it makes the product more attractive while facilitating reading and prioritizing information so that it can be communicated with a sense of proportion. Furthermore, it gives coherence and makes a medium recognizable. The design allows you to combine text with images, graphics and infographics.

The first photograph was published by the newspaper New York Daily Graphic in 1880. On this occasion, the image represented suburbs. Over the years, these infographics have acquired a double purpose: on the one hand journalistic and on the other aesthetic.

Canga defines photography as an iconic message that shows the reality of an event at a given moment. This can be taken from a near or far place, using a device that allows it to be collected and captured on a support.

The functions of photographs are various and among them are informative, documentary, aesthetic, symbolic, illustrative and entertainment.

There are different types of information graphics. While statistical offers quantitative information, illustrative are based on drawings with figures and symbols that represent a project or a reality. This type of graphics is used when the photograph is not valid.

Infographics are defined by Canga as the "technique that allows the dissemination, on a written or audiovisual medium, of journalistic information expressed graphically through the use of computer procedures and that allows the recipient to visually capture the essence of the message".

Manual illustrations, such as drawings and humorous vignettes, decreased with the appearance of photography but are still maintained today. Its function is comparable to an opinion article and is located on the editorial pages.

Subjectivity is the change of self when telling a story or making a story, whether oral or written. The sender involves his feelings, his opinions, his expectations and his experiences. For this reason, when the speaker is reporting subjectively, he usually tells his own vision of the world and gives emphasis to what is most important to him, such as his opinion regarding it, that is, he always takes a personal position regarding all the facts.

All the stories are different for each of the receivers, since they receive the message and adjust it according to their experiences. It is easier for a person to relate something they are told with something that has happened to them, rather than to imagine it. Therefore, the stories can be interpreted in different ways, depending on the people who receive them.

Gomis warns that interpretation is only possible with facts that are within our reach, not the consciences or thoughts of others. It is based on five hypotheses to reach this statement:

The media act as mediators" because they are situated or interposed between the readers and the world of experience that is beyond perception and direct contact. What they do is transmit versions of events that the readers have not been able to directly attend.

Time is very important. Current events are the result; they appear as a set of events that are recent and immediate. They are spread through the media and new ones are assumed for the audience. Current events must be understood as a flexible and relative thing. News journalism, as some authors warn, does not coincide with reality itself, nor is it limited to reproducing or reflecting it.

On the other hand, there is the news update. There are news that exhaust themselves, others that are talked about for days, incorporating the news.

Journalistic language does not have an aesthetic function like literary language, for example, may have. Furthermore, the journalistic is in the third person, referentially real. It also has some codes and a certain layout (layout). The primary function of journalistic language is to inform. It is also usable in newspapers.

style is a series of properties or characteristics, a supposed form of oral or written expression characteristic of the media. A way of writing accepted and disseminated by style books (style manual) that all journalists must follow to be impartial.

Ángel López García, Spanish linguist and grammarian, wrote a decalogue' related to the main characteristics of journalistic style.

When talking about journalistic style, this decalogue must be taken into account since it is aimed at a wide and heterogeneous audience and, furthermore, it is a matter of tradition. All this translates into a couple of rules to follow when presenting information:

• Expressive impersonality (third person).

• Follow the logical order of the sentence: subject-verb-predicate.

The problem is that a way of writing is usually confused with the content of the information so that the public believes that using a certain style guarantees impartiality, and this is not always the case.

It can be reported in a non-informative style and partially reported in an informative style.

Another mistake is to use style in the singular and with a unifying meaning. There is no single journalistic style, but rather a heterogeneous and complex variety of styles and registers.

Journalists cannot write as they see fit but must do so according to the journalistic genre in which they are writing.

• Informative genres such as news: informative style.

• Interpretive genres such as chronicle and report: informative but more entertaining style, with concessions to the author's own creativity.

• Genres of opinion such as the article and the editorial: free style.

The journalist, Albert Chillón") explains that it is inconceivable to speak of a single journalistic style, in the same way that one cannot speak of a single literary genre. It is a heterogeneous and complex network of styles, since there is no style that is completely referential, nor exempt from an aesthetic deviation. In his opinion, there is also no style that is capable of reproducing reality because: "speaking of informative and opinion style is only a chimera of the media that seeks to ensure that they have a vision that faithfully reproduces reality. reality."

Chillón maintains that it is a method of interpreting reality and not that journalists have the ability to reflect true reality. Each of the ways and styles of explaining reality, the facts, raises and constructs its own reality. Therefore, journalists construct reality as they recount the events that occur in it.

According to the definition of the French writer, Gustave Flaubert: "style is a way of seeing things." Language is not only an instrument with which reality can be explained, but language is the way of experiencing it. In short, reality is constructed through words. There is a plurality of style.

Chillón thinks that this characteristic of style requires an expressive effort to always find the most precise, most exact, most suggestive word. That is, the writing resources that best allow you to explain a reality. Therefore, we should move from writing to journalistic writing, a desire for style to search for the most refined word and expression to explain reality. Chillón is convinced that not only ambitious writing can be acceptable and responsible writing.

Style books appeared in the Anglo-Saxon area and arrived in Spain in the seventies, with El País (España) "El País (Spain)") being the first to have one.

According to Joan Fontcuberta: “a style book is a set of linguistic and stylistic standards that provide a means to produce messages that are more concrete, more effective and more correct”. It also specifies the treatment of information and beta some topics such as boxing in the case of the El País newspaper. Most media outlets have a style book.

Chillón criticizes the fact that style manuals contain a series of recipes that dictate generic rules of composition and style, and that they have a normative attitude that limits creativity through the imposition of mandatory guidelines. But, in his opinion, all these regulations do not fully address the expression needs of the press. This impoverishes journalistic writing and encourages us to always look for the most appropriate forms of expression for what we want to tell.

The most common style rules are:.

• Construct sentences correctly.

• Active voice preferable to passive.

• Action verbs preferable to state verbs.

• Two short sentences are better than one long one.

• Avoid archaisms, neologisms or scientific terms.

• Affirmative phrases better than negative ones.

• Intersperse fragments of direct and indirect speech.

• Grammar rules.

For Gomis, the notion of gender in journalism "comes from literary tradition and this, in turn, comes from Greco-Latin culture." This division comes from whether the forms of writing were mimetic or not with nature. A genre refers to a very heterogeneous reality and, therefore, the criteria used to define them and establish a border between them are: form, function and content.

There are two types of classifications. The first of them is the normative theory: which establishes rules about how genres should be, understood as forms of literary expression required by nature. The second is the modern theory: which does not impose rules, but rather recognizes the elements in common without setting limits between them. In this way it provides the writer with established forms of expression and makes it easier for the reader to recognize them.

Journalistic genres appear when newspapers begin to use language in different ways. The origin is in the written press and the other media have been adopting and transforming them. The current genres are the result of a slow historical evolution. Ángel Benito analyzes the stages of this evolution:

According to Gomis, journalistic genres are established as filters, communicative conventions or writing formulas that the media need for the interpretation of social reality. Each genre involves different degrees of interpretation, whether explicit or implicit. Therefore, they involve varied forms of expression and fulfill different functions.

For Wolf, these genres are culturally established forms of communication within a society; while for Castañares they are text production models and a framework of interpretation for the receiver. Sánchez and López Pan assure that they offer editors a model to guide their writing work. However, for these authors genres are alive and evolve.

In short, the definition of journalistic genre can be established as an institution that is alive and evolving that is presented as useful for the reader and the editor.

According to Gomis, there are three functions of journalistic genres. Firstly, they allow a rapid and successive assimilation of reality through schemes; Secondly, they allow setting minimums to combine the writing work and, finally, they have a didactic function since they can be taught and learned.

Las clasificaciones de los géneros responden a diferentes criterios. Así, los críticos de la teoría de los géneros clásica aseguran que ésta no recoge la tendencia a la mezcla que se produce entre ellos en la actualidad y que las barreras que no son nítidas. Existen dos teorías de géneros clásicas: la anglosajona y la latina. La anglosajona surgió en los años 20 y pretendía una separación nítida entre información y comentario basándose en el criterio de objetividad. Por este motivo establece que los hechos son sagrados y las opiniones libres por lo que existen dos géneros diferentes: el relato- story y el comentario. La latina, por su parte, aparece en los años 60 y su artífice es Martínez Albertos. Esta clasificación está planteada como una herramienta para la docencia y se basa en la teoría anterior pero añade un tercer género: el interpretativo.

The news

The news is made up of the headline, the lead") or cover and the body. Its objective is to directly communicate a new fact through a rigid structure in which the first paragraph concentrates what is most important. The expressive capacity is more limited in this genre than in the rest.

Chronicle

A chronicle is a story that recreates an event framed in a space and time. It is a narrative linked to current events, which requires presence at the scene of the events and implies the inclusion of details of the environment and descriptions. They are classified into distance chronicles –correspondents- and thematic chronicles.

Reportage

The report requires documentation and contextualization of the facts since it tries to explain in depth the keys or context of a news event. To do this, it intersperses testimonies and topics, which allows it to avoid monotony.

Interview

The interview is defined as an informative conversation with a person whose testimony is relevant given certain circumstances. It must include a photograph of the interviewee, a highlight with their name, profession or characteristics and a brief bibliographical reference.

Depending on the content, it can be informative, personality-based, mixed; and according to the question-answer format, indirect, questionnaire or in-depth.

Criticism

Criticism has a prescriptive nature, that is, the expert recommends or rejects a certain cultural product through a description and a final argument. This genre allows greater creative and expressive freedom.

Article

An article "Article (publication)") is a text of analysis and/or exposition by experts or prestigious firms that serve to accentuate the quality of the medium.

Column

A column (press) "Column (press)") is the last step of personal journalism since it requires a technique adapted to the personality of its creator. These texts appear as a section and the columnist as a fixed signature with a certain periodicity.

Editorial

A journalistic editorial is an instrument of maximum influence of a media in which institutional opinion is expressed with an authoritative tone. With this genre, the most important topics or those about which you want to form an opinion are addressed.

humor drawing

The humorous drawings are placed on the opinion or political page. These serve as a complement to a text with the same characteristics.

Letters to the editor

Through letters to the editor, the reader has the opportunity to express their opinion on various current issues. It is an audience thermometer with which a link is created with the participation space of electronic editions.

Las fuentes de información son el origen, de donde emana la noticia. Hay gente dispuesta a contar cosas interesantes y periodistas ávidos de divulgarlo.

What are sources?

According to some authors, sources are those actors whom the journalist observes or interviews, who may or may not be cited. They give basic information and ideas.

All news comes from a source that wants to make a fact known to others. In the construction of a news story, a process of searching and selecting sources takes place.

What is the relationship between the sources and the journalist?

• Mutual dependence: the journalist needs news and the sources want to have a presence in the media. They always have the news as their point of discovery.

• Information must always be contrasted to avoid poisoning sources with unworthy or inaccurate interest.

• We must also always look for both sides, making room for sources with contrary interests.

• The main danger is accommodating interested sources.

• There is a circular process of negotiations: sources-journalists-public.

The relationship between journalists and sources is complex:

• The ability or interest of the source to appropriate the journalist is influenced:

• Journalist's interest in using a source:

• There is a predominance of official or institutional sources (press offices). They are useful for their speed and accessibility, but they will always give a favorable version of the medium they represent.

• Non-shared, exclusive sources must be sought to mark the differential nature.

It is also worth mentioning the terms filtration and disinformation.

• Leaking: the source offers the information with the commitment to remain secret and the means to verify it. There are different types:

• Disinformation: premeditated attempt to deceive.

Certain things should be taken into account:

• The journalist must always cite sources or report the reason for the reservation.

• Explain whether the source is from an agency or other media.

• Consult the different parties to a conflict and cite them.

• Confidential sources cannot be revealed without express authorization.

• The attribution of sources does not exempt from responsibility.

• The journalist may refuse to reveal his sources at the request of the media or legal authorities.

• Without evaluation of sources there is no strict information.

According to the origin

(Mauricio Bustamante).

• Officials: they come from the public administration.

• Political parties and unions.

• Companies.

• Social organizations: NGO, foundation, association.

• Testimonials.

• News agencies.

• Documentation of the environment.

• Others.

According to the action model

(Héctor Borrat")

• Resistant: speaks, but sets conditions.

• Open: they do not take the initiative, but offer the information without resistance.

• Spontaneous: speaks on his own initiative to tell something.

• Avid: not only does he take the initiative but he does it with a certain urgency and intensity.

• Compulsive: not only does it take the initiative and give urgency, but it also puts all the means at its disposal.

According to professional methods

(Josep Maria Casasús")).

• Generic and conventional: agencies, press offices, press emptying.

• Specific and eventual: protagonists or testimonies of a fact.

• Personal: own resources and sources, not shared. Fruit of the journalist's work and contacts.

Other classifications

(Denis McQuail)

• First-hand or secondary sources.

• Official or unofficial.

• Personalized or non-personalized (unofficial).

Identification of people

• The names that appear cited in the news must be identified with their public personality: Position, occupation and connection with the events.

• Identification is mandatory, it constitutes the “who” of the news and is located in the lead, with few exceptions.

• If the source is cited several times, synonyms are used for subsequent identifications, always accompanied by the last name.

Acronym identification

• Acronyms, except the best known, must always be identified.

• Usual formula for the first appearance: full name and acronyms in parentheses.

• Acronyms/Acronyms of more than four: the first in capital letters and the rest in lower case.

News should always be attributed to sources

The source of the news must be identified: attribute it.

• They give strength and credibility to the informative material, except for those of the security services.

• Necessary to offer different or opposing opinions and points of view.

• In case a journalist is not completely sure of the accuracy of the information.

• Important when conclusions, resolutions and information are made public.

The types of attribution are the following

• Direct: attributable and citable.

• With reservations: citable but not attributable to the specific name or position of the person making them.

• Reservation required: the journalist speaks on his own behalf, without citing the source. It is what some official departments usually use to provide information.

• Full reserve attribution: not cited or attributed (off the record). Negotiation with the source.

Appointment type

Direct: reproduces the statements verbatim.

• The direct quote is always enclosed in quotation marks to differentiate where each attribution begins and ends.

• Maximum degree of contact of the reader with the subjects who report. It gives credibility and breaks linearity.

Indirect: the journalist does not reproduce the information verbatim but simply explains it.

• The quote is introduced using verbal connectors and without quotes.

• Allows long statements to be condensed into a short space.

An information agency is an organization that collects news from its correspondents in different places in its area of activity and transmits it immediately to the headquarters, where, after processing the information, they send it, as quickly as possible, to their clients (radio stations, newspapers, magazines or television stations), known in journalistic jargon as subscribers. These pay based on the services received, which can be of a very different nature (a press conference, a specific photo or image), although they are usually paid monthly payment for the agreed services: national and international information, graphic service.

A diary is not defined only by the content but also by the presentation. For this reason, design and information form a unitary whole so that form and content maintain an indissoluble relationship.

Design is an element of communication. Canga defines design as the technique that allows determining the location of a set of printed and non-printed elements on the surface of a graphic space with the purpose of structuring, hierarchizing and facilitating the readability of journalistic information.

The importance of design lies in the fact that it makes the product more attractive while facilitating reading and prioritizing information so that it can be communicated with a sense of proportion. Furthermore, it gives coherence and makes a medium recognizable. The design allows you to combine text with images, graphics and infographics.

The first photograph was published by the newspaper New York Daily Graphic in 1880. On this occasion, the image represented suburbs. Over the years, these infographics have acquired a double purpose: on the one hand journalistic and on the other aesthetic.

Canga defines photography as an iconic message that shows the reality of an event at a given moment. This can be taken from a near or far place, using a device that allows it to be collected and captured on a support.

The functions of photographs are various and among them are informative, documentary, aesthetic, symbolic, illustrative and entertainment.

There are different types of information graphics. While statistical offers quantitative information, illustrative are based on drawings with figures and symbols that represent a project or a reality. This type of graphics is used when the photograph is not valid.

Infographics are defined by Canga as the "technique that allows the dissemination, on a written or audiovisual medium, of journalistic information expressed graphically through the use of computer procedures and that allows the recipient to visually capture the essence of the message".

Manual illustrations, such as drawings and humorous vignettes, decreased with the appearance of photography but are still maintained today. Its function is comparable to an opinion article and is located on the editorial pages.