Although contemporary professional use of the term "urban design" dates back to the mid-century, urban design as such has been practiced throughout history. Ancient examples of carefully planned and designed cities exist in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas, and are especially known in classical Chinese, Roman and Greek cultures. Specifically, Hippodamus of Miletus was a famous ancient Greek architect and urban planner, and academic of all kinds who is often considered a "father of European urban planning", and the namesake of the "Hippodamus plan", also known as the grid plan of a city layout.[7]​.

Medieval European cities are often, and erroneously, considered examples of undesigned or "organic" urban development. There are many examples of thoughtful urban design in the Middle Ages.[8]​ In England, many of the towns listed in the Burghal Hidage of the century were laid out on a grid, with examples such as Southampton, Wareham, Dorset, and Wallingford, Oxfordshire"), which were quickly created to provide a defensive network against Danish invaders.[9]​ Western Europe of the century brought renewed attention to urbanization as a means of stimulating economic growth and generating income.[10]​ The system of burgage") of that period and its associated bourgeois plots brought a form of self-organized design to medieval towns.[11] Rectangular grids were used in the bastides "Bastida (urbanism)") of Gascony in the 19th centuries, and in the new towns of England created in the same period.

Throughout history, street design and the deliberate configuration of public spaces with buildings have reflected contemporary social norms or philosophical and religious beliefs.[12] However, the link between designed urban space and the human mind appears to be bidirectional. In fact, the inverse impact of urban structure on human behavior and thinking is evident in both observational studies and historical records. There are clear indications of the impact of Renaissance urban design on the thought of Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei.[13] René Descartes in his Discourse on the Method had attested to the impact that the new planned cities of the Renaissance had on his own thinking, and there is much evidence that the Renaissance urban landscape was also the perceptual stimulus that had led to the development of coordinate geometry.[14]​.

Contenido

Características del Entorno:.

Definir unas condiciones de confort aplicables a cualquier tipo de espacio público urbano, a todas las actividades humanas susceptibles de ser desarrolladas en ellos en cualquier momento y ubicación geográfica, resulta una tarea sumamente compleja y en muchos casos imposible dada la variedad de casos.

Entendemos el Confort como el conjunto de condiciones óptimas que deben coincidir simultáneamente en un espacio público para lograr su máximo aprovechamiento o disfrute para una actividad y un momento concreto.

El Confort en el espacio público urbano viene determinado por distintos factores: condicionantes térmicos, escala urbana, ocupación del espacio público, paisaje urbano, percepción de seguridad, condiciones acústicas, calidad del aire, ergonomía. Todos estos parámetros están interconectados. La alteración de uno de ellos repercute en la calidad de los demás. Se plantean a continuación algunas de estas problemáticas:.

urban scale

The relationship between the height of buildings and the separation of blocks has been a subject of study particularly at the beginning of the Modern Movement due to its impact on the sunlight of homes, although without analyzing its importance in public space. From this last point of view, the AEUB(ii) proposes the section width indicator.

The proportion of the street is also decisive for the placement of large or small trees on sidewalks, squares, gardens and the creation of urban green corridors. The shape and size of the free spaces must be proportional to the expected levels of traffic and activity; a larger surface area does not presuppose greater quality, as the experience of the interblock spaces of the functional city has shown. If activities in free spaces multiply, life in them is enriched, the number of users increases and the investment is reused.

urban landscape

There are multiple forms of landscape: commercial, historical, architectural, natural, all of them with great subjective load. The aesthetic component of the landscape is a very valuable tool to generate comfort. Urban Landscape understood from a purely visual perspective, as the idea of ​​the perception we have of the environment and a specific position within the urban area.

Regardless of its attractiveness, we can create a comfortable environment by breaking the monotony and creating interest in the walker through the existence of intermittent attractions and landmarks throughout the urban landscape.

In any case, although the projected focal points of attraction stand out, their integration into a homogeneous urban fabric is important.

Safety perception

To achieve a threat-free environment, there must be social cohesion and the city must be designed in a way that enhances the visibility of the space and its transparency, using architectural elements that promote natural surveillance among fellow citizens.

Public spaces are frequently subject to the overlapping responsibilities of multiple agencies or authorities and the interests of nearby property owners, as well as the requirements of multiple and sometimes competent users. Therefore the design, construction and administration of public space demands consultation and negotiation between a variety of spheres. Urban designers rarely have the degree of freedom or artistic control offered in other design professions such as architecture. It typically requires multidisciplinary collaboration with balanced representation of multiple fields, including engineering, ecology, local history, and urban transportation planning.

The urban design takes into consideration the following aspects:

• - Urban structure: How places are positioned together and how parts interrelate with each other.

• - Typology, density and urban sustainability: types of spaces and morphologies related to the intensity of use, consumption of resources, production and maintenance of viable communities.

• - Accessibility: Provide an easy and safe option to move between spaces.

• - Legibility and guidance: Help people find their way and understand how space works.

• - Animation: Design spaces to simulate public activity.

• - Mixture of complementary uses: Location of activities that allow constructive interaction between them.

• - Characterization and significance: Recognize and value the differences between one space and another.

• - Continuity and change: locating people in time and space, including with regard to heritage and support for contemporary culture.

• - Civil society: Making spaces where people are free to encounter each other as civic equals, an important component in building social capital.

• - Landscape architecture.

• - Design.

• - Iconolinguistics.

• - Urban planning.

• - Tactical urban planning.

• - Urban vitality.

• - Ministry of the Environment Publications, including Urban Design Protocol, New Zealand Archived January 14, 2015 at the Wayback Machine.

• - Ryszard Jurkowski").

• - Wikimedia Commons hosts a multimedia category on Urban Design.

• - 5th International Urban Design Conference.

• - 4th International Urban Design Conference Archived March 3, 2016 at the Wayback Machine.

• - 2th International Urban Design Conference.

• - Shenzhen & Hong Kong Bi‐City Biennale of Urbanism & Architecture.

• - Bat Yam International Biennale of Landscape Urbanism 2010.

• - Cities of the Future: overview of important urban design elements.

• - MA Theories of Urban Practice program in New York City.

Although contemporary professional use of the term "urban design" dates back to the mid-century, urban design as such has been practiced throughout history. Ancient examples of carefully planned and designed cities exist in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas, and are especially known in classical Chinese, Roman and Greek cultures. Specifically, Hippodamus of Miletus was a famous ancient Greek architect and urban planner, and academic of all kinds who is often considered a "father of European urban planning", and the namesake of the "Hippodamus plan", also known as the grid plan of a city layout.[7]​.

Medieval European cities are often, and erroneously, considered examples of undesigned or "organic" urban development. There are many examples of thoughtful urban design in the Middle Ages.[8]​ In England, many of the towns listed in the Burghal Hidage of the century were laid out on a grid, with examples such as Southampton, Wareham, Dorset, and Wallingford, Oxfordshire"), which were quickly created to provide a defensive network against Danish invaders.[9]​ Western Europe of the century brought renewed attention to urbanization as a means of stimulating economic growth and generating income.[10]​ The system of burgage") of that period and its associated bourgeois plots brought a form of self-organized design to medieval towns.[11] Rectangular grids were used in the bastides "Bastida (urbanism)") of Gascony in the 19th centuries, and in the new towns of England created in the same period.

Throughout history, street design and the deliberate configuration of public spaces with buildings have reflected contemporary social norms or philosophical and religious beliefs.[12] However, the link between designed urban space and the human mind appears to be bidirectional. In fact, the inverse impact of urban structure on human behavior and thinking is evident in both observational studies and historical records. There are clear indications of the impact of Renaissance urban design on the thought of Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei.[13] René Descartes in his Discourse on the Method had attested to the impact that the new planned cities of the Renaissance had on his own thinking, and there is much evidence that the Renaissance urban landscape was also the perceptual stimulus that had led to the development of coordinate geometry.[14]​.

Contenido

Características del Entorno:.

Definir unas condiciones de confort aplicables a cualquier tipo de espacio público urbano, a todas las actividades humanas susceptibles de ser desarrolladas en ellos en cualquier momento y ubicación geográfica, resulta una tarea sumamente compleja y en muchos casos imposible dada la variedad de casos.

Entendemos el Confort como el conjunto de condiciones óptimas que deben coincidir simultáneamente en un espacio público para lograr su máximo aprovechamiento o disfrute para una actividad y un momento concreto.

El Confort en el espacio público urbano viene determinado por distintos factores: condicionantes térmicos, escala urbana, ocupación del espacio público, paisaje urbano, percepción de seguridad, condiciones acústicas, calidad del aire, ergonomía. Todos estos parámetros están interconectados. La alteración de uno de ellos repercute en la calidad de los demás. Se plantean a continuación algunas de estas problemáticas:.

urban scale

The relationship between the height of buildings and the separation of blocks has been a subject of study particularly at the beginning of the Modern Movement due to its impact on the sunlight of homes, although without analyzing its importance in public space. From this last point of view, the AEUB(ii) proposes the section width indicator.

The proportion of the street is also decisive for the placement of large or small trees on sidewalks, squares, gardens and the creation of urban green corridors. The shape and size of the free spaces must be proportional to the expected levels of traffic and activity; a larger surface area does not presuppose greater quality, as the experience of the interblock spaces of the functional city has shown. If activities in free spaces multiply, life in them is enriched, the number of users increases and the investment is reused.

urban landscape

There are multiple forms of landscape: commercial, historical, architectural, natural, all of them with great subjective load. The aesthetic component of the landscape is a very valuable tool to generate comfort. Urban Landscape understood from a purely visual perspective, as the idea of ​​the perception we have of the environment and a specific position within the urban area.

Regardless of its attractiveness, we can create a comfortable environment by breaking the monotony and creating interest in the walker through the existence of intermittent attractions and landmarks throughout the urban landscape.

In any case, although the projected focal points of attraction stand out, their integration into a homogeneous urban fabric is important.

Safety perception

To achieve a threat-free environment, there must be social cohesion and the city must be designed in a way that enhances the visibility of the space and its transparency, using architectural elements that promote natural surveillance among fellow citizens.

Public spaces are frequently subject to the overlapping responsibilities of multiple agencies or authorities and the interests of nearby property owners, as well as the requirements of multiple and sometimes competent users. Therefore the design, construction and administration of public space demands consultation and negotiation between a variety of spheres. Urban designers rarely have the degree of freedom or artistic control offered in other design professions such as architecture. It typically requires multidisciplinary collaboration with balanced representation of multiple fields, including engineering, ecology, local history, and urban transportation planning.

The urban design takes into consideration the following aspects:

• - Urban structure: How places are positioned together and how parts interrelate with each other.

• - Typology, density and urban sustainability: types of spaces and morphologies related to the intensity of use, consumption of resources, production and maintenance of viable communities.

• - Accessibility: Provide an easy and safe option to move between spaces.

• - Legibility and guidance: Help people find their way and understand how space works.

• - Animation: Design spaces to simulate public activity.

• - Mixture of complementary uses: Location of activities that allow constructive interaction between them.

• - Characterization and significance: Recognize and value the differences between one space and another.

• - Continuity and change: locating people in time and space, including with regard to heritage and support for contemporary culture.

• - Civil society: Making spaces where people are free to encounter each other as civic equals, an important component in building social capital.

• - Landscape architecture.

• - Design.

• - Iconolinguistics.

• - Urban planning.

• - Tactical urban planning.

• - Urban vitality.

• - Ministry of the Environment Publications, including Urban Design Protocol, New Zealand Archived January 14, 2015 at the Wayback Machine.

• - Ryszard Jurkowski").

• - Wikimedia Commons hosts a multimedia category on Urban Design.

• - 5th International Urban Design Conference.

• - 4th International Urban Design Conference Archived March 3, 2016 at the Wayback Machine.

• - 2th International Urban Design Conference.

• - Shenzhen & Hong Kong Bi‐City Biennale of Urbanism & Architecture.

• - Bat Yam International Biennale of Landscape Urbanism 2010.

• - Cities of the Future: overview of important urban design elements.

• - MA Theories of Urban Practice program in New York City.