Urban morphogenesis | Construpedia

Urban morphogenesis

Introduction

Manuel DeLanda, also known as Manuel De Landa or Manuel de Landa (Mexico City, 1952), is a Mexican writer, artist and philosopher based in New York. He has written extensively on nonlinear dynamics, theories of self-organization, life and artificial intelligence (A.I), chaos theory, architecture, and the history of science.

During the last three decades, his intellectual work has consisted mainly of coordinating the philosophy of the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze with the theories of complexity and organizations and theories of information, to offer a realistic and materialist approach to the knowledge of reality through a general theory of assemblage. Along with Graham Harman,[1] he is one of the precursors of postcontinental realism"),[2] specifically in its aspect close to speculative realism.[3].

Intellectual biography

In 1975, Manuel DeLanda came to New York City to study film. In the third year of his studies, he managed to have his films exhibited at the Whitney Museum of American Art Biennial. Later, in 1979, one of his shorts was chosen for the New York Film Festival. However, he decided to leave the race due to the time demands that it entailed.

In 1980 he became interested in computing. Determined to reinvent himself, he acquired a 64k Cromemco, which had to be previously assembled for use, a fact that led him to delve into the knowledge of computers. With no software available for the machine, DeLanda became interested in programming, starting in Basic and then continuing in Pascal ("Pascal (programming language)"). It was through computer technology that he began to make digital art, becoming an expert:[4].

These two stages of his life, in addition to his interest in mathematics and French philosophy (particularly Deleuze and Foucault), finally encouraged him to dedicate himself to philosophy. More specifically, it was in 1983 when he stopped making films to "dedicate himself to computer programming, writing, teaching and philosophy."[5].

His career as an intellectual would emerge in May 1981, the date on which he gave his lecture entitled Wittgenstein at the Movies at Cinema Histories, Cinema Practices I, an event organized by the University of Southern California,[6] a conference that was later published in 1984;[7] and between 1986 and 1989 he wrote his book (War in the Age of Intelligent Machines*),* a text in which he reviewed the increasingly important presence of artificial intelligence in the war environment, a non-human agency that ends up - albeit to a limited extent - displacing the human being from the center of the weapons panorama. Later, in 1997, he published , where he elaborated a profound study of the development of material processes in a non-teleological key, proposing a new philosophy of history that understands individual entities as results of a specific "historical synthesis", with the geological, biological and linguistic spheres of reality being the focus of attention in this text. From here, and contrary to the anthropocentrism and idealism reigning at the end of the century (its paradigmatic incarnation being philosophical postmodernism), Manuel DeLanda's intellectual production will be deeply marked by the defense of realism and materialism.

Urban morphogenesis

Introduction

Intellectual biography

His career as an intellectual would emerge in May 1981, the date on which he gave his lecture entitled at an event organized by the University of Southern California,[6] a conference that was later published in 1984;[7] and between 1986 and 1989 he wrote his book (War in the Age of Intelligent Machines*),* a text in which he reviewed the increasingly important presence of artificial intelligence in the war environment, a non-human agency that ends up - albeit to a limited extent - displacing the human being from the center of the weapons panorama. Later, in 1997, he published , where he elaborated a profound study of the development of material processes in a non-teleological key, proposing a new philosophy of history that understands individual entities as results of a specific "historical synthesis", with the geological, biological and linguistic spheres of reality being the focus of attention in this text. From here, and contrary to the anthropocentrism and idealism reigning at the end of the century (its paradigmatic incarnation being philosophical postmodernism), Manuel DeLanda's intellectual production will be deeply marked by the defense of realism and materialism.

Thought

Deleuze and the new materialism

DeLanda is strongly influenced by the thought of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. He is one of the representatives of new materialism, reinterpreting and reworking Deleuze's philosophy and concepts. DeLanda affirms that science can be at the service of philosophy as long as it is materialist, since phenomenological philosophy (in an idealist key) leads to nothing more than an empty speculation of reality. His new materialism appears as an overcoming of dialectical materialism (opting for self-organization rather than dialectics). Deleuze's conceptual clarification has been one of his most pronounced interests, particularly in Intensive Science and Virtual Philosophy. DeLanda's intentions were to offer a "Deleuze for scientists":[17].

To know reality, we must first be aware of our materiality, making it our own and understanding it. Morphogenesis (from the Greek 'morphê', form; and 'genesis', creation or origin) is, in its philosophy, the production of stable structures arising from material flows and represents a fundamental concept for the understanding of said materialism.

This new type of materialism is based on the three states of matter – which coexist without mutually eliminating each other – ensuring that the liquid is the most interesting, as it reinvents itself, self-organizes, changes and creates its own form. This idea is also applied to ethics, history, chaos, social complexity and art.

The three types of reasoning

Speaking out against the use and sacralization of a single method, the scientific one, DeLanda speaks of three types of reasoning or explanatory strategies that in philosophy should be used together for a clearer and deeper understanding of a system or phenomenon, being able to flatly apprehend a system and its functioning by providing a non-linear vision of its development.

• - Population thinking.

It emerged with Darwin and Mendel and their discoveries about natural selection and genetic inheritance. This type of reasoning is based on the evolutionary factor of organisms or systems. The general rule that DeLanda uses to explain this is: “Any population of related variable replicators with some filter leads to evolution.”[18] There are four key elements within this particular way of thinking. Namely:.

- Population: Refers to a reproductive community, that is, with enough members so that procreation is still viable.

- Replicators: They are genes, memes "Meme (culture)"), and norms, patterns of behavior transmitted by obligation.

- Variables: Fluctuations, changes that allow evolution. According to DeLanda, it is not possible for a system to evolve without heterogeneity. Speaking of animals, when a group stops reproducing with different specimens, evolution will cease.

- Filters: Any type of pressure applied to said groups, such as predators, parasites and others of artificial origin.

This part of the method is used by Deleuze to talk about phenomena, systems or things in themselves, not about their origins, their functioning, or behavior.

• - Intensive thinking.

It comes from thermodynamics, a scientific discipline that emerged in the century that revolutionized the conception of machines, since, unlike the winding mechanisms that had existed until then, the motion and energy came from the machine itself.

This thought is based on the principle that energy is necessary for everything to function. This, if added to the factors inherent to population thinking, will promote morphogenesis, the creation of biological and non-biological bodies where energy exchanges occur.

To explain the above, DeLanda returns to the distinction of magnitudes in thermodynamics: extensive and intensive. The former are divisible (volume, area, length, etc.), while the latter are not (pressure, temperature, velocity, density, concentration, etc.). What intensive magnitudes contribute to this study is that, when differences occur in them, such as the change in temperature, changes and flows are generated in the processes, movement. In this way, intensive differences function as fuel not only in these processes, but also in others on a larger scale, such as history, climate, economy and evolution.

Intensive properties or magnitudes also have thresholds or critical points. Water, for example, has two, when heated to 100 °C and cooled to 0 °C: evaporation and solidification. They are points at which variations in quantity are also variations in quality, which can lead to morphogenic events.[19] The intensive dimension of the method is used to explain the origins of entities.

• - Topological thinking.

Topological thinking is used to calculate spaces of possibility, that is, every possible end of a thing in terms of changes. All material things have capacities and tendencies. Capacities can be real, in that they truly happen, or virtual, in that they have not happened either in the past or in the present, but have the potential to happen. This structure of the space of possibilities can be represented graphically, through the advances in the measurement of three-dimensional spaces achieved by Friedrich Gauss and Bernhard Riemann. Through a theoretical addition, they managed to get rid of the Cartesian plane as a reference for measuring these spaces, by using the immediate curvature and its changes as a variable. DeLanda calls this change in curvature the “speed of becoming,” since, if the variety is used as a method of representation, it will show how the systems that are calculated with it change and become something more.

Phase spaces play an important role in this model, since they represent the spaces of possible states. To achieve representation, it is first necessary to identify the relevant variables that impact the system. A pendulum, in this case, could vary in speed and position. Subsequently, a variety "Variety (mathematics)") must be created with as many dimensions as there are degrees of freedom (variables) that the system has and then, with points distributed in this space called series of states (paths formed by “states of the system”, which represent points in the possibility space), draw the complete possibility space; a space that will give a possible response to the behavior of more complex systems as these trajectories approach the attractors located at a point of the variety. Attractors represent stable, equilibrium or near-equilibrium states of the system. However, if a system is studied from its absolute equilibrium point, its full repertoire of virtual capabilities will not be deployed.

Most notable works

War in the Age of Intelligent Machines (1991)

First publication by Manuel DeLanda, in which he studies the intertwining of the history of war and technology through the use of weapons and smart bombs and its relationship with the dehumanization of war, the mystification of technologies, the obsession of surveillance and the conversion of armed conflicts into entertainment.

Of all his works, it is this one in which the influence of "French Theory" is most evident, elaborated in the heat of the theoretical inputs of intellectuals such as Foucault, Deleuze and Braudrillard who had such an impact on American philosophical work in the second half of the century. N. Dupuy") and Martin van Creveld"), among many others.

One of DeLanda's main concerns is the emergence and introduction of artificial intelligence in the military-industrial complex, whose purpose would be the complete and total eradication of the human being as an agent directly involved in war matters. Faced with the prospect of a blind transfer of human-machine power and the potential threat of destructive domination by artificial intelligences, DeLanda advocates the decentralization of control systems and support for the development of symbiosis-generating interfaces between humans and machine entities.

A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History (1997)

The book is not a factual chronicle, but a “deeply historical philosophy” that takes as its central thesis that the structures that make up our world—mountains and cities, organisms and species, languages (linguistics)) and institutions—are products of specific historical processes, and therefore are only understood as dynamic trajectories in non-linear interaction. This perspective is supported by the science of systems far from equilibrium: after Ilya Prigogine's revolution, the history of physical and biological systems is described in terms of co-existing attractors (static, periodic, chaotic), critical transitions (bifurcations "Bifurcation (mathematical)") and sensitivity to local fluctuations "Fluctuation (physics)") that “select” outcomes, with which historicity ceases to be an external contingency and becomes a constitutive condition of stability and change. Thus, understanding the current state of a system requires reconstructing the fluctuations and bifurcations of its past, and this logic—feedback, self-organization, nonlinearity—is valid for energy flows in inert matter as well as for living populations and sociocultural complexes. Within this anti-teleological framework, the book proposes reading a millennium (1000–2000 AD) as three material narratives—geological, biological, and linguistic—that examine, respectively, energetic and institutional flows, flows of food and genes, and flows of signs and norms.

In “geological history,” DeLanda articulates a synthesis between institutional economics and self-organization sciences: replacing the linear notion of “exchange” with “transaction” introduces frictions (costs, bottlenecks, bounded rationality) and, with them, persistent nonlinearities in real markets; At the same time, feedback loops between technologies and organizations can close autocatalytic cycles until a techno-institutional assembly becomes self-sustaining (the Industrial Revolution thus appears as a stabilized feedback loop). This dynamic is manifested with special clarity in European urban morphogenesis: fronts of energy intensification (agricultural and then hydraulic with mills and hammers "Martinete (forge)") unleash explosions of urbanization and economic “turbulence”; where the mix between self-organized meshworks and centralized hierarchies favored relative decentralization, self-stimulated growth dynamics emerged that, according to Fernand Braudel and William H. McNeill, help explain the Western advantage over more homogeneous political-administrative spaces. Crucial here is the dialectic between meshes and hierarchies: markets, bureaucracies and cities are not pure types, but hybrids (hierarchies of embonages; embonages of hierarchies) in continuous interaction, and their variable composition governs the possibility of technological arms races, commercial revolutions and differential rhythms of institutional densification.

“Biological history” reinterprets the city as a simplified ecosystem, crossed by organic flows: the food that keeps it alive almost always comes from outside and, with colonial expansion, these flows are redirected on a large scale, along with genetic flows of domesticated plants and animals (and persistent invaders such as weeds and microorganisms) that reconfigure ecological landscapes by mixing, displacement and partial replacement of gene pools; In epidemiological and demographic terms, civilizational contact operated as an expanded food chain where war and pathogens destructured communities, opening their material and cultural “incorporation” into imperial systems.

“Linguistic history,” for its part, follows the accumulation and urban transformation of sound and syntactic materials: in the face of the rigidity of a written Latin that becomes a “dead” structure, vernacular dialects—Vulgar Latin—function as dynamic replicators that generate new structures (Romance languages) and, later, become rigidified by standardization from regional and national capitals; Several media generations—printing, mass media, computer networks—modulate the regimes of replication and diffusion, and the many-to-many architecture of the Internet tends to overmass audiences and recompose distributed linguistic communities. Together, these layers show that the historicity of the social is inseparable from the thermodynamics of its material flows and the population dynamics of its replicators (genes and memes "Meme (culture)"), without narratives of progress, but as contingent assemblages stabilized in socio-technical-semiotic attractors.

Intensive Science and Virtual Philosophy (2002)

DeLanda's bet is to reconstruct Gilles Deleuze for an audience of analytical and scientific philosophers, assuming and defending a non-essentialist ontological realism: the identity and continuity of things do not depend on transcendent essences, but on immanent dynamic processes. For this purpose, he organizes the book into a block of formal foundations and two chapters on the spatial and temporal “updating” of the virtual, finished off by an epistemology of problems rather than laws. His goal is to translate “Deleuze's world” (not his words) into argumentative and technical devices familiar to scientists and analysts; and, at the same time, show that this world is realistic without falling back on essences or archetypes, replacing them with immanent matter-energy individuation mechanisms. Consequently, epistemology should not focus on mere “truth” as correspondence, but on discriminating what is important and what is significant, formulating well-posed problems that capture objective distributions of the singular/ordinary in spaces of possibilities. The result is an “open” world, populated by divergent processes that produce novelty, incompatible with any still photo of “final facts.”

Chapter 1 establishes the mathematical scaffolding of this ontology: “multiplicity (philosophy)”) replaces “essence”. Formally, a manifold is a manifold (manifold) with a variable number of dimensions and, crucially, without a “supplementary dimension” that imposes an extrinsic unity or coordination from the outside, as Carl Friedrich Gauss and Bernhard Riemann showed when emancipating geometry from its embedding space: a surface (or N-dimensional space) is “a space in yes”, locally coordinateable and studyable by differential calculus (curvatures, exchange rates). On the dynamic level, multiplicity is populated with vector fields, singularities, attractors and basins, composing a space of possibilities that explains morphogenetic regularities without reintroducing essences (now displaced to “essences of processes”). Qualitative dynamics delivers universal sequences (independent of the substrate) such as the cascade that produces the conduction-convection-turbulence sequence, which DeLanda uses as a paradigm of how the virtual specifies differentiation routes without prescribing a single updating mechanism.

Chapter 2 develops actualization in space as an intensive genesis of form. DeLanda rigorously distinguishes between intensive and extensive properties: the latter are added; The former are averaged and, above all, create flows of matter/energy until gradients (e.g., temperature) are extinguished. That is why intensive differences—not qualitative differences—are “positive or productive”: they drive processes that, when crossing critical thresholds, change qualities and extensities (i.e., phase transitions). The canonical example is the aforementioned conduction → convection → turbulence cascade in fluids, or the battery of patterns revealed by the Couette-Taylor apparatus: each regime emerges at control thresholds and is associated with symmetry breaks in the cylinder group; the formal (bifurcations "Bifurcation (mathematics)"), attractors) organizes a space of possibilities, but a complete explanation also integrates causal mechanisms (density gradients due to heating, viscosity/gravity) that “select” concrete realizations. Thus, the intensive specifies, breaking symmetries, families of equilibrium forms (bubbles, crystals) and forms far from equilibrium (convective cells), without abandoning material immanence.

It is an attempt by DeLanda to challenge the sociological paradigm of conducting fruitful analyzes by reducing the study on a small and large scale, that is, from the particular actions of individuals to the behavior of societies as a whole. It uses Deleuze's assemblage theory to study social entities at all scales. More particularly, DeLanda introduces the concept of assemblage to refer to an entity or system composed of multiple heterogeneous components that relate to each other. These assemblages can vary in scale and complexity, ranging from biological and technological assemblages to social and cultural assemblages. Furthermore, agency is emphasized not only as a property of human beings but also as an emergent property of assemblages themselves. Assemblages have a materiality and a capacity to act and affect the world around them. Close would be the concept of autopoiesis, which refers to the ability of assemblages to maintain their organization and structure over time.

Philosophical Chemistry. Genealogy of a Scientific Field (2015)

Here DeLanda proposes a specific ontology and epistemology for chemistry that does not subordinate it to physics or to an abstract, single, capitalized “Science.” The introduction situates chemistry as a field with its own ontological and epistemic identity, in the face of the double reductionism that dissolves it into:.

• - Physicalist accounts that treat it as a mere “application” of quantum mechanics.

• - Internalist stories that conceive it as a linear progression of theories.

DeLanda proposes instead a materialist, non-hylemorphic genealogy: chemical objects are multiscale assemblages with emergent causal capacities, stabilized historically and technologically by practices of measurement, synthesis, and modeling. The relevant philosophical question is not “into what ultimate equations is chemistry translated?”, but “what mechanisms, instruments, formal languages and classification schemes have configured specific spaces of possibility to intervene in the material?” Hence his double thesis:

- Chemical realism must be medium-range—focused on mechanisms and capabilities in the ranges of energy, time, and scale where chemical practices operate.

- Explanation in chemistry operates population-wise, through repertoires of models with varying degrees of idealization (stoichiometric, structural, topological, statistical and quantum-variational) that are not reduced to each other, but are coupled by partial translations, metrological calibrations and cross restrictions.

Chapter 1 reconstructs the formation of a space of states and a space of classes that are specifically chemical based on the quantitative revolution of the late 18th and 19th centuries: scales, units and protocols generate a metrology that makes conservation operational and makes chemical compositions commensurable. Stoichiometry configures viability surfaces that constrain the instances of synthesis and analysis. Periodicity, converted into a table and system, establishes a classificatory space with singularities (gaps, series, anomalies) that guide the invention of entities and the prediction of properties. In genealogical terms, chemical matter becomes intelligible not by deduction from universal laws, but by the stabilization of operational chains (instrument-procedure-notation) that allow intensive regularities (e.g., electronegativity, acidity) to be isolated, codified in useful taxonomies and translated into design rules. The notion of valence and its structural graphs (from August Kekulé to the later more developed formulas) show how representation is intervention: by setting connectivities and combinatorial restrictions, diagrams do not only “describe” molecules; They delimit possible synthetic paths in the reaction space. The result is practical autonomy: the chemist reasons and acts with his own invariants and restrictions (balances, equivalents, homologous series), which articulate compositional causality and functional organization without the need to descend, case by case, to the quantum microfoundation.

Assemblage Theory (2016)

As a development of the previous text, we see in Assemblage Theory a detailed review and recasting of Deleuze and Guattari's theory of assemblages. DeLanda uses this theory to define and explore assemblages in various disciplines, including human history, the evolution of language, warfare technology, and scientific practice. The important concepts used to define the construction of assemblages, such as exteriority versus interiority, codification, emergence, singularities, historical entities, and territorialization, are all defined and established in different historical contexts. The assemblies themselves form larger assemblies, creating a theory of complex systems. However, the discussion of virtual concepts and the "diagram" of an assemblage in later chapters begins to unravel a rich theory of assemblages.

The mission of the text is to argue that assemblage theory is, to a large extent, successful in defining and explaining the dynamic interrelationships between history, components, and the whole that emerges from them. Grounded in a materialist philosophy, the idea of assemblages provides an attractive way of constructing the emergent properties of an ensemble or system, and the history and individuality of the assemblage is key to its properties.

Materialist Phenomenology. A Philosophy of Perception (2021)

This work attempts to reconcile materialism with phenomenology. This text is likely to disappoint those familiar with the author's earlier contributions to continental philosophy, as it is the one most comfortably situated in the tradition of analytical philosophy of mind, alongside the works of figures such as Daniel Dennett and Paul and Patricia Churchland, with whom he is in intense debate. This fact is further accentuated by noting the absence of many authors with whom one would expect DeLanda to have engaged due to his training in continental philosophy, among them Jean-Paul Sartre, Trần Đức Thảo, Michel Henry, Jacques Derrida and Maurice Merleau-Ponty.[21].

Its central thesis is that perception has preconceptual contents that are not theory-laden, thus contravening the perspective of a "theoretical nature of perception" that has dominated the philosophy of science, especially in its spheres closest to the history and sociology of science. The defense of the objectivity of perception is in solidarity with the final motivation of DeLanda's philosophy of mind, which is to provide modern neuroscience - in his own words - with "the metaphysics it needs", a feat that he seeks to carry out through the development of a new theory of perception, the result of a close relationship between contemporary neuroscience, systems theory and the science of artificial intelligence; all this from the coordinates of a non-reductive materialism, in clear opposition to the contemporary prominence of epiphenomenalist, pampsiquista and eliminativist philosophies of the mind.

Criticisms of the Delandian proposal

Some of the most frequent criticisms placed on DeLanda's philosophy are those related to the arguments that he offers to defend the reality of virtual multiplicities.[22] Expressed in an elementary way, we can recognize four major moments of the criticism given to DeLanda's work:

• - Deland's proposal is accused of assuming, without justification, that virtual multiplicities are real.

• - The concept of attractor, used and interpreted by DeLanda as the most solid evidence that multiplicities are real, is present in rival theories, whose treatment of it calls into question whether its interpretation is the most appropriate.

• - DeLanda's theory of multiplicity is not completely free from accusations of mathematical Platonism.

• - Although DeLanda emphasizes historicity in his ontological study of entities, he is accused of ignoring some consequences of the second law of thermodynamics, which defines the historicity of the entire physical universe.

Hasok Chang, although he recognizes the meritorious work carried out by DeLanda in the field of the philosophy of chemistry, lacks greater mastery of the "historical material" of chemistry.[23] The lack of collaboration with experienced historians of chemistry makes him fall into errors regarding the interpretation of certain key moments in the history of chemistry. Among them, the following can be highlighted:

• - The idea that chemists treated gases as "incorporeal."

• - The repeated notion that simple chemical affinity was based on similarity.

• - The idea that chemists of the century could easily weigh their materials in a vacuum.

• - The designation of "pure" numbers as opposed to "absolute" numbers.

• - The confusing treatment of radical and type theories.

• - The suggestion that physical chemists at the turn of the century widely believed that substances must be composed of forms of energy as well as material substances.

• - The historical periodization of chemical subdisciplines is too forced and convenient.

DeLanda views chemistry teaching textbooks as expressions of consensus practice, which would make a lot of sense, but only if the textbooks are selected judiciously. Unfortunately, and as Chang points out, DeLanda never offers an explanation of what criteria he used to choose the particular textbooks to analyze, a fact that makes his conclusions less convincing. However, Chang's criticism is not devastating. Rather, it is constructive:[24].

Articles, interviews and chapters in collective books

• - DeLanda, M. (1984). Wittgenstein at the Movies. In P. Mellencamp (Ed.), Cinema histories, cinema practices (pp. 108-119). Los Angeles: The American Film Institute.

• - DeLanda, M. (1992). Virtual environments as intuition synthesisers. Collaboratory for Digital Discourse and Culture.

• - DeLanda, M. (1993). Inorganic Life and Predatory Machines. In B. Boigon (Ed.), Culture Lab 1 (pp. 27-38). New York, United States: Princeton Architectural Press.

• - DeLanda, M. (January 1, 1995). Homes: Meshwork or Hierarchy? Mediamatic.

• - DeLanda, M. (1995). The Geology of Morals - A Neomaterialist Interpretation. FUTURE NON-STOP.

• - DeLanda, M. (1995). Uniformity and Variability - An Essay in the Philosophy of Matter. FUTURE NON-STOP.

• - DeLanda, M. (1996). An Interview with Manuel de Landa. (K. Becker, & M. M., Interviewers) FUTURE NON STOP.

• - DeLanda, M. (1996). Markets and Antimarkets in the World Economy. In S. Aronowitz, B. Martinsons, M. Menser, & J. Rich (Eds.), Technoscience and Cyberculture (pp. 181-194). London and New York: Routledge.

• - DeLanda, M. (1998). Extensive Borderlines and Intensive Borderlines. In L. Woods, & E. Rehfeld (Eds.), BorderLine (pp. 18-24). New York, United States: Springer-Verlag/Wien and RIEAeuropa.

• - DeLanda, M. (September 20, 1998). Markets, Antimarkets, and the Internet. Nettime.

• - DeLanda, M. (1998). Meshworks, Hierachies and Interfaces. FUTURE NON-STOP.

• - DeLanda, M. (1999). Deleuze, Diagrams, and the Open-Ended Becoming of the World. In E. Grosz (Ed.), Becomings: explorations in time, memory, and futures (pp. 29-41). Ithaca and New York: Cornell University Press.

• - DeLanda, M. (2000). Deleuze, Diagrams, and the Genesis of Form. Amerikastudien / American Studies, XLV(1), 33-41.

• - DeLanda, M. (2000). The nonlinear development of cities. Network Urbanism, OASE(53), 101-112.

• - DeLanda, M. (April 2001). Design philosophies. The case of modeling programs. Verb Processing, 131-143.

• - DeLanda, M. (July 4, 2003). 1000 Years of War. Ctheory Interview with Manuel De Landa. (D. Ihde, C. Bruun Jensen, J. Friis Jorgensen, S. Mallavarapu, E. Mendieta, J. Mix, J. Protevi, and E. Selinger, Interviewers) Nettime.

• - DeLanda, M. (2005). Virtual environments and the emergence of synthetic reason. In J. Broadhurst Dixon, & E. J. Cassidy (Eds.), Virtual futures. Cyberotics, technology and post-human pragmatism (pp. 85-102). London and New York: Routledge.

• - DeLanda, M. (2007). Deleuze and the Use of the Genetic Algorithm in Architecture. In W. W. Braham, J. A. Hale, & J. S. Sadar (Eds.), Rethinking Technology. A Reader in Architectural Theory (pp. 388-393). Routledge.

• - DeLanda, M. (2009, June). The Limits of Urban Simulation: An Interview with Manuel DeLanda. 50-55. (N. Leach, Interviewer) Architectural Design.

• - DeLanda, M. (September 24, 2010). The Importance of Imperfections. boiteaoutils became The Funambulist.

• - DeLanda, M. (2012). Form-Finding through Simulated Evolution. In M. Voyatzaki, & C. Spiridonidis (Ed.), Rethinking the Human in Technology Driven Architecture (pp. 19-28). Thessaloniki: EAAE.

• - DeLanda, M. (2012, April). Manuel de Landa in conversation with Timur Si-Qin. (T. Si-Qin, Interviewer). Société.

• - DeLanda, M., Magali, A., Barry, J., Bauer, U. M., Cruz, T., Easterling, K., . . . Yard, S. (2007). Dynamic equilibrium: in search of a public land (First ed.). (S. Yard, J. Dunn, M. Kjaer, S. del Castillo, M. E. González, M. Quiroz Luna, I. Galina, Edits., M. E. González, M. Cinta, C. Ranc Enríquez, F. Rogers, & P. Villeda, Trads.) San Diego: Installation Gallery.

• - De Landa, M., Pauline, M., & Dery, M. (January 4, 1993). Out of Control. WIRED.

• - DeLanda, M. (1988). Manuel DeLanda. A Critical Cinema. Interviews with Independent Filmmakers. (S. MacDonald, Interviewer, & S. MacDonald, Editor) Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

• - DeLanda, M. (1992). Nonorganic Life. In J. Crary, & S. Kwinter (Eds.), Incorporations (pp. 129-167). Zone Books.

• - DeLanda, M. (1992). War in the Age of Intelligent Machines: An Interview with Manuel DeLanda. Public, 127-134. (A. Payne, Interviewer) Public Access. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/violence0000unse\_i5f0/page/n3/mode/2up.

• - DeLanda, M. (1994). Interview with Manuel DeLanda. (K. Pirc, Interviewer) Retrieved from https://www.cddc.vt.edu/host/delanda/pages/interview\_pirc.htm.

• - DeLanda, M. (1995). Virtual Environments and the Concept of Synergy. Leonardo, XXVIII(5), 357–360. doi:10.2307/1576218.

• - DeLanda, M. (1996). Markets and Anti-Markets. Retrieved from XENOPRAXIS: http://xenopraxis.net/readings/delanda\_marketsandantimarkets.pdf.

• - DeLanda, M. (1997). THE MACHINIC PHYLUM. Retrieved from V2_ Lab for the Unstable Media: https://v2.nl/archive/articles/the-machinic-phylum.

• - DeLanda, M. (1998). Deleuze and the open-ended becoming of the world. Retrieved from Collaboratory for Digital Discourse and Culture: https://www.cddc.vt.edu/host/delanda/pages/becoming.htm.

• - DeLanda, M. (1999). Economics, Computers, and the War Machine. In T. Druckrey, & A. Electronica (Eds.), Ars Electronica: Facing the Future. A Survey of Two Decades (pp. 319-325). Cambridge and London: The MIT Press. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/arselectronicafa0000unse\_d9d5.

• - DeLanda, M. (1999). Immanence and Transcendence in the Genesis of Form. In I. Buchanan (Ed.), A Deleuzian century? (pp. 119-134). Durham: Duke University Press.

• - DeLanda, M. (2001). Open-Source: A Movement in Search of a Philosophy. Retrieved from Collaboratory for Digital Discourse and Culture: https://www.cddc.vt.edu/host/delanda/pages/opensource.htm.

• - DeLanda, M. (2003, September). Can Theories of Self-Organization Help Us Understand Human History? Retrieved from Researchgate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310645022\_Theories\_of\_Self-Organization\_and\_Human\_History.

• - DeLanda, M. (2003). The Archive Before and After Foucault. In J. Brouwer, & A. Mulder (Eds.), Information is Alive (pp. 8-13). Rotterdam: V2_/NAi Publishers. Retrieved from https://v2.nl/files/2017/pdf/information-is-alive-pdf-part-i.

• - DeLanda, M. (2004). Material Complexity. In N. Leach, T. David, & C. Williams (Eds.), Digital Tectonics (pp. 14-21). Wiley-Academy.

• - DeLanda, M. (2004). Materiality: Anexact and Intense. In L. Spuybroek (Ed.), NOX: Machining Architecture (pp. 370-377). London, United Kingdom: Thames & Hudson.

• - DeLanda, M. (2004). Philosophy as Intensive Science. In H. Carel, & D. Gamez (Eds.), What philosophy is (pp. 51-72). London; New York: Continuum.

• - DeLanda, M. (2005). Beyond the Problematic of Legitimacy: Military Influences on Civilian Society. boundary 2, XXXII(1), 117-128. doi:10.1215/01903659-32-1-117.

• - DeLanda, M. (2005, February). Matter Matters. Retrieved from Researchgate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311369961\_Matter\_Matters.

• - DeLanda, M. (2005). Space: Extensive and Intensive, Actual and Virtual. In I. Buchanan, & G. Lambert (Eds.), Deleuze and Space. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

• - DeLanda, M. (2005). Vienna Out Of Equilibrium. Wien Aus Dem Gleichgewicht. In P. Noever (Ed.), Lebbeus Woods. System Wien (pp. 23-31). Hatje Cantz Publishers.

• - DeLanda, M. (2006). Deleuze in phase space. In S. Duffy (Ed.), Virtual Mathematics. The Logic of Difference (pp. 235-247). Clinamen Press.

• - DeLanda, M. (2006). Deleuzian Social Ontology and Assemblage Theory. In M. Fuglsang, & M. Sørensen (Eds.), Deleuze and the Social (pp. 250-266). Edinburgh University Press.

• - DeLanda, M. (2007). The expressiveness of space. In R. Lozanp-Hemmer (Ed.), Rafael Lozano-Hemmer. Some things happen more times than all the time. Some Things Happen More Often Than All of the Time (pp. 99-105). Mexico: Turner. Retrieved from https://www.antimodular.com/texts/bibliography/articles\_interviews\_essays/somethings\_happen\_more\_often\_2007\_md\_spanish.pdf.

• - DeLanda, M. (2007). Elegance material. Architectural Design, LXXVII(1), 18-23. doi:10.1002/ad.392.

• - DeLanda, M. (December 3, 2008). Building with Bone and Muscle. Retrieved from LEBBEUS WOODS: https://lebbeuswoods.wordpress.com/2008/12/03/manuel-delanda-matters-1/.

• - DeLanda, M. (2008). Deleuze, Materialism and Politics. In I. Buchanan, & N. Thoburn (Eds.), Deleuze and Politics (pp. 160-177). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

• - DeLanda, M. (December 13, 2008). Events Producing Events. Retrieved from LEBBEUS WOODS: https://lebbeuswoods.wordpress.com/2008/12/13/manuel-delanda-matters-2/.

• - DeLanda, M. (2008). Towards a new ontology of the social. Manuel DeLanda in interview. 75-85. (I. Farías, Interviewer) Person and Society. Obtained from https://personaysociedad.uahurtado.cl/index.php/ps/article/view/159.

• - DeLanda, M. (2008, January). Molar Entities and Molecular Populations in Human History. Retrieved from Researchgate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297175986\_Molar\_entities\_and\_molecular\_populations\_in\_human\_history.

• - DeLanda, M. (December 23, 2008). One Dimension Lower. Retrieved from LEBBEUS WOODS: https://lebbeuswoods.wordpress.com/2008/12/23/manuel-delanda-matters-3/.

• - DeLanda, M. (2008). The Virtual Breeding of Sound. In P. D. Miller (Ed.), Sound unbound: sampling digital music and culture (pp. 219-226). Cambridge and London: The MIT Press.

• - DeLanda, M. (2009). Agencements versus totalités. Multitudes, XXXIX(4), 137-144. doi:10.3917/mult.039.0137.

• - DeLanda, M. (2009). Ecology and Realist Ontology. In B. Herzogenrath (Ed.), Deleuze|Guattari & Ecology (pp. 23-41). Hampshire & New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

• - DeLanda, M. (January 5, 2009). Material Expressivity. Retrieved from LEBBEUS WOODS: https://lebbeuswoods.wordpress.com/2009/01/05/manuel-delanda-matters-4/.

• - DeLanda, M. (January 30, 2009). Opportunities and Risks. Retrieved from LEBBEUS WOODS: https://lebbeuswoods.wordpress.com/2009/01/30/manuel-delanda-opportunities-and-risks/.

• - DeLanda, M. (February 27, 2009). Smart Materials. Retrieved from LEBBEUS WOODS: https://lebbeuswoods.wordpress.com/2009/02/27/manuel-delanda-smart-materials/.

• - DeLanda, M. (2010). Afterword. The Metaphysics of Science. An Interview with Manuel DeLanda. The Force of the Virtual. Deleuze, Science, and Philosophy, 325-332. (P. Gaffney, Interviewer, & P. Gaffney, Editor) Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

• - DeLanda, M. (2010). Cities and Nations. In J. Hillier, & P. Healey (Eds.), The Ashgate Research Companion to Planning Theory. Conceptual Challenges for Spatial Planning (pp. 251-272). United Kingdom: Ashgate.

• - DeLanda, M. (March 24, 2010). Virtual Cooperation: interview with Manuel DeLanda. (G. Muñoz, Interviewer) Obtained from http://gerrypinturavisual.blogspot.com/2010/03/virtual-cooperacion-una-entrevista-con.html.

• - DeLanda, M. (July 27, 2010). Emergence. Retrieved from LEBBEUS WOODS: https://lebbeuswoods.wordpress.com/2010/07/27/manuel-delanda-emergence/.

• - DeLanda, M. (2010). Material(ism) for Architects: a Conversation with Manuel DeLanda. (C. Curti, Interviewer) Cluster. Retrieved from http://www.cluster.eu/v4/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/material\_ism\_for\_architects.pdf.

• - DeLanda, M. (2011). Emergence, Causality and Realism. In L. Bryant, N. Srnicek, & G. Harman (Eds.), The Speculative Turn: Continental Materialism and Realism (pp. 381-392). Melbourne, Australia: re.press.

• - DeLanda, M. (March 10, 2011). Interview with Manuel Delanda. A technoscientific philosopher in the hacker century. (N. Yehya, Interviewer) Obtained from https://revistareplicante.com/entrevista-con-manuel-delanda/.

• - DeLanda, M. (2011). Real Virtuality. In A. Menges, & S. Ahlquist (Eds.), Computational Design Thinking (pp. 142-148). New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

• - DeLanda, M. (2012, January). Deleuze, Mathematics, and Realist Ontology. In D. W. Smith, & H. Somers-Hall (Eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Deleuze (pp. 220-238). Cambridge & New York, United Kingdom & United States: Cambridge University Press.

• - DeLanda, M. (2012). Interview with Manuel DeLanda. New Materialism: Interviews & Cartographies, 38-47. (R. Dolphijn, & I. van der Tuin, Interviewers) Open Humanities Press. Retrieved from https://quod.lib.umich.edu/o/ohp/11515701.0001.001.

• - DeLanda, M. (2012). The Role of Cities in the New Philosophy of History. In C. Spiridonidis, & M. Voyatzaki (Eds.), 14th Meeting of Heads of European Schools of Architecture. Doing more with less: Architectural Education in challenging times (pp. 23-34). Tessaloniki: EAAE. Retrieved from http://www.enhsa.net/Publications/HM2011.pdf Archived March 1, 2022, at the Wayback Machine.

• - DeLanda, M. (2012). The Use of Genetic Algorithms in Art. Retrieved from Researchgate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316418259\_The\_Use\_of\_Genetic\_Algorithms\_in\_Art.

• - DeLanda, M. (2013). Ontological Commitments. Speculations(4), 71-73. Retrieved from https://punctumbooks.com/titles/speculations-4-speculative-realism/.

• - DeLanda, M. (2015). Nonlinear Causality and Far From Equilibrium Dynamics. In A. Yaneva, & A. Zaera-Polo (Eds.), What Is Cosmopolitical Design? Design, Nature and the Built Environment (pp. 33-38). Farnham & Burlington: ASHGATE.

• - DeLanda, M. (2015, September). The New Materiality. (A. Menges, Ed.) Architectural Design, LXXXV(5), 16-21. doi:10.1002/ad.1948.

• - DeLanda, M. (2016). Parametrising the social. (P. Schumacher, Ed.) Architectural Design, LXXXVI(2), 124-127. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.2033.

• - DeLanda, M. (2017, January). Causality and Meaning in the New Materialism. Retrieved from Researchgate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309992814\_Causality\_and\_Meaning\_Forthcoming.

• - DeLanda, M. (2017, July). Realism and the History of Chemistry. Foundations of Chemistry(19), 5-15. doi:10.1007/s10698-017-9274-7.

• - DeLanda, M. (2017, July). The Philosophy of Energy. Retrieved from Researchgate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310644943\_The\_Philosophy\_of\_Energy.

• - DeLanda, M., & Cox, C. (2015). Possibility Spaces. In C. Cox, J. Jaskey, & S. Malik (Eds.), Realism Materialism Art (pp. 87-96). Sternberg Press.

• - DeLanda, M., & Protevi, J. (2005). Deleuzian Interrogations: A Conversation with Manuel DeLanda and John Protevi. 65-88. (T. Thanem, Interviewer) Tamara: Journal of Critical Postmodern Organization Science. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241375747\_Deleuzian\_Interrogations\_A\_Conversation\_with\_Manuel\_DeLanda\_John\_Protevi\_and\_Torkild\_Thanem.

• - DeLanda, M., Harman, G., Erdman, D., & Kolatan, F. (2021). Manuel DeLanda and Graham Harman (PS12). In D. Erdman (Ed.), Pratt Sessions. Vol. 2 (pp. 46-C24). Applied Research & Design.