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Urban contemporary sacred architecture plan

Introduction

Contemporary architecture is the architecture of the century. No one style is dominant.[1] Contemporary architects work in several different styles, from postmodernism, high-tech architecture and new references and interpretations of popular architecture.[2][3] Some of these styles and approaches make use of very advanced technology and modern construction materials, such as tube structures that allow the construction of buildings that are taller, lighter and stronger than those of the century, while others prioritize the use of natural and ecological materials such as stone, wood and lime.[4] One technology Common to all forms of contemporary architecture is the use of new computer-aided design techniques. Contemporary buildings and styles vary greatly. Some feature concrete structures wrapped in glass or aluminum screens, highly asymmetrical facades, and cantilevered sections hanging over the street. Skyscrapers twist or break into crystalline facets.

While the main monuments of modern architecture of the century were concentrated mainly in the United States and Western Europe, contemporary architecture is global; important new buildings have been built in China, Russia, Latin America and, particularly, in the monarchies of the Persian Gulf; The Burj Khalifa in Dubai "Dubai (city)") was the tallest building in the world in 2009.

Additionally, at the end of the century, New Classical Architecture emerged, a traditionalist response to modernist architecture.[5] The century saw the emergence of multiple organizations dedicated to the promotion of local and/or traditional architecture. Examples include the International Network for Traditional Building, Architecture and Urbanism (INTBAU),[6] the Institute of Classical Architecture and Art (ICAA),[7] the Driehaus Architecture Prize,[8] and the complementary architecture movement. New traditional architects include Michael Graves, Léon Krier, Yasmeen Lari, Robert Stern and Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil.

Most of the milestones of contemporary architecture are the works of a small group of architects working on an international scale. Many were designed by already famous architects at the turn of the century, including Mario Botta, Frank Gehry, Jean Nouvel, Norman Foster, Ieoh Ming Pei and Renzo Piano, while others are the work of a new generation born during or after World War II. among them Zaha Hadid, Santiago Calatrava, Daniel Libeskind, Jacques Herzog, Pierre de Meuron, Rem Koolhaas and Shigeru Ban. Other projects are the work of multi-architect collectives, such as UNStudio and SANAA, or large multinational agencies such as Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.

Urban contemporary sacred architecture plan

Introduction

Museums

• - The Cuadracci Pavilion of the Milwaukee Art Museum by Santiago Calatrava (2001).

• - Meadows Museum in Dallas, Texas by HBRA architects (2001).

• - Fort Worth Museum of Modern Art, Fort Worth, Texas by Tadao Andō (2002).

• - Imperial War Museum North in Manchester, England by Daniel Libeskind (2002).

• - Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota by Herzog & de Meuron (2005).

• - De Young Museum in San Francisco "San Francisco (California)"), California by Herzog & de Meuron (2005).

• - Zentrum Paul Klee in Bern, Switzerland by Renzo Piano (2005).

• - Denver Art Museum in Denver, Colorado by Daniel Libeskind (2006).

• - New Museum in New York by SANAA (2007).

• - Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Canada by Daniel Libeskind (2007).

• - Millennium Gate Museum in Atlanta, United States, by ADAM Architecture (2008).

• - Soumaya Museum in Mexico City, Mexico, by Fernando Romero (2011).

• - Titanic Museum in Belfast, Northern Ireland, by Eric Kuhne and Associates (2012).

• - Whitney Museum of Art in New York by Renzo Piano (2015).

• - Museum of Tomorrow in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by Santiago Calatrava (2015).

• - San Francisco Museum of Modern Art by Mario Botta (front) and Snøhetta (2016).

• - Ceiling of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art by Snøhetta (2016).

Some of the most striking and innovative works of contemporary architecture are art museums, which are often examples of sculptural architecture and are emblematic works of important architects. The Quadracci Pavilion at the Milwaukee Art Museum was designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. Its structure includes a movable brise soleil in the shape of a wing that opens to a span of 217 feet (66.1 m) during the day, folding over the tall, arched structure at night or in case of bad weather. 2001. Updates and provides a contrast to the previous austere modernist structure designed by Edward Larrabee Barnes by adding a five-story tower clad in delicately sculpted gray aluminum panels, which change color with changing light, connecting through a wide glass gallery leading to the old building.[10].

The Polish-American architect Daniel Libeskind is one of the most prolific contemporary museum architects; He was an academic before he began designing buildings and was an early proponent of the architectural theory of deconstructivism. The exterior of his Imperial Northern War Museum in Manchester, England (2002), has an exterior that resembles, depending on the light and time of day, huge, broken pieces of earth or armor plates, and is said to symbolize the destruction of war. In 2006, he completed the Denver Art Museum's Hamilton Building in the United States, composed of twenty inclined planes, none of them parallel or perpendicular, covered with 230,000 square feet of titanium panels.[11] New York Times architecture critic Nicolai Ouroussoff wrote that "in a building with sloping walls and asymmetrical rooms (tortured geometries generated purely by formal considerations) it is virtually impossible to enjoy art."[12] Libeskind completed another amazing museum, the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Canada (2007), also known as "The Crystal", a building whose shape resembles broken glass.[13].

The De Young Museum in San Francisco opened in 2005, replacing an older structure that was severely damaged in an earthquake in 1989. The new museum was designed to blend into the park's natural landscape and withstand strong earthquakes. The building can move up to 3 feet (91.4 cm) on sliding plates with ball bearings and viscous fluid shock absorbers that absorb kinetic energy. Renzo Piano's Zentrum Paul Klee is an art museum near Bern, Switzerland. The museum blends into the landscape through three rolling hills made of steel and glass. In turn, the other two "hills" contain an educational center and administrative offices.[14].

The Center Pompidou-Metz, in Metz, France, (2010), a branch of the modern art museum Center Pompidou in Paris, was designed by Shigeru Ban, a Japanese architect who won the Pritzker Prize in 2014. The roof is the most spectacular feature of the building; It is a 90 m (98.4 yd) wide hexagon with a surface area of 8 m² (9.6 yd²), composed of sixteen kilometers of glued laminated timber, which intersect to form hexagonal wooden units resembling the stem pattern of a Chinese hat. The entire wooden structure is covered with a white fiberglass membrane and a layer of Teflon protects from direct sunlight and allows light to pass through.

Frank Gehry's Fondation Louis Vuitton (2014) is the contemporary art gallery located next to the Bois de Boulogne in Paris that opened in October 2014. Gehry described its architecture as inspired by the Grand Palais and the enormous glass greenhouses of the Auteuil Greenhouse Garden near the park, built by Jean-Camille Formigé in 1894-1895.[15] Gehry had to work within strict height and volume restrictions, which required any part of the building over two stories to be glass. The interior gallery structures are covered in a white, fiber-reinforced concrete called Ductal. Similar in concept to Gehry's Walt Disney Concert Hall, the building is wrapped in curved glass panels that resemble wind-inflated sails. The glass "Sails" are made from 3,584 panels of laminated glass, each a different shape, specially curved for their place in the design.[17] Within the sails is a group of two-story towers containing 11 galleries of varying sizes, with flower garden terraces and rooftop spaces for exhibitions.[18]

Renzo Piano's Whitney Museum of American Art in New York (2015) took a very different approach than Frank Gehry's sculptural museums. The Whitney has an industrial-looking façade and blends into the neighborhood. Michael Kimmelman, the architecture critic for The New York Times called the building a "hodgepodge of styles," but noted its similarity to the Pompidou Center, in the way it blended with the public spaces around it. "Unlike much renowned architecture," Kimmelman wrote, "this is not some oddly shaped trophy building into which all the practical elements of a functioning museum must be fitted."[19]

The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art is actually two buildings by different architects nested together; an earlier (1995) five-story postmodernist structure by Swiss architect Mario Botta, which has been joined by a much larger ten-story white gallery by Norwegian firm Snøhetta (2016). The expanded building includes a living green wall of plants native to San Francisco; a free gallery on the ground floor with 25 feet (7.6 m) high glass walls that will place the art in view of passersby and glass skylights that will flood the upper floors of the offices (although not the galleries) with light. Critical reaction to the building was mixed. Roberta Smith of The New York Times said that the building set a new standard for museums and wrote: "The new building's undulating, sloping façade, riddled with subtle curves and bulges, sets a brilliant alternative to the straight-edged boxes of traditional modernism and the rebellion against them initiated by Frank Gehry, with his computer-inspired acrobatics."[20] On the other hand, the critic for London's The Guardian compared the building's façade to "a gigantic meringue with a touch of Ikea".[21].

concert halls

• - Tenerife Auditorium in the Canary Islands, Spain by Santiago Calatrava (2003).

• - Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles by Frank Gehry (2003).

• - Interior of the Walt Disney Concert Hall with an organ designed by Frank Gehry (2003).

• - Copenhagen Opera in Denmark by Henning Larsen (2005).

• - Casa da Música in Porto, Portugal, by Rem Koolhaas (2005).

• - Interior of the Casa da Música by Rem Koolhaas (2005).

• - Schermerhorn Symphony Center in Nashville, United States, by David M. Schwarz and Earl Swensson (2006).

• - Oslo Opera in Norway by Snohetta (2008).

• - Szczecin Philharmonic in Poland by Barozzi Veiga (2014).

• - Elbe Philharmonic in Hamburg, Germany, by Herzog & de Meuron (2017).

The Tenerife Auditorium (2003) was designed by Santiago Calatrava and has a reinforced concrete shell-shaped wing. The projectile touches the ground only in two points.[9] The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles (2003) is one of the main works of architect Frank Gehry. The exterior is made of stainless steel, shaped like sailboat sails. The interior is Vineyard style, with the audience surrounding the stage.

The Casa da Música in Porto, Portugal, by Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas (2005) is unique among concert halls in having two walls made entirely of glass. Nicolai Ouroussoff, architecture critic for the New York Times, wrote: "The building's chiseled concrete form, resting on a carpet of polished stone, suggests a bomb about to explode. He declared that in its originality it was one of the most important concert halls built in the last 100 years."[22] The interior of Henning Larsen's Copenhagen Opera House (2005) has an oak floor and maple walls. to improve the acoustics of the hat. The Queen's royal box, usually situated at the back, is next to the stage. The Schermerhorn Symphony Center in Nashville, Tennessee, by David M. Schwarz and Earl Swensson (2006), is an example of new classical architecture, taken literally from Roman and Greek models.

Three concert halls received the European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture: the Oslo Opera House (2008), the Harpa Concert Hall "Harpa (Reykjavík)") (2011) and the Szczecin Philharmonic (2014). The Paris Philharmonic by French architect Jean Nouvel opened in 2015. The concert hall is in La Villette. The exterior of the building takes the form of a shiny jagged cliff cut by horizontal fins that reveal an amplifier leading upward. The exterior is clad with thousands of small aluminum pieces in three different colors, from white to gray to black. A path leads up the ramp to the top of the building to a terrace with a spectacular view of the peripheral highway that surrounds the city. The seats can be rearranged in different styles depending on the type of music being played.[23] When it opened, the architecture critic of London's Guardian compared it to a spaceship that had crashed on the outskirts of the city.[24]

The Elbe Philharmonic, which was inaugurated in January 2017, is the tallest inhabited building in the city, with a height of 110 meters (360.9 feet). The 2,100-seat Vineyard-style glass concert hall is situated above a former warehouse. The centrally located concert hall is isolated from sound from the other parts of the building by an "eggshell" of drywall and paper and insulation reminiscent of feather pillows.[25]

Skyscraper

• - 30 St Mary Ax in London, by Norman Foster (2004).

• - Turning Torso in Malmö, Sweden, by Santiago Calatrava (2005).

• - Hearst Tower in New York by Norman Foster (2006).

• - Great Costanera Tower in Santiago de Chile, by César Pelli (2011).

• - The Shard in London by Renzo Piano (2012).

• - Mercury City Tower in Moscow, by Frank Williams "Frank Williams (architect)") and associates (2012).

• - CCTV headquarters in Beijing by Rem Koolhaas (2012).

• - From Rotterdam in Rotterdam, Netherlands, by Office for Metropolitan Architecture (2013).

• - One World Trade Center in New York by David Childs of SOM (2014).

• - Shanghai Tower in China by Gensler (2015).

• - Torre Reforma in Mexico City (2016).

• - Lakhta Center in Saint Petersburg (2019).

• - Central Park Tower in New York (2020).

• - Warsaw in Warsaw by Norman Foster (2022).

The skyscraper (generally defined as a building more than 40 stories tall)[26] first appeared in Chicago in the 1890s, and within the century skyscrapers were found in almost every major city in the world. A new construction technology, the framed tube structure, was first developed in the United States in 1963 by structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan of Skimore, Owings and Merrill, which allowed the construction of supertall buildings, which required fewer interior walls and had more window space and could better resist lateral forces, such as high winds.[27].

The Burj Khalifa in Dubai "Dubai (city)"), United Arab Emirates, is the tallest structure in the world, with a height of 829.8 m (2,722 ft).[28] The main structure is made of reinforced concrete. The Burj Khalifa was designed by Adrian Smith "Adrian Smith (architect)"), then of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). He was also the lead architect for the Jin Mao Tower, the Pearl River Tower, and the Trump International Hotel & Tower (Chicago). Adrian Smith "Adrian Smith (architect)") and his own studio are the architects of the building that aims to replace the Burj-Khalifa as the tallest building in the world. The Jeddah Tower in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, is expected to be 1,008 meters, or (3,307 feet), and will be the first building to exceed one kilometer in height. Construction began in 2013 and the project is scheduled to be completed in 2025.[29].

After the destruction of the World Trade Center twin towers "World Trade Center (1973-2001)") in the 9/11 attacks, a new skyscraper was designed, One World Trade Center, opened in 2015, is 1,776 feet (0.5 m) tall, making it the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere.

In London, one of the most notable contemporary landmarks is 30 St Mary Ax, popularly known as "The Gherkin", designed by Norman Foster (2004). It replaced the London Millennium Tower, a much taller project that Foster had previously proposed for the same site, which would have been the tallest building in Europe, but was so tall that it interfered with the flight pattern to Heathrow Airport. The Gherkin's steel structure is integrated into the glass façade.[30]The tallest building in Poland and the European Union (as of 2023) is Varso in Warsaw, designed by Norman Foster. Completed in 2022, it is 310 meters (1,017.1 ft) high.

The tallest building in Moscow is the Federation Tower, designed by Sergei Tchoban together with Peter Schweger. Completed in 2017, with a height of 373 meters, it surpassed Mercury City Tower, which when built was the tallest building in Europe. The tallest building in China in 2015 is the Shanghai Tower by the American architecture and design studio Gensler. It is 632 meters (2,073.5 ft) tall and has 127 floors, making it the second tallest building in the world in 2016. It also has the fastest elevators, reaching a speed of 20.5 meters per second (67.3 ft/s; 73.8 km/h).[31][32].

Most skyscrapers are designed to express modernity; The most notable exception is the Abraj Al Bait, a complex of seven skyscraper hotels built by the Saudi Arabian government to house pilgrims arriving at the holy shrine in Mecca. The centerpiece of the group is the Makkah Palace Clock Tower Hotel, with a Gothic-style tower; It was the fourth tallest building in the world in 2016, 581.1 meters (1,906.5 ft) tall.

Residential buildings

• - Försters Weinterrassen in Germany by Udo Heimermann (2000).

• - Celebration Buildings "Celebration (Florida)"), United States by Cooper Robertson (2000).

• - Gasometers "Gasometers (Vienna)") from Vienna, Austria, by Coop Himmelb(l)auau "Coop Himmelb(l)au") (2001).

• - Accordia in Cambridge, England, by Alison Brooks (2003-2011).

• - Blue Condominium in New York by Bernard Tschumi (2007).

• - The Ascent at Roebling's Bridge in Covington "Covington (Kentucky)"), United States, by Daniel Libeskind (2008).

• - Reflections at Keppel Bay in Singapore by Daniel Libeskind (2011).

• - Isbjerget in Aarhus, Denmark, inspired by the shape and color of icebergs (2013).

A trend in contemporary residential architecture, particularly in the reconstruction of old neighborhoods in large cities, is the luxury condominium tower, with very expensive apartments for sale designed by "starchitects", that is, internationally famous architects. These buildings often have little relationship to the architecture of their neighborhood, but are emblematic works of their architects. A joyful feature of contemporary residential architecture is color; Bernard Tschumi uses colorful ceramic tiles on facades and unusual shapes to highlight his buildings. An example is the Blue Condominium in New York (2007).[33].

Another contemporary trend is the conversion of industrial buildings into mixed residential communities. An example is the Gasometers (Vienna) in Vienna, a group of four huge brick gas production towers built at the turn of the century. They have been transformed into a mixed residential, office and commercial complex, completed between 1999 and 2001. Some residences are located inside the towers and others in new buildings attached to them. Each tower was built by a prominent architect and the participants were Jean Nouvel, Coop Himmelblauau "Coop Himmelb(l)au"), Manfred Wehldorn and Wilhelm Holzbauer. The historic outer walls of the towers were preserved.[34].

Daniel Libeskind (born 1946), was born in Poland and studied, taught, and practiced architecture in the United States. He is known for both his writings and his architecture; He was one of the founders of the movement called deconstructivism. Best known for his museums, he also built a notable complex of residential apartment buildings in Singapore (2011) and The Ascent at Roebling's Bridge, a 22-story apartment building in Kentucky "Covington (Kentucky)") (2008). The name of the latter comes from the Roebling suspension bridge, near the Ohio River.

The Isbjerget, "iceberg" in Danish, in Aarhus, Denmark (2013), is a group of four buildings with 210 apartments, both rented and owned. The complex was designed by the Danish studios CEBRA and JDS Architects, the French architect Louis Paillard and the Dutch studio SeARCH. The design and color of the buildings is inspired by icebergs. The buildings are clad in white terrazzo and have blue glass balconies.

religious architecture

• - Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels "Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels (Los Angeles)") in Los Angeles, United States, by Rafael Moneo (2002).

• - Akshardham in New Delhi, India, by members of the Sompura family (2005).

• - Cathedral of Christ the Light "Cathedral of Christ of the Light (Oakland)") in Oakland "Oakland (California)"), United States, by SOM (2008).

• - Thomas Aquinas College Chapel by Duncan Stroik (2009).

• - St. Jude's Anglican Cathedral in Iqaluit, Canada (2012).

• - Ash-Shaliheen Mosque in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei, by Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil (2012).

• - The Northern Lights Cathedral in Alta "Alta (Finnmark)"), Norway, by Danish architects Schmidt, Hammer and Lassen (2013).

• - The Cardboard Cathedral in Christchurch, New Zealand by Shigeru Ban (2013).

• - Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir in Mathura, India, (2016).

• - Cambridge Central Mosque in England, dubbed Europe's first 'eco-mosque', by Marks Barfield Architects (2019).

Few contemporary churches were built between 2000 and 2017. Church architects, with a few exceptions, rarely showed the same freedom of expression as architects of museums, concert halls, and other large buildings.[35] The new cathedral for the city of Los Angeles, was designed in a postmodern style by the Spanish architect Rafael Moneo.[36] The Cathedral of the Northern Lights, by the Denmark-based international firm Schmidt, Hammer and Lassen, is located in Alta "Alta (Finnmark)"), Norway, one of the northernmost cities in the world.[37] His other important works include the National Library of Denmark in Copenhagen.[38]

The Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir is a Hindu temple in Vrindivan, in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India, which was under construction in late 2016. The architects are InGenious Studio Pvt. Limited. Ltd. of Gurgaon and Quintessence Design Studio of Noida, India. The entrance is in traditional Nagara style of Indian architecture, while the tower is contemporary, with a glass facade up to the 70th floor. When completed, at 700 feet (213.4 m) or 70 stories, it will be the tallest religious structure in the world. One of the most unusual contemporary churches is the Anglican Cathedral of St. Jude in Iqaluit, Canada. The church is built in the shape of an igloo and serves the region's Inuit-speaking population.

Another unusual contemporary church is the Cardboard Cathedral in Christchurch, New Zealand, designed by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban. It replaced the city's main cathedral, damaged by the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. The cathedral, which seats seven hundred people, rises 21 meters (23.0 yd) above the altar. Materials used include 60 centimeters (23.6 in) diameter cardboard tubes, wood, and steel.[41] The roof is polycarbonate,[42] with eight shipping containers forming the walls.[43].

Stadiums

• - American Airlines Center in Dallas, United States, by David M. Schwarz Architects (2001).

• - Allianz Arena in Munich, Germany, by Herzog & de Meuron (2005).

• - Beijing National Stadium by Herzog & de Meuron (2008).

• - Kaohsiung National Stadium in Taiwan by Toyoo Itō (2009).

• - Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium "Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)") in Delhi, India, by Gerkan, Marg und Partner (2010).

• - Warsaw National Stadium in Poland by Gerkan, Marg und Partner (2011).

• - London Stadium for the Olympic Games in London, by Populous "Populous (architects)") (2012).

• - Krestovski Stadium in Saint Petersburg, by Kishō Kurokawa (2016).

Swiss architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron designed the Allianz Arena in Munich, Germany, completed in 2005. It seats 75,000 spectators. The structure is wrapped in 2,874 ETFE foil air panels that are kept inflated with dry air; Each panel can be illuminated independently in red, white or blue. When illuminated, the stadium is visible from the Austrian Alps, 80 kilometers (50 miles) away.[44] The National Stadium in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, by Japanese architect Toyoo Itō (2009), is in the shape of a dragon. Its other distinctive feature is the array of solar panels that cover almost the entire exterior, providing most of the energy the complex needs.

Among the most prestigious and best-known projects in contemporary architecture are the Olympic Games stadiums. The Beijing National Stadium, built for the 2008 Games and popularly known as the Bird's Nest due to its intricate exterior structure, was designed by Swiss firm Herzog & de Meuron, with Chinese architect Li Xinggang. It was designed to seat 91,000 spectators and, when built, had a retractable roof, which has since been removed. Like many contemporary buildings, it is actually two structures; a concrete bowl in which spectators sit, surrounded at a distance of fifteen meters by a glass and steel structure. The exterior design of the "bird's nest" was inspired by the pattern of Chinese ceramics. Once completed, the stadium was the largest enclosed space in the world and also the largest steel structure, with 26 kilometers of unwrapped steel.[45][46].

Shopping malls and retail stores

• - The Dubai Mall aquarium in the United Arab Emirates by DP Architects (2008).

• - The Gold Souk of the Dubai Mall (2008).

• - Christian Dior Tower in the Omotesandō neighborhood in Tokyo, Japan, by SANAA (2003).

• - Prada Aoyama store in Tokyo, by Herzog & de Meuron (2003).

• - Selfridges Building in Birmingham, England, designed by Future Systems (2003).

• - Złote Tarasy in Warsaw, Poland, by Jon Jerde (2007).

• - MyZeil in Frankfurt by Massimiliano Fuksas (2009).

• - Bugis+ (formerly Iluma) in Singapore by WOHA (2009).

• - Louis Vuitton store in the Ginza district of Tokyo by Jun Aoki and Associates (2014).

• - CityLife in Milan, Italy, by Zaha Hadid (2017).

Shopping malls are the great exponents of commercial architecture, massive structures that combine retail stores, food establishments and entertainment under one roof. The largest in area is the Dubai Mall in the United Arab Emirates, designed by DP Architects of Singapore and inaugurated in (2008), which has, in addition to shops and restaurants, a gigantic aquarium and an underwater zoo, as well as a huge ice skating rink and, on the outskirts, the fountain and the tallest building in the world.

Competing with shopping malls are department stores and individual designer brand stores. These buildings are traditionally designed to attract attention and express the modernity of the products they sell. A notable example is the Selfridges Building in Birmingham, England, a department store designed by the firm Future Systems, founded in 1979 by Jan Kaplický (1937-2009). The exterior of the department store is composed of corrugated concrete in convex and concave shapes, completely covered with gleaming blue and white ceramic tiles.[51] Designer brand stores try to make their logo visible and differentiate themselves from department stores. A notable example is the Louis Vuitton store in Tokyo's Ginza district, with a new façade designed by the Japanese studio Jun Aoki and Associates with a printed and perforated structure based on the brand's logo.[52].

Sustainable architecture

• - Gando Primary School, Burkina Faso, by Diébédo Francis Kéré (2001).

• - Roofs of the CamaZED residential project in Hackbridge, near London, by Bill Dunster (2002).

• - The K2 sustainable apartments in Windsor, Australia, by DesignInc (2006), feature passive solar design, recycled and sustainable materials, photovoltaic cells, wastewater treatment, rainwater harvesting and solar hot water.

• - Ksar Tafilelt in Ghardaee, Algeria (2006), which won first prize for "best sustainable city" at the 2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference.

• - CaixaForum Madrid, by Herzog & de Meuron with a green wall designed by Patrick Blanc (2007).

• - Green wall of the Singapore School of Arts by WOHA (2010).

• - A passive house on Goldsmith Street in Norwich, England, by Mikhail Riches (2019).

A growing trend in the century is sustainable architecture, also called eco-architecture; buildings with features that conserve heat and energy and sometimes produce their own energy through solar cells and windmills, and use solar heat to generate solar hot water. They can also be built with their own wastewater treatment and sometimes rainwater harvesting. Some buildings integrate gardens, green walls and green roofs into their structures. Other features of ecoarchitecture include the use of wood and recycled materials. There are several biobuilding certification programs, the best known of which is the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, or LEED rating, which measures the environmental impact of buildings.

Many urban skyscrapers such as 30 St Mary Ax in London use a double skin of glass to conserve energy. The double skin and curved shape of the building create differences in air pressure that help keep the building cooler in summer and warmer in winter, reducing the need for air conditioning.[57].

BedZED, designed by British architect Bill Dunster, is an entire community of eighty-two homes in Hackbridge, near London, built according to eco-architecture principles. The houses face south to take advantage of sunlight and have triple-glazed windows for insulation, a significant part of the energy comes from solar panels, rainwater is collected and reused, and the use of cars is discouraged. BedZED successfully reduced electricity use by 45 percent and hot water use by 81 percent of the municipality's average in 2010, although a successful system to produce heat by burning wood chips proved elusive and difficult.[58].

The CaixaForum Madrid is a museum and cultural center by Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron, built between 2001 and 2007, it is an example of both green architecture and recycling. The main structure is an abandoned brick power station, with new floors built on top. The new floors are covered in rusty cast iron, which is a rusty red color like the brick of the old power station below. The adjacent building features a green wall designed by French botanist Patrick Blanc. The red of the upper floors contrasts with the plants on the wall, while the green wall harmonizes with the botanical garden next to the cultural center.[59].

Unusual materials are sometimes recycled for use in ecoarchitecture; They include denim from old pants as insulation and panels made from paper flakes, baked earth, flax, sisal or coconut, and particularly bamboo. Wood and stone from demolished buildings are often salvaged and reused for flooring, while hardware, windows, and other details from older buildings are reused.