State planning in Brazil
In Brazil, as in other Latin American countries, "economic planning" acquired relevance as a tool of state intervention aimed at promoting national development. Its main objective was to modify the country's position in the international division of labor, through import substitution strategies, protection of the internal market and strengthening of local industry. In addition, state planning was consolidated as a requirement to access financing from multilateral organizations, such as the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and other international credit institutions.
In Brazil, planning by the State was effectively used since 1956, with the Objectives Plan"), in the government of Juscelino Kubitschek, “the fruit” of the work of the Joint Commission of Brazil and the United States. Considering five sectors of the economy, this work, according to Dias (2003), produced “a sectoral plan, such as only 25% of the Brazilian GDP has been incorporated.” This plan had great importance due to the success obtained and its value lies in the economic perception, Brazilian planning being the best structured of its time according to Dias (2003) in 1987, “the Objectives Plan was a fairly correct case in the formulation and execution of planning.”
The second contribution is related to the Triennial Plan, from 1963 to 1965, which, according to Días (2003), "although poorly achieved [...] has a concept of development" as a significant contribution to the idea of the division of income and the distribution of income between different regions, to its greatest contribution. According to Días (2003) “The experience acquired in the Quarterly Plan was fundamental for the development of subsequent plans” therefore having its importance in the theoretical contribution.
In the year 1964, the Government Economic Action Program emerged from 1964 to 1966. After having contributed only to the development of planning, as according to Días (2003) its construction occurred at the top of the government, reflecting the haste, centralization and action of technocrats. Another experience occurred between 1968 and 1970 with the preparation of the Strategic Development Plan. A fragmented plan, which proposed accelerating economic development, inflationary moderation, social progress and the expansion of jobs by stimulating the private sector and expanding government responsibilities. The government's program of goals and Bases for Action emerged between 1970 and 1973, having been the most ambitious according to Mendes (1978), as it intended to “transform the Brazilian nation into an important world power”. Although it did not have the structure of a plan and, therefore, being a partial program dependent on subsequent plans, it contributed a guide to the plans that would succeed it.
Another important contribution to the planning culture in Brazil occurred in 1972, with the National Development Plan, since it was built from a broader vision, having greater integration of industries. The productive sectors of the economy, economic indicators and social investment are included, which has greater recognition and has generated better results. In the Second National Development Plan implemented between 1975 and 1979, the views of growth and balance in the trade balance in the rolling plan during the Geisel government"), proposing the continuation of positive indicators. Given its greatest contribution on the environmental issue, this plan is, therefore, the inclusion of this issue of great importance, a contribution to principles of sustainable thinking in politics in Brazil, although due to international pressure due to the repercussions of accelerated industrialization occurred in the period above, and which influenced the development of the third National Development Plan for the years 1980 to 1985. This new work has the greatest contribution to the perception that the environmental problem is constituted as an intersectoral task, appearing "along with Science and Technology."
The Plan Real (Plano Real), conceived by the then Minister of Finance Fernando Henrique Cardoso and implemented during the presidency of Itamar Franco, was articulated in two stages: the creation of the URV (February 1994) as a unit of account to “deindex” the economy and, on July 1, 1994, the introduction of the real currency "Real (Brazilian currency)"). In the previous twelve months, accumulated inflation reached 4922% year-on-year, with monthly peaks above 40%.[3] After the monetary reform, the annual variation fell to 22% in 1995 and was below 2% in 1998,[4] while GDP accumulated growth of 12.4% between 1994 and 1997.[5] Price stability It facilitated the entry of foreign direct investment, the expansion of credit and, consequently, the modernization of the tourist plant—new urban hotels, domestic tourism programs") and ecotourism projects promoted by the BNDES and PRODETUR")—, while the exchange rate appreciation and fiscal adjustments raised criticism for the increase in urban unemployment.[6] Overall, the Real Plan provided the macroeconomic scaffolding that allowed the Brazilian State to resume tourism sector planning with sustainability criteria. and international competitiveness.