Urban time mapping
Introduction
An Isochrone Map (isochrone plan, isochrone diagram) in science and urban planning is a map that shows the areas related to isochrons between different points. An isochron is defined as "a line drawn on a map connecting points where something occurs or arrives at the same time." For example, a map is sometimes simply called an isochron. In hydrology and transportation planning isochron maps are commonly used to describe areas of equal travel time. The term is also used in cardiology[2][3][4] as a tool to detect visual abnormalities through the distribution of body surface area.[5].
Isochron maps have been used in transport planning since 1972 or earlier.[6] They are commonly used in the United Kingdom in relation to development control.[7][8][9][10] Information technology in the century has allowed them to be generated dynamically for use on websites, being used by property hunters wishing to assess residential areas.[11].
Use
Hydrology
Isochron and related maps are used to show the time it takes for runoff water in a drainage basin to reach a lake, reservoir or stream, assuming that the rainfall is effectively constant and uniform.[12][13][14][15] An early example of this method was demonstrated by Clark in 1945.[16]
Transportation planning
Time-based travel maps can be created for different modes of transport,[17] for example, walking (human walking), cycling, vehicles. These maps for private motorized transport were widely used in a 1972 study on airport accessibility, in Hampshire, Southeast England.[6] In that year their use was not yet widespread due to the time involved in the creation of the Isochrons.[6].
Isochronous maps can be generated using the Google Maps API[18] from arbitrary starting points.[19][20] The creation of isochronous maps of travel times to Finnish airports has been explained using Quantum GIS and pgRouting (an extension of PostGIS).[21].
General public
Websites have been built that allow us to visualize the duration of various journeys and journeys using mapping and open data technologies.[22][23] Examples of these sites are Mapumental[11] and Mapnificent.[24][25] which can be used by property hunters wishing to evaluate residential areas.[11] An isochron map of the London Underground network was made available at 2007.[26].
References
- [1] ↑ Isochrone Archivado el 16 de junio de 2015 en Wayback Machine. Babylon. Retrieved April 5, 2012.: http://dictionary.babylon.com/isochrone/
- [2] ↑ «MFS ECG Potential Map (40ms)». Springer Science+Business Media. Consultado el 21 de marzo de 2012.: http://www.springerimages.com/Images/Biomedicine/1-10.1007_s10439-006-9131-7-5
- [3] ↑ Rosenbaum, David S.; Jalife, José (2001). Optical mapping of cardiac excitation and arrhythmias. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 251. ISBN 0879934816.: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RpegRobc7QgC&pg=PA251&lpg=PA251&dq=%22isochrone+map%22&source=bl&ots=WyyFPFPaP3&sig=yAYeO5RXwlA5KvFr0qGBQt3NsWo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8tFpT4WeK6LO0QW59ajmCA&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=%22isochrone%20map%22&f=false
- [4] ↑ Ramanathan, Charulatha; Jia, Ping; Ghanem, Raja; Ryu, Kyungmoo; Rudy, Yoram (abril de 2006). «Activation and repolarization of the normal human heart under complete physiological conditions». PNAS 103 (16). doi:10.1073/pnas.0601533103.: http://www.pnas.org/content/103/16/6309.long
- [5] ↑ Miyashita, T; Okano, Y (enero de 1995). «Isochrone map, its implication and clinical usefulness». Nihon Rinsho: Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine 53 (1): 48-55.: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7897854
- [6] ↑ a b c Armstrong, H. W. (septiembre de 1972). «A Network Analysis of Airport Accessibility in South Hampshire». Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 6 (3): 294-307. ISSN 0022-5258.