Urban components
Contenido
Definiremos aquí cada uno de los componentes que estructuran una ciudad.
Urban land uses
Land uses are defined as urban activities located at a certain point in space. Land uses can be rural or urban. We will characterize here the main urban uses.
The types of land uses are classified according to the different types of activity, and the preparation of plans uses conventional colors:
• - residential (orange yellow or ocher depending on occupancy density).
• - commercial (red).
• - Religious (violet).
• - institutional (blue).
• - public green spaces (green).
In turn, the types of urban land uses can be classified according to the degree of predominance of the activity:
• - dominant uses.
• - complementary uses.
• - conflicting and incompatible (requiring conditioning or restriction).
Other classifications are the types of urban land uses according to ownership or domain: public, semi-public, private.
road system
The road system includes the entire urban and regional road network. The aspects to consider are the following:
Physical-functional classification of urban roads.
Type according to location and function:.
• - Main road network to the roads that channel the largest volumes of traffic, receive the main urban and regional movements and link the main activities or important intra- and inter-urban points, and heavy traffic. The variables to consider are:
- Physical characteristics of the roads: design, longitudinal and transversal slopes, number of lanes, etc.
- Intersections: capacity, design, condition.
- Direction and direction of circulation
- Parking space: offers on the road, off the road (public and private parking lots, garages")); daily demand, parking at peak hours, violations, degree of renovation, etc.
- Vertical and horizontal signage: type, condition, physical characteristics, weather resistance, legibility and clarity of the message.
- Light signaling"): typologies, construction forms, type of installation, type of traffic lights, quantity, electrical installation.
- Transverse profile and degree of morphological consolidation of the road and its edges.
• - Intersector road network: are the set of streets that connect different internal sectors of the city, receive urban movements, automobiles and buses, link neighborhood activities or peripheral nodes. They are usually traffic-signaled, of considerable width, with selective lanes, and without parking allowed on their edges.
• - Secondary road network: made up of the set of roads that allow direct access to neighborhoods and link intersectoral roads with each other. They are usually traffic lights and bordered by local businesses. They may or may not allow parking on their edges, depending on their width.
• - Local road network: made up of the layout of local streets with direct access to the home. It has no design restrictions. Low speeds and pedestrian movement are prioritized.
• - If there is a railway network, the following must be considered:
- Level, low and above level crossings
- Conflicting crossing points
- Signaling and control elements
- Status of areas near the tracks
- Impact on the urban structure (if it divides, unites, etc.)
- Origins and destinations, transportation of passengers, and/or cargo
- Land uses of railroad lands, permits for uses of said lands
- Concessions to private actors,
Green spaces
The system of green spaces includes the set of public spaces, parks, promenades, squares, small squares, which serve for the recreation and lung expansion of a city.
The classification of green spaces is established based on their scale:.
• - Metropolitan-scale Green Space: large parks that cover more than one city.
• - Urban scale green: large parks included within a city.
• - Neighborhood green: small squares, squares, or small walks.
• - Individual, or local green: small individual gardens specific to each home (they are not considered within the public spaces of the city.
It should be clarified that the WHO sets a minimum of 20 m² of public green space per inhabitant in urban areas. Within this surface area, rural lands and green spaces for private use are not included.
Urban equipment
Equipment is understood as the set of covered and/or free resources and facilities, fixed or mobile, with different hierarchies and degrees of complexity, provided by the State or others to satisfy different needs of the community.
The equipment can be classified according to:
• - Types of equipment according to functions: educational, health, administrative, institutional, religious, social, financial, recreational, sports, tourism, others (defined by activities other than residential or industrial). We would thus have daycare centers, primary schools, secondary schools, tertiary institutes, hospitals, health centers, "Parish (religion)" parishes, municipalities, etc.
• - Size based on demand or need, requirement for the number of inhabitants, type of population, ages, sex, health needs, education, administration, etc.
• - Built and tributary spaces.
• - Standards Capacity and possibility of expansion.
• - Condition, remaining useful life and degree of functional and technological obsolescence.
• - Constructive, functional, technological and typological characteristics of buildings and facilities.
Radius of influence
• - It depends on their scale and radius of influence and the number of inhabitants they serve. We have some unique facilities such as airports, municipalities, cathedral: they are unique facilities in a city, and network facilities, such as schools, health centers, post offices, etc.
• - Location/location.
• - Hierarchy: depends on where they are located.
• - Administrative dependency (municipality, province, nation and sector of activity according to level, such as: provincial level education, national level tourism, etc.).
• - Area of influence and coverage: neighborhood, sector, urban, regional, etc.
• - Frequency and time of use: daily, weekly, nightly, monthly, etc.
• - Accessibility level.
• - Flexibility in its location within the urban structure.
• - Relationship with other equipment.
• - Others.
Infrastructure Support
Infrastructure is understood as the set of equipment and facilities that fulfill the function of support and support of the different activities and that also contribute to urban sanitation and hygiene.
The types of infrastructure are the following:
• - Drinking water network.
• - Sewage drains: in a network or by individual systems.
• - Storm drains: surface through streets or in a network.
• - Domiciliated electrical energy network.
• - Public lighting.
• - Gas: bottled or networked.
• - Telephones.
• - Others (such as cable TV, Internet).
The characteristics to take into account will be, among others, the following:.
• - Existence of infrastructure and type.
• - Entity that provides the service.
• - Sources of origin, collection and/or reception, general state of the network, covered areas and deficit.
• - Treatment systems, purification, purification, etc.
• - Storage reserve tanks: location, capacity, condition (age, materials, expansion possibilities).
• - Accessibility to the service.
• - Service indices: population served / total population; served urban area / total urban area.
• - Infrastructure costs (installation, maintenance, repair, expansion, etc.).
• - Costs of services with special requirements according to activities (industrial, tourist, others).
Services
Services are understood to be those necessary for the functioning and hygiene of the urban center and that are regulated and/or controlled by the administration. They are:.
• - Sweeping and cleaning.
• - Waste collection.
• - Waste treatment.
• - Watering streets.
• - Care and maintenance of public lighting.
• - Care and maintenance of green spaces.
• - Care, maintenance and repair of the road network.
• - Others.
The aspects to consider are:
• - Types of services provided.
• - Service coverage areas.
• - Frequencies.
• - Quality of services.
• - Costs.
• - Others.
Other services that constitute specific land uses that due to their particular operating characteristics were not included in the previous list, but must be taken into account, are: slaughterhouses, cemeteries, power plants, gas reduction plants, sewage effluent treatment plant, waste treatment plant. The aspects to consider are:
• - Location.
• - Dimensions, degree of discomfort.
• - Ability.
• - Maintenance status.
• - Etc.