The Madrid General Planning Plan, approved by special law in 1946, was a General Urban Planning and Expansion Plan for Madrid, the capital of Spain. Its work was started in 1941 by the architect and urban planner Pedro Bidagor Lasarte, which is why the plan is also known as Plan Bidagor.
This plan has been considered as a representation and symbol of a certain conception of the city developed in accordance with the theory of Falangist urbanization, due to the additions of strong figurative value, as an envelope to satisfy the political demand for symbolic and emblematic value. Regardless of these considerations, it is the first urban plan drawn up in Spain that globally regulated land use by area and prevented its development through the formulation of partial plans.
History
Background
After the definition of the "extensions" at the end of the century and beginning of the 20th century, the successive "regional plans" of 1923, 1929 and 1934 tried to resolve the growth of the city through its decentralization using the railway for the first time. The proposals developed by the Secundino Zuazo and Hermann Jansen project of 1929 respond to the theoretical model of the limited and closed central core and the peripheral crown of autonomous units separated from each other and from the central core by green rings and wedges.[1].
Proposals
Contenido
En la inmediata posguerra la Junta de Reconstrucción de Madrid") acomete a nivel madrileño la tarea que a la Dirección General de Regiones Devastadas se había confiado a nivel de toda España, comenzando así toda una serie de instituciones específicas que irían creándose en Madrid por su condición de capital.[2].
En su organización general, el plan, se extendía sobre 29 municipios y preveía un total de cuatro millones de habitantes. Los municipios afectados por el Plan eran los siguientes: Madrid, Chamartín de La Rosa, Fuencarral, Alcobendas, San Sebastián de los Reyes "San Sebastián de los Reyes (España)"), Hortaleza, Canillas "Canillas (Madrid)"), Canillejas "Canillejas (Madrid)"), Barajas de Madrid, Paracuellos de Jarama, Torrejón de Ardoz, San Fernando de Henares, Coslada, Vicálvaro, Vallecas, Ribas del Jarama, Villaverde "Villaverde (Madrid)"), Getafe,
Urban evocation plan
Introduction
The Madrid General Planning Plan, approved by special law in 1946, was a General Urban Planning and Expansion Plan for Madrid, the capital of Spain. Its work was started in 1941 by the architect and urban planner Pedro Bidagor Lasarte, which is why the plan is also known as Plan Bidagor.
This plan has been considered as a representation and symbol of a certain conception of the city developed in accordance with the theory of Falangist urbanization, due to the additions of strong figurative value, as an envelope to satisfy the political demand for symbolic and emblematic value. Regardless of these considerations, it is the first urban plan drawn up in Spain that globally regulated land use by area and prevented its development through the formulation of partial plans.
History
Background
After the definition of the "extensions" at the end of the century and beginning of the 20th century, the successive "regional plans" of 1923, 1929 and 1934 tried to resolve the growth of the city through its decentralization using the railway for the first time. The proposals developed by the Secundino Zuazo and Hermann Jansen project of 1929 respond to the theoretical model of the limited and closed central core and the peripheral crown of autonomous units separated from each other and from the central core by green rings and wedges.[1].
Proposals
Contenido
En la inmediata posguerra la Junta de Reconstrucción de Madrid") acomete a nivel madrileño la tarea que a la Dirección General de Regiones Devastadas se había confiado a nivel de toda España, comenzando así toda una serie de instituciones específicas que irían creándose en Madrid por su condición de capital.[2].
Carabanchel Bajo, Carabanchel Alto, Leganés, Alcorcón, Villaviciosa de Odón, Boadilla del Monte, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Aravaca, Majadahonda, Las Rozas de Madrid y el Pardo "El Pardo (Madrid)").[3].
• - Necesidad de una política pública de suelo") para hacer frente a la especulación "Especulación (economía)").
• - Reclamar una legislación urbanística") que comprenda tanto las nuevas modalidades de planeamiento de desarrollo") como de posibilitar colaboraciones tanto interadministrativas como interprofesionales.
• - Propiciar el concurso de la actividad de la iniciativa.
Basic points
The new Plan considers twelve ideas or points that it considers basic:
The Capital: The National Capital implies three diverse functions in the urban planning order: Effective organization of political and economic direction, exaltation of the traditional values that unite us with our historical past and symbolic representation of the mission of Spain.
Railway organization: completion of the link from the Atocha station to the new Chamartín station for passengers and creation of two new ones for classification of goods in Getafe and Fuencarral linked by its ring line.
Access Plan: the new accesses corresponding to the six radial roads, future highways, will avoid obstacles, leaving aside the suburbs to link in the two orthogonal axes and the three new roads: Victoria, Europe and Empire. The network is completed with two belt lines as ring roads.
Zoning: the economy, comfort and order of the city require that different areas be separated within its premises under exceptional conditions of service for certain purposes, and with prohibitive conditions for any uses that disturb those.
The ancient city and its reform.
The completion of the expansion.
A new expansion in the extension of Castellana: the only area neighboring the current town suitable for the location of extensive residential construction with a new shopping center.
The suburbs.
The suburbs: considers three suburban sectors in 1948 (Las Ventas, Puente de Vallecas and the right bank of the Manzanares) and six sectors with more than thirty nuclei in 1953 (Tetuán, Ventas, Vallecas, Usera, Puente de Toledo and Extremadura highway).[5].
City limits and green rings: the city, like any organism, must have defined limits. The first ring surrounds the main core of the city. A second ring encompasses suburbs and towns, linking existing green spaces such as El Pardo, Valdelatas, La Moraleja, El Plantío. A third ring surrounds the entire urban influence area.
The organization of the industry: as an innovative element, it proposes a classification, based on production and views, into eleven groups while also proposing fifteen industrial nuclei.
Satellite towns: refers to both peripheral centers such as Aravaca, Fuencarral, Chamartín, Hortaleza, Vallecas, Vicálvaro; as well as the creation of eight satellite towns") located, to the north, in Peñagrande, Manoteras and Canillas "Canillas (Hortaleza)"), to the east, in San Blas, Vicálvaro and Palomeras"), and to the south, in Villaverde and Carabanchel.
The capital
Función simbólica considerada como la razón de ser y misión esencial de la Ciudad.
Desde el punto de vista urbanístico supone la necesidad tanto de disponer de emplazamientos apropiados para los edificios oficiales como el respeto a todo valor espiritual") de orden histórico o tradicional.
Tres son los espacios reservados: el valle del Manzanares "Manzanares (río)"), el eje de la Castellana") y el núcleo central o recinto antiguo.
Facade to Manzanares
Composed of the Cathedral, the Royal Palace and the new Falange building, to be built on the elevation of the Cuartel de la Montaña "Cuartel de la Montaña (Madrid)").[6].
Central core
This Plan proposes to settle one million eight hundred thousand inhabitants in the central core), occupying an extension divided into self-sufficient neighborhood units. To this central space it conferred the functions of capital.
Communications
As a consequence of being the capital, all national roads are developed in a concentric way, linking the town with the different points on the outskirts.
For this engineer, the unplanned city resembles a spider web: radiations and concentric rings corresponding to successive rounds that try to limit the population.
Zoning
Para regular el Uso del suelo define mediante la técnica de la calificación urbanística unidades urbanas") con personalidad que constituyan los barrios, distritos y poblados satélites") distingue cinco zonas: especiales, comerciales, residenciales, verdes e industriales.
Los usos previstos en las zonas especiales son los relacionados con las funciones de representación, política y administración, enseñanza, sanidad e instalaciones militares.
Para organizar tanto el comercio como los centros de reunión y de espectáculos ordena las zonas comerciales con objeto de descongestionar el centro en favor tanto del ensanche como del extrarradio.
Clasifica las zonas residenciales sobre la base de la tipología edificatoria") en tres grupos: edificación cerrada, abierta y aislada.
Satellite cores
Located externally to the central core, the towns are separated and in a discontinuous position:
Chronology
• - October 1939: Bidagor presents to the First National Assembly of Architects the guidelines, both urban planning and reconstruction of the capital of Spain.
• - 1941: the writing of the document concludes.
• - 1944: Bases Law, approval.
• - 1946: Articulated Law, ratification.
• - 1949: New Chamartín Stadium.
Planimetry
The planning plan, the original of which is in a map library and contains handwritten plans on printed paper, washed in color watercolor and bound in a single volume and drawn on a scale "Scale (cartography)") of 1 to 2,000, considers the following elements:[8].
• - Building with 1 to 3 floors.
• - Building with 4 and 5 floors.
• - Building with 6 and 7 floors.
• - Building of more than 7 floors.
• - Public buildings.
• - Entertainment buildings.
• - Green areas.
• - Industrial zones.
• - Facade industries.
• - Ceramics.
• - Hospitals.
• - Cemeteries.
Complete Plan document restored.
• - Inés Sánchez de Madariaga, General Plan of 1941, Encyclopedia Madrid Siglo XX.
• - Bidagor Plan 1941-1946. General Planning Plan of Madrid. Community of Madrid, Madrid 2003. 84-451-2565-6.
• - Unpublished memoirs of Secundino Zuazo, 1919-1940.
• - Outline and bases for the development of the Madrid Regional Plan, by Julián Besteiro.
References
[1] ↑ Fernando de Terán, "Planeamiento urbano en la España Contemporánea". Gustavo Gili, Barcelona, 1970, ISBN 84-252-0711-8, página 172.
[2] ↑ El Plan de 1946. Propósitos ... y realidades. en Madrid para la democracia. La propuesta de los comunistas. Editorial Mayoría, Madrid 1977, ISBN 84-85300-03-03.
[3] ↑ Según consta en el texto articulado del Plan 44, en Ley 1 de marzo de 1946,.
[5] ↑ Trimiño, Francisco Andrés Burbano (14 de enero de 2020). «La urbanización marginal durante el franquismo: el chabolismo madrileño (1950-1960)». HISPANIA NOVA. Primera Revista de Historia Contemporánea on-line en castellano. Segunda Época (18): 301-343. ISSN 1138-7319. doi:10.20318/hn.2020.5107. Consultado el 22 de octubre de 2024.: https://e-revistas.uc3m.es/index.php/HISPNOV/article/view/5107
[6] ↑ Diario Pueblo de Madrid, 1 de junio de 1943. Materiales sobre la construcción de la ciudad falangista Doménech Ybarra.
[7] ↑ Jesús Iribas de Miguel, Revista de Obras Públicas 1944, 92, tomo I (2746): 66-71
En su organización general, el plan, se extendía sobre 29 municipios y preveía un total de cuatro millones de habitantes. Los municipios afectados por el Plan eran los siguientes: Madrid, Chamartín de La Rosa, Fuencarral, Alcobendas, San Sebastián de los Reyes "San Sebastián de los Reyes (España)"), Hortaleza, Canillas "Canillas (Madrid)"), Canillejas "Canillejas (Madrid)"), Barajas de Madrid, Paracuellos de Jarama, Torrejón de Ardoz, San Fernando de Henares, Coslada, Vicálvaro, Vallecas, Ribas del Jarama, Villaverde "Villaverde (Madrid)"), Getafe,
Carabanchel Bajo, Carabanchel Alto, Leganés, Alcorcón, Villaviciosa de Odón, Boadilla del Monte, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Aravaca, Majadahonda, Las Rozas de Madrid y el Pardo "El Pardo (Madrid)").[3].
• - Necesidad de una política pública de suelo") para hacer frente a la especulación "Especulación (economía)").
• - Reclamar una legislación urbanística") que comprenda tanto las nuevas modalidades de planeamiento de desarrollo") como de posibilitar colaboraciones tanto interadministrativas como interprofesionales.
• - Propiciar el concurso de la actividad de la iniciativa.
Basic points
The new Plan considers twelve ideas or points that it considers basic:
The Capital: The National Capital implies three diverse functions in the urban planning order: Effective organization of political and economic direction, exaltation of the traditional values that unite us with our historical past and symbolic representation of the mission of Spain.
Railway organization: completion of the link from the Atocha station to the new Chamartín station for passengers and creation of two new ones for classification of goods in Getafe and Fuencarral linked by its ring line.
Access Plan: the new accesses corresponding to the six radial roads, future highways, will avoid obstacles, leaving aside the suburbs to link in the two orthogonal axes and the three new roads: Victoria, Europe and Empire. The network is completed with two belt lines as ring roads.
Zoning: the economy, comfort and order of the city require that different areas be separated within its premises under exceptional conditions of service for certain purposes, and with prohibitive conditions for any uses that disturb those.
The ancient city and its reform.
The completion of the expansion.
A new expansion in the extension of Castellana: the only area neighboring the current town suitable for the location of extensive residential construction with a new shopping center.
The suburbs.
The suburbs: considers three suburban sectors in 1948 (Las Ventas, Puente de Vallecas and the right bank of the Manzanares) and six sectors with more than thirty nuclei in 1953 (Tetuán, Ventas, Vallecas, Usera, Puente de Toledo and Extremadura highway).[5].
City limits and green rings: the city, like any organism, must have defined limits. The first ring surrounds the main core of the city. A second ring encompasses suburbs and towns, linking existing green spaces such as El Pardo, Valdelatas, La Moraleja, El Plantío. A third ring surrounds the entire urban influence area.
The organization of the industry: as an innovative element, it proposes a classification, based on production and views, into eleven groups while also proposing fifteen industrial nuclei.
Satellite towns: refers to both peripheral centers such as Aravaca, Fuencarral, Chamartín, Hortaleza, Vallecas, Vicálvaro; as well as the creation of eight satellite towns") located, to the north, in Peñagrande, Manoteras and Canillas "Canillas (Hortaleza)"), to the east, in San Blas, Vicálvaro and Palomeras"), and to the south, in Villaverde and Carabanchel.
The capital
Función simbólica considerada como la razón de ser y misión esencial de la Ciudad.
Desde el punto de vista urbanístico supone la necesidad tanto de disponer de emplazamientos apropiados para los edificios oficiales como el respeto a todo valor espiritual") de orden histórico o tradicional.
Tres son los espacios reservados: el valle del Manzanares "Manzanares (río)"), el eje de la Castellana") y el núcleo central o recinto antiguo.
Facade to Manzanares
Composed of the Cathedral, the Royal Palace and the new Falange building, to be built on the elevation of the Cuartel de la Montaña "Cuartel de la Montaña (Madrid)").[6].
Central core
This Plan proposes to settle one million eight hundred thousand inhabitants in the central core), occupying an extension divided into self-sufficient neighborhood units. To this central space it conferred the functions of capital.
Communications
As a consequence of being the capital, all national roads are developed in a concentric way, linking the town with the different points on the outskirts.
For this engineer, the unplanned city resembles a spider web: radiations and concentric rings corresponding to successive rounds that try to limit the population.
Zoning
Para regular el Uso del suelo define mediante la técnica de la calificación urbanística unidades urbanas") con personalidad que constituyan los barrios, distritos y poblados satélites") distingue cinco zonas: especiales, comerciales, residenciales, verdes e industriales.
Los usos previstos en las zonas especiales son los relacionados con las funciones de representación, política y administración, enseñanza, sanidad e instalaciones militares.
Para organizar tanto el comercio como los centros de reunión y de espectáculos ordena las zonas comerciales con objeto de descongestionar el centro en favor tanto del ensanche como del extrarradio.
Clasifica las zonas residenciales sobre la base de la tipología edificatoria") en tres grupos: edificación cerrada, abierta y aislada.
Satellite cores
Located externally to the central core, the towns are separated and in a discontinuous position:
Chronology
• - October 1939: Bidagor presents to the First National Assembly of Architects the guidelines, both urban planning and reconstruction of the capital of Spain.
• - 1941: the writing of the document concludes.
• - 1944: Bases Law, approval.
• - 1946: Articulated Law, ratification.
• - 1949: New Chamartín Stadium.
Planimetry
The planning plan, the original of which is in a map library and contains handwritten plans on printed paper, washed in color watercolor and bound in a single volume and drawn on a scale "Scale (cartography)") of 1 to 2,000, considers the following elements:[8].
• - Building with 1 to 3 floors.
• - Building with 4 and 5 floors.
• - Building with 6 and 7 floors.
• - Building of more than 7 floors.
• - Public buildings.
• - Entertainment buildings.
• - Green areas.
• - Industrial zones.
• - Facade industries.
• - Ceramics.
• - Hospitals.
• - Cemeteries.
Complete Plan document restored.
• - Inés Sánchez de Madariaga, General Plan of 1941, Encyclopedia Madrid Siglo XX.
• - Bidagor Plan 1941-1946. General Planning Plan of Madrid. Community of Madrid, Madrid 2003. 84-451-2565-6.
• - Unpublished memoirs of Secundino Zuazo, 1919-1940.
• - Outline and bases for the development of the Madrid Regional Plan, by Julián Besteiro.
References
[1] ↑ Fernando de Terán, "Planeamiento urbano en la España Contemporánea". Gustavo Gili, Barcelona, 1970, ISBN 84-252-0711-8, página 172.
[2] ↑ El Plan de 1946. Propósitos ... y realidades. en Madrid para la democracia. La propuesta de los comunistas. Editorial Mayoría, Madrid 1977, ISBN 84-85300-03-03.
[3] ↑ Según consta en el texto articulado del Plan 44, en Ley 1 de marzo de 1946,.
[5] ↑ Trimiño, Francisco Andrés Burbano (14 de enero de 2020). «La urbanización marginal durante el franquismo: el chabolismo madrileño (1950-1960)». HISPANIA NOVA. Primera Revista de Historia Contemporánea on-line en castellano. Segunda Época (18): 301-343. ISSN 1138-7319. doi:10.20318/hn.2020.5107. Consultado el 22 de octubre de 2024.: https://e-revistas.uc3m.es/index.php/HISPNOV/article/view/5107
[6] ↑ Diario Pueblo de Madrid, 1 de junio de 1943. Materiales sobre la construcción de la ciudad falangista Doménech Ybarra.
[7] ↑ Jesús Iribas de Miguel, Revista de Obras Públicas 1944, 92, tomo I (2746): 66-71