Cities absorb much less rainwater per m² than rural areas, since paving prevents gaps from being left to absorb water, in addition to reflecting said heat back into the atmosphere. This situation is significantly aggravated in hilly landscapes, developing water that does not percolate, destructive erosive speeds. To this end, it is essential to develop preventive programs to minimize the risks of localized microfloods during intense rains (e.g. 50 mm/30 min for 2 hours). In very large cities in developed countries, with more than 1,000,000 inhabitants, the use of rainwater tanks and better drainage systems is included. Two drainage systems are usually developed: rainwater, and sewage (black water, sewage), to reduce risks of contamination between both waters when the systems are saturated due to extreme rain.[5]​.

The urban climate produces certain modifications regarding the growth of vegetation. A study conducted in coastal cities in the eastern US has found that the annual growing period of plants is fifteen days longer in urban areas than in neighboring rural areas. This is attributed to the higher temperatures developed by the heat accumulator (climate) "Heat accumulator (climate)")[6]​.

The implementation of green roofs, urban forests, green areas, is a global trend to reduce cooling costs, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate impacts in cities while addressing biodiversity loss and protecting human health. [7][8]​.

Contenido

El "Efecto de isla de calor urbano" (ICU) [9]​ es una conocida fuente de error en las determinaciones de la termometría de una región. Este efecto causado por la tendencia que tienen el concreto, caminos y edificios para calentarse a elevadas temperaturas durante el día; acumulando calor y liberándolo lentamente en la noche, da por resultado mayores temperaturas diurnas y nocturnas, en relación con las áreas rurales cercanas. Este efecto aumenta de acuerdo al tamaño del área urbana. Como las ciudades y pueblos crecen con el transcurso del tiempo, también crece el aumento de las temperaturas a nivel mundial. Esto ocasiona la falsa impresión de un calentamiento de largo plazo. El mismo efecto es también evidente en los aeropuertos debido a la enorme extensión de sus pistas de despegue, de carreteo lateral, motores a reacción en calentamiento previo al despegue, y edificios de las terminales (con albedo bajo).

Thermometry at weather stations

As a consequence of the artificial oasis due to the higher temperatures that occur in the urban area, the thermometers reflect that higher temperature compared to suburban and rural areas. And no studies have yet been developed to mathematically suppress the drift in the temperature values ​​developed under these conditions. The conurbation has significantly aggravated this phenomenon, since the vast majority of meteorological stations have been installed in places that were merely rural, but over the years and urban development, temperature records have increased due to this situation, which does not affect the rural environment, and does not reflect real climatic conditions without any type of influence other than what the environment and the atmosphere can provide. Thus, purely urban meteorological statistics (which constitute the vast majority on a global scale) have served as the basis for the concepts of climate change and global warming.

In Australia, the National Climate Center (NCC) has identified 100 Australian climate reference stations, defined as follows:

Corrections

The vast majority of thermometric readings are taken in growing cities and towns, so the infiltration of long-term warming into temperatures is inevitable. This should be corrected.

In the registry of the city of New Delhi, India, with 8 million inhabitants, the adjustments are limited to 0.2 ° C over 70 years, an inadequate correction for the growth and development that the city has had. Ironically, New Delhi shows a cooling down to 1999, no matter which version of the record one prefers to accept.

The Alice Springs Meteorological Station, located in central Australia (strategic station) had 18,000 inhabitants. However, the 1991 census shows that there are 25,585 inhabitants, and growing. Therefore, the possibility of errors when making adjustments for urbanization is very serious. Alice Springs is the only well-maintained site that "covers" a vast area in central Australia. Using an outdated figure for population results in an inadequate adjustment affecting the perceived climate in Alice Springs.

DTu-r(max) = 1.42 log10 (POP)-2.09, or "Formula to Calculate Urban Heat Effect", Australian Meteorological Magazine, (v.50, 2001, 1-13): 'Characteristics of Urban Heat Islands in the cities of southeastern Australia'. Torok et al. The formula is the result of a study on the magnitude of heat island effects in four small towns in South East Australia and establishes a general rule for estimating heat islands in such towns from local data.

Cities absorb much less rainwater per m² than rural areas, since paving prevents gaps from being left to absorb water, in addition to reflecting said heat back into the atmosphere. This situation is significantly aggravated in hilly landscapes, developing water that does not percolate, destructive erosive speeds. To this end, it is essential to develop preventive programs to minimize the risks of localized microfloods during intense rains (e.g. 50 mm/30 min for 2 hours). In very large cities in developed countries, with more than 1,000,000 inhabitants, the use of rainwater tanks and better drainage systems is included. Two drainage systems are usually developed: rainwater, and sewage (black water, sewage), to reduce risks of contamination between both waters when the systems are saturated due to extreme rain.[5]​.

The urban climate produces certain modifications regarding the growth of vegetation. A study conducted in coastal cities in the eastern US has found that the annual growing period of plants is fifteen days longer in urban areas than in neighboring rural areas. This is attributed to the higher temperatures developed by the heat accumulator (climate) "Heat accumulator (climate)")[6]​.

The implementation of green roofs, urban forests, green areas, is a global trend to reduce cooling costs, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate impacts in cities while addressing biodiversity loss and protecting human health. [7][8]​.

Contenido

El "Efecto de isla de calor urbano" (ICU) [9]​ es una conocida fuente de error en las determinaciones de la termometría de una región. Este efecto causado por la tendencia que tienen el concreto, caminos y edificios para calentarse a elevadas temperaturas durante el día; acumulando calor y liberándolo lentamente en la noche, da por resultado mayores temperaturas diurnas y nocturnas, en relación con las áreas rurales cercanas. Este efecto aumenta de acuerdo al tamaño del área urbana. Como las ciudades y pueblos crecen con el transcurso del tiempo, también crece el aumento de las temperaturas a nivel mundial. Esto ocasiona la falsa impresión de un calentamiento de largo plazo. El mismo efecto es también evidente en los aeropuertos debido a la enorme extensión de sus pistas de despegue, de carreteo lateral, motores a reacción en calentamiento previo al despegue, y edificios de las terminales (con albedo bajo).

Thermometry at weather stations

As a consequence of the artificial oasis due to the higher temperatures that occur in the urban area, the thermometers reflect that higher temperature compared to suburban and rural areas. And no studies have yet been developed to mathematically suppress the drift in the temperature values ​​developed under these conditions. The conurbation has significantly aggravated this phenomenon, since the vast majority of meteorological stations have been installed in places that were merely rural, but over the years and urban development, temperature records have increased due to this situation, which does not affect the rural environment, and does not reflect real climatic conditions without any type of influence other than what the environment and the atmosphere can provide. Thus, purely urban meteorological statistics (which constitute the vast majority on a global scale) have served as the basis for the concepts of climate change and global warming.

In Australia, the National Climate Center (NCC) has identified 100 Australian climate reference stations, defined as follows:

Corrections

The vast majority of thermometric readings are taken in growing cities and towns, so the infiltration of long-term warming into temperatures is inevitable. This should be corrected.

In the registry of the city of New Delhi, India, with 8 million inhabitants, the adjustments are limited to 0.2 ° C over 70 years, an inadequate correction for the growth and development that the city has had. Ironically, New Delhi shows a cooling down to 1999, no matter which version of the record one prefers to accept.

The Alice Springs Meteorological Station, located in central Australia (strategic station) had 18,000 inhabitants. However, the 1991 census shows that there are 25,585 inhabitants, and growing. Therefore, the possibility of errors when making adjustments for urbanization is very serious. Alice Springs is the only well-maintained site that "covers" a vast area in central Australia. Using an outdated figure for population results in an inadequate adjustment affecting the perceived climate in Alice Springs.

DTu-r(max) = 1.42 log10 (POP)-2.09, or "Formula to Calculate Urban Heat Effect", Australian Meteorological Magazine, (v.50, 2001, 1-13): 'Characteristics of Urban Heat Islands in the cities of southeastern Australia'. Torok et al. The formula is the result of a study on the magnitude of heat island effects in four small towns in South East Australia and establishes a general rule for estimating heat islands in such towns from local data.