utopian architecture
Introduction
visionary architecture or utopian architecture refers to an idealistic architectural project, which only exists on paper, since its construction is impracticable.[1][2] This movement was born in France in the context of the French Revolution, an uprising that was not only the explosion of a society oppressed by the monarchy but was also the material culmination of many revolutionary thoughts and ideas that made people see the world around them in a different way. a different way. All these thoughts were also reflected in the architecture, based on the same revolutionary ideals. In effect, an architecture was projected that separated itself from the classical orders and the architecture of the School of Fine Arts of Paris. That movement, which in France had a marked preponderance with thinkers such as Montesquieu or Rousseau, moved to a utopian but at the same time rational architecture. A barely built architecture that was based almost entirely on design searches that could never be brought to reality.[3][4].
The architects of the period, called utopians, revolutionaries or visionaries, proposed buildings based on geometric shapes. They did not despise the heritage of the classical past and, although they respected the rules of symmetry and monumentality, their buildings were the result of the capricious combination of geometric shapes. Étienne-Louis Boullée (1728-1799) and Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (1736-1806), both trained under Jacques-François Blondel, spearheaded this position; Among the large number of unbuilt projects, it is worth mentioning the Cenotaph for Isaac Newton, conceived by Boullée as a sphere, a representation of the ideal model, raised on a circular base that was to house the scientist's sarcophagus. Ledoux has left buildings built, among them a part of the utopian industrial city of the Arc-et-Senans Salt Mines, with a circular plan in Franche-Comté or the entire Parc de la Villette in Paris. In Italy, the Italian Giovanni Battista Piranesi is also described in the same way.
This architecture managed to lay the foundations for new concepts that can now materialize thanks to the technological advances of our time. Some architects and groups of architects of the century have been called visionaries (Archigram, Archizoom, Superstudio, Basil Al Bayati). The architectural paintings of Giorgio de Chirico have also been included in this concept.[5][6].