The first symptoms of photoaging:.

• - Depigmentation, wrinkling, and other symptoms appear around regions of skin commonly exposed to the sun, primarily the eyes, mouth, and forehead.[9]​ The lips may be affected.[9]​ In Canadian women, the upper chest is often affected.[9]​.

• - Spider veins on the face and neck.

• - Loss of color and fullness in the lips.

Symptoms of photoaging attributed to prolonged exposure to UV rays:.

• - Wrinkles deepen and frown lines can be seen even when you are not frowning.

• - Telangiectasias (spider veins) most commonly seen around the nose, cheeks and chin.

• - The skin becomes leathery and laxity occurs.

• - Solar lentigines (age spots) appear on the face and hands.

• - Possibly, red, scaly precancerous spots appear (actinic keratosis).

• - Malignant skin tumors.

In addition to the above symptoms, photoaging can also result in an orderly maturation of keratinocytes and an increase in the cell population of the dermis where it is abundant; hyperplastic, elongated and collapsed fibroblasts and inflammatory infiltrates are found.

Photodamage can also be characterized as a disorganization of the collagen fibrils that make up the majority of connective tissue and the accumulation of abnormal, amorphous, elastin-containing material, a condition known as actinic elastosis.

Contenido

Los mecanismos de defensa endógenos brindan protección a la piel contra los daños inducidos por los rayos UV.

Epidermal thickness

Exposure to UV rays, which would lead to an increase in the thickness of the epidermis, could help protect from further UV damage.

Pigment

In many cases, lighter people who have less melanin pigment show more dermal DNA photodamage, infiltrating neutrophils, keratinocyte activation, IL-10 expression, and increased MMP after UV exposure. The distribution of melanin provides protection against sunburn, photoaging and carcinogenesis by absorbing and scattering UV rays, covering the lower layers of the skin and protecting them from radiation.[10]​.

DNA mutation repair and apoptosis.

DNA damage due to UV exposure will lead to the expression of p53, which will ultimately lead to cell cycle arrest. This allows DNA repair mediated by endogenous mechanisms such as the nucleotide excision repair system. Additionally, apoptosis occurs if the damage is too severe. However, apoptotic mechanisms decrease with age, and if the DNA repair mechanism and apoptosis do not occur, skin tumorigenesis may occur.

Tissue Inhibitors of MMP (TIMP)

TIMPs regulate MMP activity. Many studies have shown that UV rays would induce TIMP-1.

Antioxidants

The skin contains several antioxidants, including vitamin E, coenzyme Q10, ascorbate, carotenoids, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. These antioxidants provide protection against reactive oxygen species produced during normal cellular metabolism. However, overexposure to UV rays can lead to a significant reduction in the supply of antioxidants, increasing oxidative stress. Therefore, these antioxidants are essential in the skin's defense mechanism against UV radiation and photocarcinogenesis.

El tratamiento y la intervención para el fotoenvejecimiento se pueden clasificar en un paradigma único basado en la prevención de enfermedades.

Primary prevention

Primary prevention aims to reduce risk factors before a disease or condition occurs.

Sun protection is the most effective form of primary prevention of photoaging. The main sun protection methods are sun protection products, sun protection clothing, and reducing sun exposure, especially during peak sun hours (10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. in the spring and summer seasons). Broad-spectrum sun protection products provide optimal coverage for protection against UV damage because they protect against both types of UVA rays (UVA1 and UVA2) along with UVB rays. Proper application methods and Timing is an important factor in proper sunscreen use. This includes using an adequate amount of sunscreen, applying sunscreen before sun exposure, and constantly reapplying it (especially after exposure to water or sweat).[11]

Secondary protection

Secondary protection refers to early detection of the disease, potentially while it is still asymptomatic, to allow positive interference to prevent, delay or attenuate the symptomatic clinical condition. This includes the following: retinoids (e.g., tretinoin), antioxidants (e.g., topical vitamin C, oral supplements, CoQ10, lipoic acid), estrogens, growth factors, and cytokines.

There are several forms of topical retinoids. Tretinoin, a retinoid, is widely considered by dermatologists to be the most effective treatment for photoaging due to consistent evidence from several randomized clinical trials. Retinoids are vitamin A derivatives that bind to retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR). Binding to these receptors induces a cascade of cellular processes that ultimately lead to increased collagen production and epidermal thickening, reducing the appearance of sagging and wrinkled skin. Tretinoin is also effective for treating acne. Adapalene and Tazarotene are also third-generation synthetic retinoids used for the treatment of acne. Adapalene has not been extensively studied or tested for use in photoaging. However, it has been used off-label for that purpose. Tazarotene has been shown to be effective in the treatment of photoaging. Retinoid derivatives, known as retinol and retinal, are often used in over-the-counter cosmetic products for anti-aging purposes. The retinol and retinal form is metabolized in the skin to retinoic acid, which can then act on RAR and RXR.[12] These products are considered cosmetics rather than medications due to their lack of regulation and have not been widely studied. Furthermore, tretinoin is the most studied and consistent in its effectiveness in the treatment of photoaging.[13]​.

Tertiary prevention

Finally, tertiary prevention is the treatment of an existing symptomatic pathological process to improve its effects or delay its progress. Such tertiary prevention includes the use of chemical peels, resurfacing techniques (e.g., microdermabrasion), ablative or non-ablative laser resurfacing, radiofrequency technology, soft tissue augmentation (also known as fillers)[14]​ and botulinum toxins. Photorejuvenation procedures are performed by dermatologists to reduce visible symptoms. Each of these treatment modalities has primary concerns that they address. For example, botulism injections paralyze facial muscles. This prevents muscle contraction and subsequent wrinkle formation.[15]​ Injectable fillers are often used in the nasolabial fold to increase volume and minimize the appearance of sagging or wrinkles.

• - Miliary occlusion.

• - https://web.archive.org/web/20110910163035/http://www.biotopix.eu/pdf/W8.pdf.

• - http://www.dermatology.ca/photoaging/.

• - https://www.isdin.com/en-US/blog/skincare/anti-aging/what-is-photoaging-and-why-we-have-to-care-about-it/.

• - http://911skin.com/uvbubarays.html Archived May 1, 2012 at the Wayback Machine.

• - https://web.archive.org/web/20150209040004/http://www.skincarephysicians.com/agingskinnet/basicfacts.html.

The first symptoms of photoaging:.

• - Depigmentation, wrinkling, and other symptoms appear around regions of skin commonly exposed to the sun, primarily the eyes, mouth, and forehead.[9]​ The lips may be affected.[9]​ In Canadian women, the upper chest is often affected.[9]​.

• - Spider veins on the face and neck.

• - Loss of color and fullness in the lips.

Symptoms of photoaging attributed to prolonged exposure to UV rays:.

• - Wrinkles deepen and frown lines can be seen even when you are not frowning.

• - Telangiectasias (spider veins) most commonly seen around the nose, cheeks and chin.

• - The skin becomes leathery and laxity occurs.

• - Solar lentigines (age spots) appear on the face and hands.

• - Possibly, red, scaly precancerous spots appear (actinic keratosis).

• - Malignant skin tumors.

In addition to the above symptoms, photoaging can also result in an orderly maturation of keratinocytes and an increase in the cell population of the dermis where it is abundant; hyperplastic, elongated and collapsed fibroblasts and inflammatory infiltrates are found.

Photodamage can also be characterized as a disorganization of the collagen fibrils that make up the majority of connective tissue and the accumulation of abnormal, amorphous, elastin-containing material, a condition known as actinic elastosis.

Contenido

Los mecanismos de defensa endógenos brindan protección a la piel contra los daños inducidos por los rayos UV.

Epidermal thickness

Exposure to UV rays, which would lead to an increase in the thickness of the epidermis, could help protect from further UV damage.

Pigment

In many cases, lighter people who have less melanin pigment show more dermal DNA photodamage, infiltrating neutrophils, keratinocyte activation, IL-10 expression, and increased MMP after UV exposure. The distribution of melanin provides protection against sunburn, photoaging and carcinogenesis by absorbing and scattering UV rays, covering the lower layers of the skin and protecting them from radiation.[10]​.

DNA mutation repair and apoptosis.

DNA damage due to UV exposure will lead to the expression of p53, which will ultimately lead to cell cycle arrest. This allows DNA repair mediated by endogenous mechanisms such as the nucleotide excision repair system. Additionally, apoptosis occurs if the damage is too severe. However, apoptotic mechanisms decrease with age, and if the DNA repair mechanism and apoptosis do not occur, skin tumorigenesis may occur.

Tissue Inhibitors of MMP (TIMP)

TIMPs regulate MMP activity. Many studies have shown that UV rays would induce TIMP-1.

Antioxidants

The skin contains several antioxidants, including vitamin E, coenzyme Q10, ascorbate, carotenoids, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. These antioxidants provide protection against reactive oxygen species produced during normal cellular metabolism. However, overexposure to UV rays can lead to a significant reduction in the supply of antioxidants, increasing oxidative stress. Therefore, these antioxidants are essential in the skin's defense mechanism against UV radiation and photocarcinogenesis.

El tratamiento y la intervención para el fotoenvejecimiento se pueden clasificar en un paradigma único basado en la prevención de enfermedades.

Primary prevention

Primary prevention aims to reduce risk factors before a disease or condition occurs.

Sun protection is the most effective form of primary prevention of photoaging. The main sun protection methods are sun protection products, sun protection clothing, and reducing sun exposure, especially during peak sun hours (10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. in the spring and summer seasons). Broad-spectrum sun protection products provide optimal coverage for protection against UV damage because they protect against both types of UVA rays (UVA1 and UVA2) along with UVB rays. Proper application methods and Timing is an important factor in proper sunscreen use. This includes using an adequate amount of sunscreen, applying sunscreen before sun exposure, and constantly reapplying it (especially after exposure to water or sweat).[11]

Secondary protection

Secondary protection refers to early detection of the disease, potentially while it is still asymptomatic, to allow positive interference to prevent, delay or attenuate the symptomatic clinical condition. This includes the following: retinoids (e.g., tretinoin), antioxidants (e.g., topical vitamin C, oral supplements, CoQ10, lipoic acid), estrogens, growth factors, and cytokines.

There are several forms of topical retinoids. Tretinoin, a retinoid, is widely considered by dermatologists to be the most effective treatment for photoaging due to consistent evidence from several randomized clinical trials. Retinoids are vitamin A derivatives that bind to retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR). Binding to these receptors induces a cascade of cellular processes that ultimately lead to increased collagen production and epidermal thickening, reducing the appearance of sagging and wrinkled skin. Tretinoin is also effective for treating acne. Adapalene and Tazarotene are also third-generation synthetic retinoids used for the treatment of acne. Adapalene has not been extensively studied or tested for use in photoaging. However, it has been used off-label for that purpose. Tazarotene has been shown to be effective in the treatment of photoaging. Retinoid derivatives, known as retinol and retinal, are often used in over-the-counter cosmetic products for anti-aging purposes. The retinol and retinal form is metabolized in the skin to retinoic acid, which can then act on RAR and RXR.[12] These products are considered cosmetics rather than medications due to their lack of regulation and have not been widely studied. Furthermore, tretinoin is the most studied and consistent in its effectiveness in the treatment of photoaging.[13]​.

Tertiary prevention

Finally, tertiary prevention is the treatment of an existing symptomatic pathological process to improve its effects or delay its progress. Such tertiary prevention includes the use of chemical peels, resurfacing techniques (e.g., microdermabrasion), ablative or non-ablative laser resurfacing, radiofrequency technology, soft tissue augmentation (also known as fillers)[14]​ and botulinum toxins. Photorejuvenation procedures are performed by dermatologists to reduce visible symptoms. Each of these treatment modalities has primary concerns that they address. For example, botulism injections paralyze facial muscles. This prevents muscle contraction and subsequent wrinkle formation.[15]​ Injectable fillers are often used in the nasolabial fold to increase volume and minimize the appearance of sagging or wrinkles.

• - Miliary occlusion.

• - https://web.archive.org/web/20110910163035/http://www.biotopix.eu/pdf/W8.pdf.

• - http://www.dermatology.ca/photoaging/.

• - https://www.isdin.com/en-US/blog/skincare/anti-aging/what-is-photoaging-and-why-we-have-to-care-about-it/.

• - http://911skin.com/uvbubarays.html Archived May 1, 2012 at the Wayback Machine.

• - https://web.archive.org/web/20150209040004/http://www.skincarephysicians.com/agingskinnet/basicfacts.html.