Typology by training
Contenido
Es posible deducir el origen de un lago si se observa su contorno. Un lago es un cuerpo de agua que permanece en un mismo lugar sin correr, ni fluir, en una depresión "Depresión (geografía)") del suelo.[23] Las depresiones lacustres se han formado a partir de una o varias fuerzas del subsuelo.
En 1957, G. E. Hutchinson publicó una monografía titulada A Treatise on Limnology,[24] que se considera un hito para la discusión y clasificación de los principales tipos de lagos, su formación, características morfométricas y distribución.[25][26][27] Hutchinson presentó en su publicación un análisis exhaustivo del origen de los lagos y propuso una clasificación ampliamente aceptada según cómo estos se formaron. Esta clasificación reconoce 11 tipos principales de lagos que se dividen en 76 subtipos. Los 11 tipos principales de lagos son:[25][26][27].
Tectonic lakes
The folding of the Earth's crust (lithosphere) creates depressions that accommodate the largest lakes. The crust ripples due to pressure, causing rounded rises called "domes." Between two domes a depression, or "bucket", is formed in which even an arm of the sea would be trapped, sinking and creating a trench that usually contains a very deep and very old lake. Lake Baikal, the deepest in the world, Lake Tanganyika, the second deepest, and the Dead Sea were formed as a result of these powerful tectonic movements, possibly occurring more than 20 million years ago.[24][26][25][27].
volcanic lakes
Volcanic lakes are lakes that occupy local depressions, such as craters and maars, or larger basins, such as calderas, created by volcanism. Bursting through an opening, the molten material punches out into bulging vessel-shaped craters measuring up to 1.6 kilometers in diameter. There are lakes of this type in Central America, Iceland, Italy, Germany and New Zealand. Caldera lakes are much larger and occur when the rim of a volcano collapses into the empty magma chamber. In fits of destruction, mud- and snow-covered crater lakes break through their rims or new explosions blow them apart. In Luzon, Philippines there is a crater lake on the Taal Volcano which is itself within a caldera lake.[24][26][25] Of all the types of lakes, volcanic lakes are the ones that tend to have the most circular shape.[1].
• - Crater lake, formed in a volcanic crater in rainy areas and is chemically and thermally influenced by the volcano. Examples are the Crater Lake of the United States and many lakes of the Kuril Islands.
• - Caldera lake, formed in a volcanic caldera such as, e.g. e.g., Lake Toba in Indonesia, 100 km long, Lake Cocibolca in Nicaragua, which was formed in the largest caldera in the world, and the lakes of Quilotoa and Lake of the Gods (Cuicocha in Quichua) in Ecuador.
• - Lava lake, formed by molten lava in a volcanic crater or in surrounding depressions, such as the caldera of the Kīlauea volcano in Hawaii.
• - Volcanic reservoir. Emanations of volcanic material can clog river valleys. This is how Lake Kivu originated in Africa.
glacial lakes
Ice ages have created most lakes. Canada, Finland, parts of Scandinavia and the Alps abound with lakes whose alignment marks the course of ice flow. During a glaciation that occurred in areas of high latitudes, masses of ice up to 5 km thick deepened the crust. As the glaciers advanced and retreated, the ice, sharp due to its load of crystals, scoured the bottom of the valleys, opened cavities between the peaks and formed barriers of rocky debris (moraines). The latter acted as dams that trapped meltwater and formed lakes such as the Finger Lakes in New York and Lucerne, Como and Garda in the Alps. The five Great Lakes "Great Lakes (North America)") (Canada-United States) originated in a similar way, at the end of the last glaciation "Würm Glaciation (Ice Age)"), 15,000 years ago.[24][26][25][27].
Types of lakes:.
• - Glacial lake, produced by the dynamics of thick ice sheets (indlandsis) on low-slope terrain during the Pleistocene, causing depressions and drumlins in the terrain. In Canada, for example, there are 60% of the world's lakes and the vast majority are glaciers, this is due to the drainage network that characterizes this territory. In Finland there are about 180,000.[28].
• - Proglacial lake, produced in a periglacial area by the damming effect of a moraine (moraine lake) or an ice dam that obstructs the drainage of the land or is a product of subsidence due to isostatic pressure. Common in tropical mountain ranges such as the Andes, especially in the Cordillera Blanca of Peru where some 34 reservoirs have been built to contain them from a dangerous collapse.
• - Subglacial lake, produced by the pressure under large glaciers that keep liquid water under the ice. In Antarctica there are many subglacial lakes, Lake Vostok is the largest.[29].
• - **Freshwater fjord, where rising sea levels turn former glacial fjords into canal-shaped lakes, such as Lake Como, Lake Garda and other southern Italian lakes.
• - Lacustrine lagoon, formed on an island that is in turn within a lake, for example: Lake Manitou on Manitoulin Island within Lake Huron in Ontario, Canada.
river lakes
The force of the current in plains and plains opens meanders and within these lagoons form that are horseshoe-shaped and sometimes meandering. The silt or collapse of the banks of a river usually obstructs the outlet of a basin, thereby cutting off the access of a tributary and forming a lake.
• - Horseshoe lake or dead arm, shaped like a crescent, produced by the curve left by an abandoned meander of a plain river. For example, the large number of lakes that accompany the Amazonian rivers in South America, called cochas in Peru, or the billabongs "Billabong (geography)") in Australia. A flat river, that is, with a slight slope "Slope (geography)"), tends to have a slower movement of its waters, which spread out in a sinuous manner. The outer side of the bends erode faster than the inner side, until a horseshoe forms and the river ends up passing through the narrow neck. This new passage then forms the main channel of the river and the ends of the bend are filled with sediment, thus forming an arch-shaped lake, separated from the river.[24][26][25][27].
• - Alluvial lake, formed when a river is retained by alluvial deposits in its own course, as in the case of the lakes of Trento, Italy.[30].
solution lakes
A solution lake is a lake that occupies a basin formed by the surface dissolution of bedrock. In areas underlain by soluble bedrock, its solution by precipitation and percolation of water commonly produces cavities. These cavities frequently collapse to form sinkholes that are part of the local karst topography. Where groundwater is located near the surface of the ground, a sinkhole will fill with water as a solution lake.[24][26] If such a lake consists of a large area of stagnant water occupying an extensive closed depression in limestone, it is also called a karst lake. Smaller solution lakes consisting of a body of stagnant water in a closed depression within a karst region are known as karst lagoons or ponds*.*[31] Limestone caves often contain pools of stagnant water, which are known as subterranean lakes. Classic examples of dissolution lakes abound in the karst regions of the Dalmatian coast of Croatia and much of Florida.[24].
In karst erosion, the calcareous soil is susceptible to being chemically eroded by water with some acid content, producing depressions or underground seepages.
• - Underground lake, associated with a cave or cavern with filtration of water from an aquifer or a spring, where the ceiling of the caves dissolves and sinkholes are formed that fill with water. Underground lakes of this type are located in Serbia and in Yucatan, Mexico, the latter called cenotes.
• - Karst lake, housed in a karst depression due to the superficial dissolution of limestone, as seen in the Lagunas de Ruidera in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.
landslide lakes
A landslide lake is created by the blocking of a river valley by mudflows, avalanches or alluviums. Such lakes are more common in mountainous regions. Although these lakes can be large and quite deep, they are usually short-lived. An example is Quake Lake, which formed as a result of landslides that occurred after the 1959 Yellowstone earthquake, which deformed the former Hebgen Lake.[32].
Most such lakes disappear within the first few months after their formation, but a dam formed by a landslide can suddenly collapse at a later stage. In 1911, an earthquake caused a landslide that blocked a deep valley in the Pamir mountain range region of Tajikistan, forming Lake Sarez. The Usoi Dam at the base of the valley has remained in place for more than 100 years, but the land beneath the lake is in danger of catastrophic flooding if the dam fails during a future earthquake.[33].
wind lakes
Aeolian lakes are produced by the action of the wind. These lakes are primarily found in arid environments, although some eolian lakes are relict landforms (Relict (geology)) indicative of arid paleoclimates. Aeolian lakes consist of lake basins dammed by windblown sand; interdunal lakes that lie between well-oriented sand dunes; and deflation basins formed by the action of wind in previously arid paleoenvironments. Moses Lake in Washington "Washington (state)", United States, was originally a shallow natural lake and an example of a lake basin dammed by windblown sand.[24][26][25][27].
The Badain Jaran Desert in China is a unique landscape of enormous dunes and elongated interdune eolian lakes, particularly concentrated on the southeastern margin of the desert.[34].
coastal lakes
Coastal lakes are generally lakes created by the blocking of estuaries or by the uneven accumulation of beach ridges by coastal and other currents. They include coastal maritime lakes, usually in submerged estuaries; lakes enclosed by two tombolos or coastal cords that connect an island with the continent; lakes separated from larger lakes by a bar "Bar (relief)"); or lakes divided by the meeting of two cords.[24][26][25][27].
Organic lakes
Organic lakes are lakes created by the action of plants and animals. In general, they are relatively rare and quite small in size. In addition, they tend to have ephemeral characteristics in relation to other types of lakes. Watersheds in which organic lakes are found are associated with beaver dams, coral lakes, or dams formed by vegetation.[26][27].
Peat lakes are a form of organic lake. They form where an accumulation of partially decomposed plant material in a moist environment leaves the vegetated surface below the water table for a sustained period of time. They are often low in nutrients and slightly acidic, with bottom waters low in dissolved oxygen.[35].
Anthropogenic lakes
Anthropogenic lakes are created artificially as a result of human activity. They can be formed by the intentional damming of rivers and streams or the subsequent filling of abandoned excavations with groundwater, precipitation or a combination of both.[26][27] These artificial lakes are built for various purposes such as an agricultural reservoir, source of drinking water, hydroelectric dam, flood prevention, to facilitate navigation, recreation, water sports and can generally be a multi-use reservoir. Best-known examples are the Itaipú Dam between Brazil and Paraguay, Guri Reservoir in Venezuela, the artificial Lake Apanás in Jinotega, Nicaragua and the Three Gorges Dam in China.
The Upper Silesia region in southern Poland contains an anthropogenic lake district consisting of more than 4,000 bodies of water created by human activity. The diverse origins of these lakes include: reservoirs impounded by dams, flooded mines, water bodies formed in subsidence basins and hollows, dike ponds, and residual water bodies after river regulation.[36].
Meteorite lakes
Meteorite lakes, also known as crater lakes (not to be confused with volcanic crater lakes), are created by catastrophic impacts with Earth by extraterrestrial objects (either meteorites or asteroids). Examples of meteoritic lakes are Lake Lonar in India, Lake Elgygytgyn in northeastern Siberia, and Pingualuit Crater Lake in Quebec, Canada. As in the cases of Elgygytgyn and Pingualuit, meteorite lakes may contain unique and scientifically valuable sedimentary deposits associated with long records of paleoclimatic change.[24][26][27].
Lakes formed by mixed forces
Some notable examples:
• - The Great Lakes of North America "Great Lakes (North America)") originate on tectonic trenches where strong glaciations prevented their erosion and filling by sediments.
• - Lake Titicaca in Bolivia and Peru, was originated by the same tectonic forces that raised the western "Cordillera Occidental (Bolivia)") and eastern "Cordillera Oriental (Bolivia)") mountain ranges of the Andes and the depression between them that constitutes the Collao Plateau "Altiplano (Central Andes)"). Added to this is the semi-arid and arid climate typical of the Peru-Bolivian endorheic basin, which minimizes drainage. Finally, its altitude of 3812 facilitated its freezing during the ice ages and prevented its sedimentary filling.
• - The Dead Sea is located in the lowest endorheic basin in the world at -416.5, which in turn is above the tectonic trench responsible for this depression.