El cambio climático tiene un alcance global y puede revertir el desarrollo en algunas áreas de las siguientes maneras.

Agricultural production and food security

There has been extensive research comparing the interrelated processes of climate change in agriculture.[20]​ Climate change affects precipitation, temperature and water availability for agriculture in vulnerable areas, as well as land productivity, agricultural practices, environmental effects and the distribution of rural space.[21]​ Extreme phenomena such as droughts, diseases and pests will be severely affected, leading to an increase in food prices from 3% to 84% for the year. 2050.[22]​ The additional number of people affected by malnutrition could rise to 600 million in 2080. Likewise, climate change could worsen the prevalence of hunger through direct negative effects on production and indirect impacts on purchasing power.[12]​.

Water insecurity

Of the 3 billion more people who will inhabit the entire planet by mid-century, most will be born in countries already suffering from water scarcity.[23]​ As the Earth's climate warms, changes in the nature of global precipitation, evaporation, snow and runoff flows will be affected.[24]​ Safe water sources are essential for survival within a community. Manifestations of the projected water crisis include inadequate access to drinking water for approximately 884 million people, as well as inadequate access to water for sanitation and water disposal for 2.5 billion people.[25]​ As waters warm, the growth of dangerous algae and other bacteria increases, contaminating water and aquaculture products.[26]​.

Sea level rise and exposure to climate disasters

Sea levels could rise rapidly with the accelerated disintegration of ice sheets. Global temperature rise of 3 to 4 degrees C could result in 330 million people being permanently or temporarily displaced by flooding. Warming seas will also lead to more intense tropical storms.[21]​ The destruction of coastal landscapes compounds the damage caused by this increase in storms. Wetlands, forests and mangroves have been removed for urban development. These features generally slow runoff and storm surges, and prevent floodwaters from carrying debris. Development over these areas has increased the destructive power of flooding and makes homeowners more susceptible to extreme weather events. Flooding risks land submergence in coastal areas in poor, densely populated areas, such as Alexandria and Port Said in Egypt, Lagos and Port Harcourt in Nigeria, and Cotonou in Benin.[27]​ In some areas, such as coastal properties, property prices increase due to access to the ocean and housing shortages, partly caused by houses destroyed during storms.[28]​ Wealthy homeowners have more resources to rebuild their homes and have greater job security, which encourages them to stay in their communities after extreme weather events. Highly unstable areas, such as hillsides and river delta regions, are sold to lower-income families at a cheaper price. After extreme weather events, impoverished people struggle to find or maintain employment and rebuild their homes. These challenges force many to move in search of job and housing opportunities.[28]​.

Ecosystems and biodiversity

Climate change is already transforming ecosystems. About half of the world's coral reef systems have suffered bleaching as a result of rising sea temperatures. Additionally, direct human pressures that could be experienced include overfishing, which could lead to resource depletion, nutrient and chemical pollution, and poor land use practices such as deforestation and dredging. Additionally, climate change may increase the amount of arable land in high-latitude regions by reducing the amount of frozen land.

Human health

One direct effect is an increase in temperature-related illnesses and deaths, linked to prolonged heat waves and humidity. Climate change could also change the geographic distribution of vector-borne diseases, specifically mosquitoes, such as malaria and dengue, exposing new populations to these diseases. As climate change affects the essential ingredients for maintaining good health: clean air and water, sufficient food, and adequate shelter, the effects could be widespread and pervasive. The report of the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health notes that disadvantaged communities are likely to bear a disproportionate share of the burden of climate change due to their greater exposure and vulnerability to health threats.[29] More than 90% of deaths from malaria and diarrhea are caused by children aged 5 years and younger, mainly in developing countries.[5] Other severely affected population groups include women, the elderly and people living in small island developing states and other coastal regions, megacities or mountainous areas.[5]​.

Human rights and democracy

In June 2019, United Nations special rapporteur Philip Alston warned of a “climate apartheid” in which the rich pay to escape the effects of climate change while the rest of the world suffers, which could undermine basic human rights, democracy and the rule of law. When Hurricane Sandy hit New York City in 2012, he says, most residents were left without electricity, while the headquarters of the Goldman Sachs bank had a private generator and protection thanks to "tens of thousands of its own sandbags."[30]

One approach that is currently being attempted by combining human rights with the effects of climate change is an HRBA law. An HRBA law is the adoption of a human rights-based approach (HRBA) to addressing climate change, from both a legal and political perspective.[31] This approach is an initiative created by younger generations who are preparing for future incidents of climate change that could potentially affect future generations.

The concept of human security and the effects that climate change may have on it will become increasingly important as its effects become more evident.[32] There is the possibility of the end of the oil economy for many producing and consuming nations, a possible financial and economic crisis, a larger human population and a much more urbanized humanity, much higher than the 50% that now live in small or very large cities. All these processes will be accompanied by a redistribution of the population at the national and international level.[33] These redistributions usually have significant gender dimensions; For example, the impacts of extreme events can lead to the emigration of men in search of work, culminating in an increase in female-headed households, a group often considered particularly vulnerable.[34]​ In fact, the effects of climate change on impoverished women and children are crucial because women and children, in particular, have unequal human capabilities.[35]​ An example of a predicted trend called "The Great Migration" is estimated to affect millions of Americans in the future. year 2070. Due to the impacts of climate change, millions of people will be forced to relocate. To accommodate this Great Migration, the United States will need between 25 and 30 million new housing units; If these new homes are not built, material deprivation and poverty will increase.[36]​.

The potential effects of climate change and infrastructure security will have the most direct effect on the cycle of poverty. Infrastructure effect areas will include water systems, housing and settlements, transport networks, utilities and industry. Infrastructure designers can contribute in three areas to improve the living environment of the poorest people: in building design, in settlement planning and layout, as well as in urban planning.[37]​.

The National Research Council has identified five climate changes of particular importance to infrastructure and factors that should be taken into account when designing future structures. These factors include increases in very hot days and heat waves, increases in Arctic temperatures, sea level rise, increases in heavy precipitation events, and increases in hurricane intensity.[38] Heat waves affect communities living in traditionally colder areas because many homes are not equipped with air conditioning units.[28] Sea level rise can be devastating for poor countries located near the ocean and in the delta regions, which are suffering increasingly overwhelming damage from storms. In some parts of the Eastern Caribbean countries, almost 60% of homes were built without any building standards.[28] Many of these at-risk populations are also affected by increased flooding in places that lack adequate drainage. In 1998, nearly 200 million people were affected by floods in China's Yangtze River Valley; and in 2010, floods in Pakistan affected 20 million people.[28]​ These problems are exacerbated for people living in lower-income areas who are forced to move at a higher rate than other economic groups.[28]​.

In areas where poverty prevails and infrastructure is underdeveloped, climate change produces a critical threat to the future development of that country. Reports from a study carried out in ten countries with different geographies and economies show how nine out of ten countries revealed an inability to develop infrastructure and its costly maintenance due to the influence of climate change and its costs.[39]​.

Adaptation efforts

Adaptation to climate change involves actions to tolerate the effects of global warming. The Institute of Development Studies' collaborative research establishes links between adaptation and poverty to help develop a pro-poor adaptation agenda that can inform climate-resilient poverty reduction. Adaptation to climate change will be ineffective and inequitable if it does not learn from and is based on understanding the multidimensional and differentiated nature of poverty and vulnerability. Poorer countries tend to be more severely affected by climate change, but have fewer resources and capacities to adapt.[43] This effect can be seen by comparing the results between Bangladesh and the United States after two severe storms. In the United States, Hurricane Andrew killed 23 people when it made landfall in 1992; However, a year earlier, in Bangladesh, a tropical cyclone killed approximately 100,000 people.[28] Bangladesh, having a poorer population, was less prepared for the storm and the country lacked the weather forecasting systems necessary to predict weather events. After the storm, Bangladesh needed help from the international community because it did not have the necessary funds to recover. As events like these increase in frequency and severity, a more proactive approach is needed.[28]​ This has led to more activities to integrate adaptation into development and poverty reduction programs. The emergence of adaptation as a development issue has been influenced by concerns about minimizing threats to progress in poverty reduction, particularly the Millennium Development Goals, and by the injustice of the impacts suffered most by those who have contributed least to the problem, framing adaptation as an issue of equity and human rights.[43]​.

Other solutions include increasing access to quality health care for the poor and people of color, planning for urban heat island effects, identifying neighborhoods most likely to be affected, investing in research on alternative fuels and energy, and measuring the results of public policy impacts.[44]​.

However, the main difficulties posed by climate change policy are the return on investment schedule and the disparate costs for countries. To control the carbon price, richer countries would have to provide large loans to poorer countries, and the potential return on investment would take generations.[45]​.

• - Human rights and climate change.

• - Climate change and indigenous peoples.

• - Climate justice.

• - Vulnerability to climate change.

• - This work contains a translation derived from «Climate change and poverty» from English Wikipedia, published by its editors under the GNU Free Documentation License and the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

El cambio climático tiene un alcance global y puede revertir el desarrollo en algunas áreas de las siguientes maneras.

Agricultural production and food security

There has been extensive research comparing the interrelated processes of climate change in agriculture.[20]​ Climate change affects precipitation, temperature and water availability for agriculture in vulnerable areas, as well as land productivity, agricultural practices, environmental effects and the distribution of rural space.[21]​ Extreme phenomena such as droughts, diseases and pests will be severely affected, leading to an increase in food prices from 3% to 84% for the year. 2050.[22]​ The additional number of people affected by malnutrition could rise to 600 million in 2080. Likewise, climate change could worsen the prevalence of hunger through direct negative effects on production and indirect impacts on purchasing power.[12]​.

Water insecurity

Of the 3 billion more people who will inhabit the entire planet by mid-century, most will be born in countries already suffering from water scarcity.[23]​ As the Earth's climate warms, changes in the nature of global precipitation, evaporation, snow and runoff flows will be affected.[24]​ Safe water sources are essential for survival within a community. Manifestations of the projected water crisis include inadequate access to drinking water for approximately 884 million people, as well as inadequate access to water for sanitation and water disposal for 2.5 billion people.[25]​ As waters warm, the growth of dangerous algae and other bacteria increases, contaminating water and aquaculture products.[26]​.

Sea level rise and exposure to climate disasters

Sea levels could rise rapidly with the accelerated disintegration of ice sheets. Global temperature rise of 3 to 4 degrees C could result in 330 million people being permanently or temporarily displaced by flooding. Warming seas will also lead to more intense tropical storms.[21]​ The destruction of coastal landscapes compounds the damage caused by this increase in storms. Wetlands, forests and mangroves have been removed for urban development. These features generally slow runoff and storm surges, and prevent floodwaters from carrying debris. Development over these areas has increased the destructive power of flooding and makes homeowners more susceptible to extreme weather events. Flooding risks land submergence in coastal areas in poor, densely populated areas, such as Alexandria and Port Said in Egypt, Lagos and Port Harcourt in Nigeria, and Cotonou in Benin.[27]​ In some areas, such as coastal properties, property prices increase due to access to the ocean and housing shortages, partly caused by houses destroyed during storms.[28]​ Wealthy homeowners have more resources to rebuild their homes and have greater job security, which encourages them to stay in their communities after extreme weather events. Highly unstable areas, such as hillsides and river delta regions, are sold to lower-income families at a cheaper price. After extreme weather events, impoverished people struggle to find or maintain employment and rebuild their homes. These challenges force many to move in search of job and housing opportunities.[28]​.

Ecosystems and biodiversity

Climate change is already transforming ecosystems. About half of the world's coral reef systems have suffered bleaching as a result of rising sea temperatures. Additionally, direct human pressures that could be experienced include overfishing, which could lead to resource depletion, nutrient and chemical pollution, and poor land use practices such as deforestation and dredging. Additionally, climate change may increase the amount of arable land in high-latitude regions by reducing the amount of frozen land.

Human health

One direct effect is an increase in temperature-related illnesses and deaths, linked to prolonged heat waves and humidity. Climate change could also change the geographic distribution of vector-borne diseases, specifically mosquitoes, such as malaria and dengue, exposing new populations to these diseases. As climate change affects the essential ingredients for maintaining good health: clean air and water, sufficient food, and adequate shelter, the effects could be widespread and pervasive. The report of the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health notes that disadvantaged communities are likely to bear a disproportionate share of the burden of climate change due to their greater exposure and vulnerability to health threats.[29] More than 90% of deaths from malaria and diarrhea are caused by children aged 5 years and younger, mainly in developing countries.[5] Other severely affected population groups include women, the elderly and people living in small island developing states and other coastal regions, megacities or mountainous areas.[5]​.

Human rights and democracy

In June 2019, United Nations special rapporteur Philip Alston warned of a “climate apartheid” in which the rich pay to escape the effects of climate change while the rest of the world suffers, which could undermine basic human rights, democracy and the rule of law. When Hurricane Sandy hit New York City in 2012, he says, most residents were left without electricity, while the headquarters of the Goldman Sachs bank had a private generator and protection thanks to "tens of thousands of its own sandbags."[30]

One approach that is currently being attempted by combining human rights with the effects of climate change is an HRBA law. An HRBA law is the adoption of a human rights-based approach (HRBA) to addressing climate change, from both a legal and political perspective.[31] This approach is an initiative created by younger generations who are preparing for future incidents of climate change that could potentially affect future generations.

The concept of human security and the effects that climate change may have on it will become increasingly important as its effects become more evident.[32] There is the possibility of the end of the oil economy for many producing and consuming nations, a possible financial and economic crisis, a larger human population and a much more urbanized humanity, much higher than the 50% that now live in small or very large cities. All these processes will be accompanied by a redistribution of the population at the national and international level.[33] These redistributions usually have significant gender dimensions; For example, the impacts of extreme events can lead to the emigration of men in search of work, culminating in an increase in female-headed households, a group often considered particularly vulnerable.[34]​ In fact, the effects of climate change on impoverished women and children are crucial because women and children, in particular, have unequal human capabilities.[35]​ An example of a predicted trend called "The Great Migration" is estimated to affect millions of Americans in the future. year 2070. Due to the impacts of climate change, millions of people will be forced to relocate. To accommodate this Great Migration, the United States will need between 25 and 30 million new housing units; If these new homes are not built, material deprivation and poverty will increase.[36]​.

The potential effects of climate change and infrastructure security will have the most direct effect on the cycle of poverty. Infrastructure effect areas will include water systems, housing and settlements, transport networks, utilities and industry. Infrastructure designers can contribute in three areas to improve the living environment of the poorest people: in building design, in settlement planning and layout, as well as in urban planning.[37]​.

The National Research Council has identified five climate changes of particular importance to infrastructure and factors that should be taken into account when designing future structures. These factors include increases in very hot days and heat waves, increases in Arctic temperatures, sea level rise, increases in heavy precipitation events, and increases in hurricane intensity.[38] Heat waves affect communities living in traditionally colder areas because many homes are not equipped with air conditioning units.[28] Sea level rise can be devastating for poor countries located near the ocean and in the delta regions, which are suffering increasingly overwhelming damage from storms. In some parts of the Eastern Caribbean countries, almost 60% of homes were built without any building standards.[28] Many of these at-risk populations are also affected by increased flooding in places that lack adequate drainage. In 1998, nearly 200 million people were affected by floods in China's Yangtze River Valley; and in 2010, floods in Pakistan affected 20 million people.[28]​ These problems are exacerbated for people living in lower-income areas who are forced to move at a higher rate than other economic groups.[28]​.

In areas where poverty prevails and infrastructure is underdeveloped, climate change produces a critical threat to the future development of that country. Reports from a study carried out in ten countries with different geographies and economies show how nine out of ten countries revealed an inability to develop infrastructure and its costly maintenance due to the influence of climate change and its costs.[39]​.

Adaptation efforts

Adaptation to climate change involves actions to tolerate the effects of global warming. The Institute of Development Studies' collaborative research establishes links between adaptation and poverty to help develop a pro-poor adaptation agenda that can inform climate-resilient poverty reduction. Adaptation to climate change will be ineffective and inequitable if it does not learn from and is based on understanding the multidimensional and differentiated nature of poverty and vulnerability. Poorer countries tend to be more severely affected by climate change, but have fewer resources and capacities to adapt.[43] This effect can be seen by comparing the results between Bangladesh and the United States after two severe storms. In the United States, Hurricane Andrew killed 23 people when it made landfall in 1992; However, a year earlier, in Bangladesh, a tropical cyclone killed approximately 100,000 people.[28] Bangladesh, having a poorer population, was less prepared for the storm and the country lacked the weather forecasting systems necessary to predict weather events. After the storm, Bangladesh needed help from the international community because it did not have the necessary funds to recover. As events like these increase in frequency and severity, a more proactive approach is needed.[28]​ This has led to more activities to integrate adaptation into development and poverty reduction programs. The emergence of adaptation as a development issue has been influenced by concerns about minimizing threats to progress in poverty reduction, particularly the Millennium Development Goals, and by the injustice of the impacts suffered most by those who have contributed least to the problem, framing adaptation as an issue of equity and human rights.[43]​.

Other solutions include increasing access to quality health care for the poor and people of color, planning for urban heat island effects, identifying neighborhoods most likely to be affected, investing in research on alternative fuels and energy, and measuring the results of public policy impacts.[44]​.

However, the main difficulties posed by climate change policy are the return on investment schedule and the disparate costs for countries. To control the carbon price, richer countries would have to provide large loans to poorer countries, and the potential return on investment would take generations.[45]​.

• - Human rights and climate change.

• - Climate change and indigenous peoples.

• - Climate justice.

• - Vulnerability to climate change.

• - This work contains a translation derived from «Climate change and poverty» from English Wikipedia, published by its editors under the GNU Free Documentation License and the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.