H.323

Defined in 1996 by the ITU (International Telecommunications Union), it provides various manufacturers with a series of standards so that they can evolve together.

Due to its structure, the standard provides the following advantages:

• - Allows you to control network traffic, thereby reducing the chances of significant drops in performance. IP-supported networks have the following additional advantages:

• - It is independent of the type of physical network that supports it. Allows integration with today's large IP networks.

• - It is independent of the hardware used.

• - It can be implemented in both software and hardware, with the particularity that hardware would eliminate the initial impact for the common user.

• - Allows the integration of Video and POS.

• - Provides a link to the traditional telephone network.

• - This telephony has evolved so much that even 800's, which are non-geographic numbers, can call an IP line.

• - What was previously a telephone exchange with a lot of infrastructure is now summarized in software that can be installed on a small server with the same functionalities.

Login protocol

The "session initiation protocol" (Session Initiation Protocol, 'SIP') is a recent protocol that is widely used today.

VoIP is not a service, it is a technology

In many countries around the world, IP has generated multiple disagreements between the territorial and legal aspects of this technology. It is clear and should be clear that VoIP technology is not a service as such, but rather a technology that uses the Internet Protocol (IP) through which data packets or datagrams are highly efficiently compressed and decompressed, to allow communication between two or more clients through a network such as the Internet. With this technology, Telephony or Videoconferencing services, among others, can be provided.

"Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) should be understood as a technology and not a service. This technology facilitates the conversion of analog voice signals into digital data packets and their transmission over Internet Protocol (IP)-based networks. Many communication services – such as Skype, Zoom or corporate VoIP systems – operate using this technology, making VoIP the fundamental infrastructure, rather than a service intended directly for the end user." [4]​.

We should not confuse VoIP (Voice over IP) with VoLTE (Voice over LTE).[3]​ Even in fourth generation (4G) mobile telephone networks, not all of them use VoLTE, since in many cases, 4G is used for data, but when making a call, the voice channel uses the 3.5G technology methodology known as VoLGA. In the image that follows, you can see this method of operation.

Voice over IP is the technology that allows sending and receiving "information packets" that contain voice whose origin was analog, but that has gone through the process of: Sampling - Quantification and Coding, in such a way that it has been "digitized" to be treated like any other packet, with the exception that "VoIP" can make use of the 6 bits of the IP header called "Differentiated Services", all of this without being able to offer a guarantee of delivery and reception when it transits outside of its own network.

In the case of VoLTE, the Telephony Operator is responsible for organizing the entire service, devices, platforms and networks so that it guarantees from end to end the values ​​of differentiated Services that are established according to 3GPP.

VoIP can facilitate tasks that would be more difficult to perform using regular telephone networks:.

• - Local phone calls can be automatically routed to a VoIP phone, no matter where you are connected to the network. One could take a VoIP phone with them on a trip, and anywhere connected to the Internet, they could receive calls.

• - Toll-free telephone numbers for use with VoIP are available in the United States of America, the United Kingdom and other countries with VoIP user organizations.

• - Call center agents using VoIP phones can work anywhere with a fast enough internet connection.

• - Some VoIP packages include extra services for which PSTN (public switched telephone network) normally charges an extra charge, or which are not available in some countries, such as 3-way calling, call return, automatic redial, or caller ID.

VoIP users can travel anywhere in the world and still make and receive calls as follows:.

• - Subscribers to telephone line services can make and receive local calls outside their location. For example, if a user has a phone number in New York City and is traveling in Europe and someone calls their phone number, the call will be received in Europe. Additionally, if a call is made from Europe to New York, it will be charged as a local call, of course the user traveling through Europe must have an available internet connection.

• - Users of instant messaging based VoIP services can also travel anywhere in the world and make and receive phone calls.

• - VoIP phones can be integrated with other services available on the Internet, including video conferencing, exchange of data and messages with other services in parallel with the conversation, audio conferencing, management of address books and exchange of information with others (friends, colleagues, etc.).

The main advantage of this type of service is that it avoids the high telephone charges (mainly long distance) that are common from public switched telephone network (PSTN) companies.

The development of codecs for VoIP (aLaw, G.729, G.723, etc.) has allowed voice to be encoded into increasingly smaller data packets. This means that voice over IP communications require very low bandwidth. Along with the permanent advancement of ADSL connections in the residential market, this type of communications is becoming very popular for international calls.

There are two types of PSTN to VoIP service:

1. • Direct Inward Dialling:** DID'): connects the caller directly to the VoIP user, while access numbers require the caller to enter the VoIP user's extension number.

2. • Access numbers: are usually charged as a local call for the caller from the PSTN and free for the VoIP user.

• - Call quality: it is a little inferior to the telephone call, since the data travels in the form of packets, which is why there may be some loss of information and delay in transmission. The problem with VoIP itself is not the protocol but the IP network, since it was not designed to provide that type of guarantee. Another disadvantage is latency, since when the user is speaking and another user is listening, it is not appropriate to have 200ms (milliseconds) of pause in the transmission. When VoIP is going to be used, network usage must be controlled to ensure quality transmission.

• - Data theft: a cracker can access the VoIP server and stored voice data and the telephone service itself to listen to conversations or make free calls at the expense of users.

• - Virus in the system: in the event that a virus infects any equipment on a VoIP server, the telephone service may be interrupted. Other equipment connected to the system may also be affected. ID spoofing and specialized deceptions. If one is not well protected, they can suffer fraud through identity theft.

Voice over IP is making international communications cheaper and therefore improving communication between suppliers and clients, or between delegations of the same group.

Likewise, voice over IP is being integrated, through specific applications, into web portals. As well as applications compatible with Android and iPhone. In this way, users can establish that a specific company calls them at a specific time, which will normally be done through an IP voice operator.

The growing bandwidth worldwide, and the optimization of layer 2 and 3 equipment to guarantee the QoS (Quality of Service) of voice services in real time makes the future of voice over IP very promising.

In the United States, voice over IP providers such as Vonage achieved a significant market share. In Spain, thanks to flat voice rates, conventional operators managed to avoid the massive landing of these operators. However, the expansion of this technology is coming from system developers such as Cisco and Avaya that integrate data and voice networks into their platforms. Other PBX manufacturers such as innovaphone, ShoreTel, Panasonic, Alcatel-Lucent, Nortel Networks, Matra, Samsung and LG also develop corporate voice over IP solutions in their private telecommunications equipment.

For international corporations that can count on cutting-edge systems and optimal bandwidth, VoIP exchanges (IPPBX) have become very convenient equipment. But small and medium-sized companies must evaluate certain issues: This technology operates with operating systems (Windows/Linux) that present certain stability problems. Furthermore, the IP network was not designed to provide guarantees. In addition, some suppliers, to reduce costs, offer exchanges assembled on a computer or PC, which face other types of problems, such as failures in their components (Hard Drives, Fans and Power Supplies). The change of traditional telephone devices must also be anticipated, since this technology works with special telephones (IP or SIP) unless special equipment is incorporated.

The good news is that all the extra functions that IP PBXs can provide you can be obtained with your traditional PBXs, you only have to connect certain modules that incorporate VoIP technology to your needs. We all know that the transmission quality of traditional exchanges is still superior. In reality, we are already accustomed to the reliability and easy configuration of traditional equipment, which uses very simple programming languages.

• - Analog telephone adapter.

• - Asterisk.

• - IP telephone exchange.

• - Cisco Call Manager.

• - FreeSWITCH.

• - Connectivity and network engineering.

• - Wireless router.

• - SIGTRAN.

• - Skype.

• - Videoconference.

• - Wiktionary has definitions and other information about VoIP.

• - VoIP applications for mobile.

H.323

Defined in 1996 by the ITU (International Telecommunications Union), it provides various manufacturers with a series of standards so that they can evolve together.

Due to its structure, the standard provides the following advantages:

• - Allows you to control network traffic, thereby reducing the chances of significant drops in performance. IP-supported networks have the following additional advantages:

• - It is independent of the type of physical network that supports it. Allows integration with today's large IP networks.

• - It is independent of the hardware used.

• - It can be implemented in both software and hardware, with the particularity that hardware would eliminate the initial impact for the common user.

• - Allows the integration of Video and POS.

• - Provides a link to the traditional telephone network.

• - This telephony has evolved so much that even 800's, which are non-geographic numbers, can call an IP line.

• - What was previously a telephone exchange with a lot of infrastructure is now summarized in software that can be installed on a small server with the same functionalities.

Login protocol

The "session initiation protocol" (Session Initiation Protocol, 'SIP') is a recent protocol that is widely used today.

VoIP is not a service, it is a technology

In many countries around the world, IP has generated multiple disagreements between the territorial and legal aspects of this technology. It is clear and should be clear that VoIP technology is not a service as such, but rather a technology that uses the Internet Protocol (IP) through which data packets or datagrams are highly efficiently compressed and decompressed, to allow communication between two or more clients through a network such as the Internet. With this technology, Telephony or Videoconferencing services, among others, can be provided.

"Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) should be understood as a technology and not a service. This technology facilitates the conversion of analog voice signals into digital data packets and their transmission over Internet Protocol (IP)-based networks. Many communication services – such as Skype, Zoom or corporate VoIP systems – operate using this technology, making VoIP the fundamental infrastructure, rather than a service intended directly for the end user." [4]​.

We should not confuse VoIP (Voice over IP) with VoLTE (Voice over LTE).[3]​ Even in fourth generation (4G) mobile telephone networks, not all of them use VoLTE, since in many cases, 4G is used for data, but when making a call, the voice channel uses the 3.5G technology methodology known as VoLGA. In the image that follows, you can see this method of operation.

Voice over IP is the technology that allows sending and receiving "information packets" that contain voice whose origin was analog, but that has gone through the process of: Sampling - Quantification and Coding, in such a way that it has been "digitized" to be treated like any other packet, with the exception that "VoIP" can make use of the 6 bits of the IP header called "Differentiated Services", all of this without being able to offer a guarantee of delivery and reception when it transits outside of its own network.

In the case of VoLTE, the Telephony Operator is responsible for organizing the entire service, devices, platforms and networks so that it guarantees from end to end the values ​​of differentiated Services that are established according to 3GPP.

VoIP can facilitate tasks that would be more difficult to perform using regular telephone networks:.

• - Local phone calls can be automatically routed to a VoIP phone, no matter where you are connected to the network. One could take a VoIP phone with them on a trip, and anywhere connected to the Internet, they could receive calls.

• - Toll-free telephone numbers for use with VoIP are available in the United States of America, the United Kingdom and other countries with VoIP user organizations.

• - Call center agents using VoIP phones can work anywhere with a fast enough internet connection.

• - Some VoIP packages include extra services for which PSTN (public switched telephone network) normally charges an extra charge, or which are not available in some countries, such as 3-way calling, call return, automatic redial, or caller ID.

VoIP users can travel anywhere in the world and still make and receive calls as follows:.

• - Subscribers to telephone line services can make and receive local calls outside their location. For example, if a user has a phone number in New York City and is traveling in Europe and someone calls their phone number, the call will be received in Europe. Additionally, if a call is made from Europe to New York, it will be charged as a local call, of course the user traveling through Europe must have an available internet connection.

• - Users of instant messaging based VoIP services can also travel anywhere in the world and make and receive phone calls.

• - VoIP phones can be integrated with other services available on the Internet, including video conferencing, exchange of data and messages with other services in parallel with the conversation, audio conferencing, management of address books and exchange of information with others (friends, colleagues, etc.).

The main advantage of this type of service is that it avoids the high telephone charges (mainly long distance) that are common from public switched telephone network (PSTN) companies.

The development of codecs for VoIP (aLaw, G.729, G.723, etc.) has allowed voice to be encoded into increasingly smaller data packets. This means that voice over IP communications require very low bandwidth. Along with the permanent advancement of ADSL connections in the residential market, this type of communications is becoming very popular for international calls.

There are two types of PSTN to VoIP service:

1. • Direct Inward Dialling:** DID'): connects the caller directly to the VoIP user, while access numbers require the caller to enter the VoIP user's extension number.

2. • Access numbers: are usually charged as a local call for the caller from the PSTN and free for the VoIP user.

• - Call quality: it is a little inferior to the telephone call, since the data travels in the form of packets, which is why there may be some loss of information and delay in transmission. The problem with VoIP itself is not the protocol but the IP network, since it was not designed to provide that type of guarantee. Another disadvantage is latency, since when the user is speaking and another user is listening, it is not appropriate to have 200ms (milliseconds) of pause in the transmission. When VoIP is going to be used, network usage must be controlled to ensure quality transmission.

• - Data theft: a cracker can access the VoIP server and stored voice data and the telephone service itself to listen to conversations or make free calls at the expense of users.

• - Virus in the system: in the event that a virus infects any equipment on a VoIP server, the telephone service may be interrupted. Other equipment connected to the system may also be affected. ID spoofing and specialized deceptions. If one is not well protected, they can suffer fraud through identity theft.

Voice over IP is making international communications cheaper and therefore improving communication between suppliers and clients, or between delegations of the same group.

Likewise, voice over IP is being integrated, through specific applications, into web portals. As well as applications compatible with Android and iPhone. In this way, users can establish that a specific company calls them at a specific time, which will normally be done through an IP voice operator.

The growing bandwidth worldwide, and the optimization of layer 2 and 3 equipment to guarantee the QoS (Quality of Service) of voice services in real time makes the future of voice over IP very promising.

In the United States, voice over IP providers such as Vonage achieved a significant market share. In Spain, thanks to flat voice rates, conventional operators managed to avoid the massive landing of these operators. However, the expansion of this technology is coming from system developers such as Cisco and Avaya that integrate data and voice networks into their platforms. Other PBX manufacturers such as innovaphone, ShoreTel, Panasonic, Alcatel-Lucent, Nortel Networks, Matra, Samsung and LG also develop corporate voice over IP solutions in their private telecommunications equipment.

For international corporations that can count on cutting-edge systems and optimal bandwidth, VoIP exchanges (IPPBX) have become very convenient equipment. But small and medium-sized companies must evaluate certain issues: This technology operates with operating systems (Windows/Linux) that present certain stability problems. Furthermore, the IP network was not designed to provide guarantees. In addition, some suppliers, to reduce costs, offer exchanges assembled on a computer or PC, which face other types of problems, such as failures in their components (Hard Drives, Fans and Power Supplies). The change of traditional telephone devices must also be anticipated, since this technology works with special telephones (IP or SIP) unless special equipment is incorporated.

The good news is that all the extra functions that IP PBXs can provide you can be obtained with your traditional PBXs, you only have to connect certain modules that incorporate VoIP technology to your needs. We all know that the transmission quality of traditional exchanges is still superior. In reality, we are already accustomed to the reliability and easy configuration of traditional equipment, which uses very simple programming languages.

• - Analog telephone adapter.

• - Asterisk.

• - IP telephone exchange.

• - Cisco Call Manager.

• - FreeSWITCH.

• - Connectivity and network engineering.

• - Wireless router.

• - SIGTRAN.

• - Skype.

• - Videoconference.

• - Wiktionary has definitions and other information about VoIP.

• - VoIP applications for mobile.