Saskatchewan (in English, /saskatʃəwan/ in French) is one of the ten provinces that, together with the three territories, make up the thirteen federal entities of Canada. It is the central province of the Canadian Prairies. Its capital is Regina "Regina (Canada)") and its most populated city is Saskatoon.
Most of its population is concentrated in the southern part of the province. Agriculture is a fundamental part of Saskatchewan's economy, especially wheat, of which 45% of the entire country is harvested, earning it the name "Canada's breadbasket." Another fundamental source of the province's economy is mining.
Saskatchewan is bordered by Alberta to the west, Manitoba to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, also touching Nunavut in a quadripoint, and the states of Montana and North Dakota to the south.
Place names
The name of the province comes from the Saskatchewan River, whose name derives from the Cree: ᑭᓯᐢᑳᒋᐘᓂᓰᐱᐩ kisiskāciwani-sīpiy, which means 'quick-flowing river'.[4].
History
Contenido
Antes de la llegada de los europeos, Saskatchewan se encontraba habitada por las tribus atabascas"), algonquiana, y sioux. El primer europeo en instalarse en Saskatchewan fue Henry Kelsey en 1690, que navegó a lo largo del río Saskatchewan en un intento por comerciar con piel, comprándosela a los indígenas de la zona. El primer establecimiento de origen europeo fue la Compañía de la Bahía de Hudson, situada en Cumberland House") y fundada por Samuel Hearne en 1774.
Tras la venta de la Luisiana en 1803 por Francia a Estados Unidos, parte de las provincias actuales de Alberta y Saskatchewan, en el actual Canadá, pasaron a Estados Unidos, que cedería esa parte al Reino Unido en 1818.
A mediados del siglo , las expediciones científicas encabezadas por John Palliser y Henry Youle Hind") exploraron la región de la pradera provincial.
En la década de 1870, el Gobierno de Canadá formó los Territorios del Noroeste para administrar al vasto territorio comprendido entre la Columbia Británica y Manitoba. El gobierno accedió también a la firma de una serie de tratados con los nativoamericanos de su entorno, lo que fomentó la relación entre las «Primeras Naciones» (en inglés, ), como se las conoce hoy en día, y la Corona. Poco después, las Primeras Naciones se verían empujadas a ciertas reservas.
Urban connector planning standard
Introduction
Saskatchewan (in English, /saskatʃəwan/ in French) is one of the ten provinces that, together with the three territories, make up the thirteen federal entities of Canada. It is the central province of the Canadian Prairies. Its capital is Regina "Regina (Canada)") and its most populated city is Saskatoon.
Most of its population is concentrated in the southern part of the province. Agriculture is a fundamental part of Saskatchewan's economy, especially wheat, of which 45% of the entire country is harvested, earning it the name "Canada's breadbasket." Another fundamental source of the province's economy is mining.
Saskatchewan is bordered by Alberta to the west, Manitoba to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, also touching Nunavut in a quadripoint, and the states of Montana and North Dakota to the south.
Place names
The name of the province comes from the Saskatchewan River, whose name derives from the Cree: ᑭᓯᐢᑳᒋᐘᓂᓰᐱᐩ kisiskāciwani-sīpiy, which means 'quick-flowing river'.[4].
History
Contenido
Antes de la llegada de los europeos, Saskatchewan se encontraba habitada por las tribus atabascas"), algonquiana, y sioux. El primer europeo en instalarse en Saskatchewan fue Henry Kelsey en 1690, que navegó a lo largo del río Saskatchewan en un intento por comerciar con piel, comprándosela a los indígenas de la zona. El primer establecimiento de origen europeo fue la Compañía de la Bahía de Hudson, situada en Cumberland House") y fundada por Samuel Hearne en 1774.
Tras la venta de la Luisiana en 1803 por Francia a Estados Unidos, parte de las provincias actuales de Alberta y Saskatchewan, en el actual Canadá, pasaron a Estados Unidos, que cedería esa parte al Reino Unido en 1818.
A mediados del siglo , las expediciones científicas encabezadas por John Palliser y Henry Youle Hind") exploraron la región de la pradera provincial.
First Nations
La colonización de la provincia cogió vuelo cuando la Canadian Pacific Railway (Vía canadiense del Pacífico) fue construida a comienzos de los años 1880, y el gobierno federal dividió a la tierra conforme a la Medición del dominio terrestre, otorgando fanegas libres a colonos voluntariosos.
La policía montada del noroeste edificó unos cuantos puestos y fortificaciones a lo largo de Saskatchewan, entre los que destacan: Fort Walsh") en los Montes Cipreses"), y Wood Mountain, puesto en el centro meridional de Saskatchewan, cerca de la frontera con Estados Unidos.
En 1876, siguiendo a la batalla del Pequeño Cuerno Grande") el cacique de los Lakota, Toro Sentado, guio a su gente hacia Wood Mountain, cuya reserva se fundó en 1914.
Muchos integrantes de los Métis, que no habían sido signatarios de tratado alguno, se trasladaron al distrito de Saskatchewan Rivers, al norte de la actual Saskatoon, tras la Rebelión del Red River") que tuvo lugar en Manitoba en 1870. A comienzos de la década de 1880, el gobierno de Canadá rehusó oír las quejas de los Métis, que partían de temas vinculados a la ocupación territorial. Finalmente, en 1885, los Métis, mandados por Louis Riel, provocaron la Rebelión del Noroeste en reclamo de un gobierno provisional. Fueron vencidos por la milicia canadiense asentada en las praderas de la Canadian Pacific Railway. Riel se rindió y fue declarado culpable de traición por un tribunal de Regina "Regina (Canadá)"). Finalmente fue ejecutado el 16 de noviembre de 1885.
Con la llegada de más colonos a la región, la población fue creciendo, y Saskatchewan pasó a ser considerada una provincia el 1 de septiembre de 1905; el día de inauguración fue el 4 de ese mes.
El Homestead Act permitía a los colonos adquirir millas cuadradas de tierra para el cercamiento de haciendas, y ofrecía un cuarto adicional tras realizar el cometido inicial de dicha concesión. La inmigración llegó a la cima en 1910 y, pese a las dificultades de la vida fronteriza y de su alejamiento respecto a la ciudad y sus ventajas, se consiguió establecer una sociedad agraria próspera y estable.
20th century
Gender roles "Gender (biology)") were clearly defined. Men were mainly responsible for plowing the land; plant and harvest; build the house; buy, operate and repair machinery; and take care of the finances. At first, there were many single men on the prairie, or husbands whose wives were still in the east, but they had a hard time. They realized the need for a wife. In 1901 there were 19,200 families, but the number increased to 150,300 just 15 years later. Wives played a vital role in the settlement of the prairie region. Their work, their skills and their ability to adapt to the harsh environment were decisive in overcoming the challenges. They prepared cod, beans and bacon, mended clothes, raised children, cleaned, tended the garden, helped with the harvest and took care of everyone's health. Although prevailing patriarchal attitudes, legislation, and economic principles obscured women's contributions, the flexibility shown by women farmers in performing productive and non-productive labor was critical to the survival of family farms and, therefore, to the success of the wheat economy.[5][6].
On September 1, 1905, Saskatchewan became a province and its inauguration day was September 4. Its political leaders then proclaimed that its destiny was to become the most powerful province in Canada. Saskatchewan undertook an ambitious provincial building program based on its Anglo-Canadian culture and wheat production for the export market. The population increased fivefold, from 91,000 inhabitants in 1901 to 492,000 in 1911, thanks to the strong immigration of farmers from Ukraine, the United States, Germany and Scandinavia. Efforts were made to assimilate the newcomers into British-Canadian culture and values.[7].
In the 1905 provincial election, the Liberals won 16 of Saskatchewan's 25 seats. In 1909, the government of Saskatchewan purchased the Bell Telephone Company, which owned the long-distance lines and left local service in the hands of small businesses organized at the municipal level. Prime Minister Walter Scott preferred government aid to direct ownership because he believed that businesses ran better if citizens participated in their management; In 1911 he created the Saskatchewan Cooperative Elevator Company. Despite pressure from farmer groups for the government to intervene directly in the grain handling business, the Scott government chose to lend money to a farmer-owned elevator company.
In 1909, Saskatchewan granted guarantees to railway companies for the construction of branch lines, thus alleviating the concerns of farmers who had problems transporting their wheat by railcar to market.[9] The Saskatchewan Grain Growers Association was the dominant political force in the province until the 1920s; He maintained close ties with the liberal party in government. In 1913, the Saskatchewan Cattlemen's Association was created, with three objectives: to monitor legislation; promote the interests of ranchers in an honorable and legitimate manner; and suggest to Parliament legislation that responded to changing conditions and needs.[10].
Immigration peaked in 1910, and despite the initial difficulties of frontier life—remoteness from cities, adobe houses, and backbreaking work—the new settlers established a European-Canadian style of prosperous agrarian society. The province's long-term prosperity depended on the world price of grain, which rose steadily from the 1880s to 1920, then plummeted. Wheat production increased thanks to new varieties, such as “Marquis wheat,” which matured 8 days earlier and yielded 7 bushels more per acre (0.72 m³/ha) than the previous standard, “Red Fife.” National wheat production went from 8 million imperial bushels (290,000 m³) in 1896 to 26×106 imp bu (950,000 m³) in 1901, reaching 151×106 imp bu (5,500,000 m³) in 1921.[11].
Urban reform movements in Regina relied on support from business and professional groups. Urban planning, local government reform and municipal ownership of public services were supported by these two groups, often through organizations such as the Board of Trade. Ecclesiastical and other altruistic organizations generally supported social welfare and housing reforms; These groups were generally less successful in getting their own reforms enacted.[12].
The province responded to the First World War in 1914 with patriotic enthusiasm and enjoyed the resulting economic boom, both on farms and in cities. Emotional and intellectual support for the war emerged from Canadian national identity politics, rural myth, and social gospel progressivism. However, there was strong hostility towards German-Canadian farmers.[13] Recent Ukrainian immigrants were enemy aliens due to their citizenship in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. A small part were taken to internment camps. Most of those interned were unskilled unemployed workers who were imprisoned "because they were destitute, not because they were disloyal."[14][15].
The price of wheat tripled and the planted area doubled. The sacrificial spirit of the war intensified the social reform movements that had preceded the war and were now bearing fruit. Saskatchewan granted women the right to vote in 1916 and later that year passed a referendum to ban the sale of alcohol.
In the late 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan, imported from the United States and Ontario, gained brief popularity in nativist circles in Saskatchewan and Alberta. The Ku Klux Klan, briefly allied with the provincial Conservative Party due to their mutual dislike of Premier James G. "Jimmy" Gardiner and his Liberals (who fiercely fought the Ku Klux Klan), enjoyed about two years of prominence. It declined and disappeared, subject to widespread political and media opposition, as well as internal scandals related to the use of the organization's funds.
After World War II
In 1970 the first edition of the Canadian Western Agribition was held in Regina. This agricultural industry show, with a strong emphasis on livestock, is considered one of the five largest livestock shows in North America, along with those in Houston, Denver, Louisville and Toronto.
The province celebrated the 75th anniversary of its creation in 1980, with Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, presiding over official ceremonies.[16][17] In 2005, 25 years later, her sister, Queen Elizabeth II, attended the events marking Saskatchewan's centenary.[18].
Since the turn of the century, First Nations have become more politically active in seeking justice for past injustices, especially in relation to the appropriation of Indigenous lands by various governments. The federal and provincial governments have negotiated numerous land claims and developed a “treaty land entitlement” program, which allows First Nations to purchase land to convert to reserves with money from claims settlement.
In June 2021, a cemetery containing the remains of 751 unidentified people was found at the former Marieval Indian Boarding School, which was part of the Canadian Indian Boarding School system.[19].
Politics and Government
Saskatchewan posee la misma forma de gobierno que otras provincias canadienses,[20] con su Teniente-Gobernador - que representa a la monarquía, actualmente el rey Carlos III -, el Premier (o primer ministro), y una legislatura unicameral.
Durante muchos años, Saskatchewan ha sido una de las provincias de Canadá más de izquierdas, reflejando la voluntad de muchos de sus ciudadanos en cuestiones de alienación por los intereses del gran capital. En 1944 Tommy Douglas se convirtió en premier y estableció el primer gobierno socialista regional de Norteamérica. La mayor parte de sus MAL (Miembros de la Asamblea Legislativa) representaban a pequeños pueblos y predios rurales. Bajo su Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), el gobierno de Saskatchewan haría de ésta la primera provincia en contar con servicio de atención médica general. En 1961, Douglas abdicó de su cargo para convertirse en la primera figura política federal del Nuevo Partido Democrático.
A lo largo del período de posguerra, la CCF y sus sucesores, los Nuevos Demócratas de Saskatchewan, dominaron el campo político de la mano de Douglas Allan Blakeney, y Roy Romanow, todos sirviendo como premiers durante un tiempo, y transformándose en figuras nacionales. La urbanización desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial había alterado la economía provincial al despojarla de su base agrícola, lo que ocasionó una ligera emigración de los campos a la ciudad. Como resultado, hubo un correspondiente cambio en la ideología del NDS, que pasó a preocuparse más de los asuntos urbanos que de los rurales.
El Partido Liberal de Saskatchewan fue el principal en el poder durante gran parte de los primeros años de vida de la provincia, gobernando de 1905 a 1929 y de 1934 a 1944. Emergió nuevamente en 1964, pero se volvió insignificante tras la derrota del gobierno liberal de Ross Thatcher") en 1971. El Partido Progresivo Conservador de Saskatchewan encabezado por Grant Devine, reemplazó gradualmente a los liberales como el nuevo rival del NDS, consiguiendo una apabullante victoria en la «Matanza del lunes por la noche» (Monday Night Massacre) de 1982. No obstante, la popularidad de los conservadores cayó en picado a causa de los grandes déficits, aliándose con el gobierno federal de Mulroney en 1991. Muchos miembros de la Asamblea Legislativa, incluyendo a algunos ministros de gabinete, fueron declarados culpables de apropiación de fondos públicos, por lo que el Partido Conservador fue suspendido, aunque recientemente ha anunciado su intención de prsentarse a la próxima elección provincial.
Actualmente, la oposición oficial en la provincia la representa el Partido de Saskatchewan, una nueva facción política fundada en 1997 y que comprende a los antiguos simpatizantes de los Tories, a los primeros liberales e incluso a algunos neodemócratas frustrados por la incapacidad de evolución del NDS en materia de economía y población. El actual premier de Saskatchewan es el neodemócrata Lorne Calvert"), cuyo gobierno fue reelecto en la elección general de la provincia en 2003, por la mínima mayoría posible: el NDS obtuvo 30 de los 58 escaños de la Asamblea Legislativa y el PS los 28 restantes. Los primeros representan a ciudades y pueblos, y los segundos se centran mayoritariamente en la defensa del ámbito rural. Las «Primeras Naciones» y los Métis se hallan involucrados en la política y otras instituciones pero su representación es muy escasa. Un largo debate entre los círculos académicos canadienses gira en torno a si la extensión del sufragio a las «Primeras Naciones» inadvertidamente «regulariza» su papel de miembro de las naciones que han firmado tratados internacionales con la Corona en momentos en los que la etnia local era diferente.
Además de los tres largos períodos del NDS como gobierno provincial, Sakatchewan se inclina más hacia la derecha en la política federal. De las 14 dependencias federales de la provincia, 12 son comúnmente ocupadas por miembros conservadores del Parlamento. Mientras que Sakatchewan dispone de una mayoría gubernamental del NDS, el NDS federal ha sido desplazado de la provincia durante dos elecciones consecutivas. Los únicos liberales son el ministro de Finanzas Ralph Goodale"), y Gary Merasty"), primer Jefe Supremo del Consejo Superior de Prince Albert, cuya elección trajo a flote alegaciones de un posible fraude.
administrative division
Below the provincial level of government, Saskatchewan is divided into urban and rural municipalities. The Government of Saskatchewan's Ministry of Municipal Relations recognizes three general types of municipalities and seven subtypes: urban municipalities (cities, towns, villages and resort villages), rural municipalities and northern municipalities (northern towns, northern hamlets and northern hamlets).[21] Most of the land mass of northern Saskatchewan lies within the administrative district of Northern Saskatchewan, which is unorganised. Cities are formed under the provincial authority of The Cities Act, enacted in 2002.[22] Cities, villages, resort towns and rural municipalities are formed under the authority of The Municipalities Act, enacted in 2005.[23] The three subtypes of northern municipalities are formed under the authority of The Northern Municipalities Act. Act), enacted in 2010.[24].
In 2016, Saskatchewan's 774 municipalities covered 52.7% of the province's land area and were home to 94.8% of its population.[25].
These 774 municipalities are local governments "creatures of provincial jurisdiction" with legal personality. One of the key purposes of Saskatchewan municipalities is “to provide services, facilities and other things which, in the opinion of the council, are necessary or desirable for all or part of the municipality”[69]. Other purposes are: “to provide good government”; “develop and maintain a safe and viable community”; "promote economic, social and environmental well-being" and "wisely manage public goods."[26].
Municipalities
The ten most populated municipalities.
The following list does not include Lloydminster, which has a total population of 23,632 and straddles the border with Alberta. According to the 2001 census, only 7,840 people lived in the sector belonging to Saskatchewan, which would place this city in eleventh place with respect to the most populated municipalities in the province. All related communities are considered cities by the province, with the exception of Corman Park, which is a rural municipality. Municipalities in the province with a population of 5,000 or more are officially granted city status.
Geography
A grandes rasgos, Saskatchewan tiene forma de trapecio "Trapecio (geometría)"), con un área de 588 276,09 km². Sin embargo, debido a su tamaño, los límites septentrional y meridional, que son segmentos de los paralelos 60° norte y 49° norte, respectivamente, presentan una curvatura apreciable. Además, el límite oriental de la provincia está parcialmente torcido en lugar de seguir un meridiano, cuando las líneas de corrección fueron ideadas por topógrafos antes del programa (1880-1928). Saskatchewan limita al oeste con Alberta, al norte con los Territorios del Noroeste, al este con Manitoba, y al sur con los estados estadounidenses de Montana y Dakota del Norte. Saskatchewan es la única provincia canadiense en la que ninguna de sus fronteras se corresponden con rasgos geográficos físicos. Es también una de las dos únicas provincias sin salida al mar, junto con Alberta.
Saskatchewan está formada por dos regiones naturales principales: el Escudo Canadiense en el norte y las Llanuras Interiores en el sur. El norte de Saskatchewan está cubierto principalmente por el bosque boreal excepto las Dunas de Arena del Lago Athabasca, las dunas de arena activas más grandes del mundo al norte del paralelo 58°, adyacentes a la orilla sur del lago Athabasca. El sur de Saskatchewan contiene otra área con dunas de arena conocidas como «las Grandes Colinas de Arena» que cubren 300 km². Las Colinas del Ciprés (Cypress Hills), localizadas en el borde sudoeste de Saskatchewan y Killdeer Badlands (Grasslands National Park) son áreas de la provincia que permanecieron sin congelarse durante el último período de glaciación.
El punto más alto de la provincia, a 1468 (metros sobre el nivel del mar), está localizado en las Colinas del Ciprés. El punto más bajo, con 213 , está en la orilla de lago Athabasca en el extremo norte. La provincia tiene nueve cuencas hidrográficas distintas[27][28] formadas por varios ríos que desembocan en aguas del océano Ártico, y bahía de Hudson.
Climate
Saskatchewan receives more hours of sunshine than any other Canadian province.[29] The province is far from any significant body of water. This fact, combined with its northern latitude, gives it a warm summer, corresponding to its humid continental climate (Köppen type Dfb) in the central part and most of the eastern part of the province, as well as in the Cypress Hills; drying to a semi-arid steppe climate (Köppen type BSk) in the southwestern part of the province. Drought can affect agricultural areas for long periods with little or no rainfall. The northern parts of Saskatchewan - from La Ronge northward - have a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) with a shorter summer season.
Summers can become very hot, sometimes above 38 °C (100 °F) during the day, and with humidity decreasing from northeast to southwest. Warm southerly winds blow from the plains and intermontane regions of the western United States during much of July and August; During spring and September, very cool or warm but changing air masses usually occur. Winters are usually very cold, with frequent drops of arctic air from the north,[30] and with maximum temperatures not exceeding -17 °C (1 °F) for weeks. Warm winds usually blow from the west, bringing periods of mild weather. The average annual precipitation "Precipitation (meteorology)") ranges between 30 and 45 centimeters throughout the province, with most of it falling in June, July and August.[31].
Saskatchewan is one of the most tornado-active areas in Canada, with an average of between 12 and 18 tornadoes a year, some violent. In 2012, 33 tornadoes were recorded in the province. The Regina cyclone occurred in June 1912, when 28 people were killed in an F4 tornado on the Fujita scale. Severe and non-severe thunderstorms occur in Saskatchewan, typically from early spring to late summer. Hail, strong winds and isolated tornadoes are common.
The highest temperature ever recorded in Saskatchewan was in July 1937, when 45 °C (113 °F) was reached in Midale and Yellow Grass. The coldest temperature recorded in the province was -56.7 °C (-70.1 °F) in Prince Albert, north of Saskatoon, in February 1893.
The effects of climate change in Saskatchewan are already being seen in some areas of the province. Researchers link reduced biomass in Saskatchewan's boreal forests[32] (as well as those in other Canadian Prairie provinces) to drought-related water stress resulting from global warming, most likely caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Although studies carried out as early as 1988 (Williams, et al., 1988) have shown that climate change will affect agriculture,[33] it is not so clear whether the effects can be mitigated through adaptations of varieties or crops. The resilience of ecosystems can decrease with large changes in temperature.[34] The provincial government has responded to the threat of climate change by introducing a plan to reduce carbon emissions, "The Saskatchewan Energy and Climate Change Plan", in June 2007.
Geology
The geology of Saskatchewan can be divided into two main geological regions: the Precambrian Canadian Shield and the Phanerozoic Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. Within the Precambrian Shield lies the Athabasca sedimentary basin. Meteorite impacts have altered the natural processes of geological formation. The grasslands were more recently affected by glacial phenomena in the Quaternary period.[35].
The Canadian Shield, a Precambrian shield, makes up the geology of the bedrock in which rocks and lakes[36] and an area of boreal forest stand out. There are transition zones between boreal and tundra flora.[37] The lower limit of the Canadian Shield crosses the province diagonally from 57 degrees latitude in the northwest to 54 degrees in the southeast.[38] Three orogenies formed the Precambrian shield: the Kenoran (Laurentian-Algomanian) orogeny, the Hudsonian (Penokean) orogeny, and the Grenville.[39][40][41] Between 2,200 and 2,500 million years ago, the Kenoran (Laurentian-Algomanian) orogeny occurred. 5,000 million years ago the Kenoran Orogeny occurred, on which the Hudsonian Orogeny was superimposed between 1,700 and 1,900 million years ago. The Earth experienced hotter and more volatile Archean tectonics, which revealed island arc volcanic activity and mountain formation.[42][43][44].
The Trans-Hudson Orogen occurred when several Archean continental blocks came together, including the Superior Craton from the southeast and the Hearne-Rae Craton from the northwest. Underlying this collision zone was a microcontinent called the Sask Craton.[45] The Canadian Grenville Province occurred between 1080 and 980 Ma and did not affect the geology of the Canadian Shield in Saskatchewan. The Grenvillian Orogeny deformed much of eastern Canada, and includes the tectonic zone of the Grenville Front in Quebec and Labrador, the Appalachian structural front to the south between what we today call the Great Lakes and Newfoundland.[46].
The Flin Flon Greenstone Belt, also called the Flin Flon-Snow Lake Greenstone Belt, is a Precambrian greenstone belt located in central Manitoba and east-central Saskatchewan, Canada. It is located in the central portion of the Trans-Hudson Orogeny and was formed by arc volcanism during the Paleoproterozoic Era.[47].
The Athabasca Basin, a historic fluvial siliciclastic basin with Hudson Mountain sediments with the occasional rare marine sequence.[48] The Athabasca Basin formed during the Statherian or Paleohelikian 1.7 to 1.6 billion years ago, when coarse clastic fluvial and marine sediments containing oxides of gold, copper, lead, zinc, and uranium were deposited. The world's highest quality uranium deposits are found in the unconformity between these clastic layers and the Precambrian bedrock.[49] The Athabasca Sand Hills, protected by the Athabasca Sand Dunes Provincial Park, are a unique feature of the Canadian Shield. The hills are located in northern Saskatchewan and border Lake Athabasca, which straddles the Alberta-Saskatchewan border.[50][51].
Flora
Saskatchewan's native flora includes vascular plants, as well as other species of plants and plant-like organisms, such as algae, lichens and other fungi, and mosses. Non-native plant species established outside crops have been recorded in Saskatchewan, some of which remain beneficial for gardening and agriculture, while others have become invasive and noxious weeds. Saskatchewan is committed to protecting endangered species in Canada.
The growing season has been studied and classified into plant hardiness zones based on the length of the growing season and climatic conditions. Biogeographic factors have also been divided into vegetative zones, floristic kingdoms, hardiness zones and ecoregions throughout Saskatchewan, and natural vegetation varies based on elevation, humidity, soil type, landforms and climate. The study of ethnobotany uncovers the interrelationship between humans and plants and the various ways in which people have used plants for economic, nutritional, medicinal and technological reasons. The Government of Saskatchewan has declared 3 native plants provincial symbols.
Saskatchewan has a continental climate and seasonal temperature variations mean that the growing season is short. On average, the province endures between 159 and 160 days without frost; in the far north, that figure drops to between 85 and 95.[53] In 1967, Canadian scientists created a map outlining plant hardiness zones. Hardiness zones examine climatic gradations such as the length of the frost-free period, summer precipitation, maximum summer temperatures, minimum winter temperatures and wind speed. The harshest environment for plants is 0 and the softest is classified as 8. The data corresponding to the requirements of the plants were correlated. An examination of this type provides guidance on the flora that can survive the geographical conditions of the hardiness zone.[54] At the end of the century, an event encouraged settlers to dedicate themselves to agriculture. Fife red wheat (Triticum aestivum) matured 20 days earlier than other wheats, allowing the plants to mature before autumn frosts.[55].
Saskatchewan has 367 rare species of vascular plants, of which 135 are listed as threatened.[56].
The white slipper (Cypripedium candidum) is the only plant in danger of local extinction (extirpated). Endangered plants include sand verbena (Abronia micrantha), western spider mite (Tradescantia occidentalis), small cryptantha (Cryptantha minima), and prairie plover (Dalea villosa). Threatened plants include mouse-eared cress (Halimolobos virgata).[57] These two reports help protect plants: Species at Risk In SK and Rare Plant Survey Guidelines.[58] Saskatchewan has implemented the Weed Control Act[59] to control introduced plants in Saskatchewan that have become a threat to natural biodiversity, such as leaf spurge ()[60] There are two reports on this matter: Invasive species and Noxious weeds of Saskatchewan.
Fauna
Saskatchewan's fauna includes various terrestrial and aquatic animal species. From among the multiplicity of invertebrates and vertebrates, two have been chosen as symbols of Saskatchewan.[65] Cenozoic vertebrate fossils reveal the geological evolution of the interior plains and their prehistoric biogeography.[66] Today, Saskatchewan's ecosystems range from the subarctic tundra of the Canadian Shield in northern Saskatchewan to the aspen parklands, the central Canadian forests of the center of the province, and grassland prairies.[67] Wildlife inhabit unique zones based on their specific and varied reproductive, foraging, and nesting needs.[68] With a large expanse of land and water, and low population density, Saskatchewan's ecoregions provide important habitat for many animals, both endangered and non-endangered.[69] Wildlife naturalists have listed declining and increasing wildlife populations. They advocate for programs and methods to preserve or reintroduce endangered species and identify programs to control outbreaks of wildlife populations.[70] A wide diversity of wildlife habitats are conserved as parks and reserves that protect the feeding and breeding grounds of Saskatchewan's protected and native wildlife.[71].
The sharp-tailed grouse (Pedioectes phasianellus jamesi) was declared a symbol of Saskatchewan in 1945.[72] [73]Since 2001, the provincial animal is the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).[74].
Fossils dating from the Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene and Pleistocene have been discovered. These Cenozoic vertebrates include mammals, amphibians, and reptiles. Fossils of birds have also been unearthed dating from the Eocene (55.8±0.2 to 33.9±0.1 Ma) and the Miocene (23.03 to 5.33 Ma).[75] Historically, mammoths and mastodons that migrated from Eurasia across the Bering Bridge roamed the plains. Black bear, Bison antiquus, Bison latifrons, bobcat, Bos bison, caribou, cheetah, Columbian mammoth, elk, brown bear, horse, Ice Age elephant, llama, lion, elk, one-humped camel, pronghorn, saber-toothed cat, bison steppe (Bison priscus), white-tailed and mule deer, and woolly mammoth populated the plains in prehistoric times.[76] The American bison, commonly known as "buffalo" is the largest and most notable mammal found in Saskatchewan dating back to its ancestors, Bison antiquus, and Bison latifrons.[77] Large reptiles such as mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, Ichthyosaurs and sea turtles lived in the seas that covered Saskatchewan, fossils of Triceratops were also unearthed.[78][79].
Mammal species differ between the various ecoregions of Saskatchewan. There are six orders of placental mammals that inhabit Saskatchewan. They are bats, carnivores (including pinnipeds), artiodactyls, cetaceans, insectivores and rodents (including lagomorphs).[80].
There are fewer varieties of species as elevation increases, corresponding to the Taiga and Boreal Shield and Cypress Hills Highlands ecozones. The mammals that endure the harsh environment of the extreme north of the Taiga Shield, Boreal Shield and Boreal Plain ecozones are the American black bear (Ursus americanus), the auger caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus), the western moose (), canary bat (), wolverine (), marten (), forest wolf (), red fox (), mink (), snowshoe hare () and red-backed vole ().[81].
Economy
Saskatchewan's economy is traditionally agricultural; However, emerging diversification has meant that this activity, along with forestry, fishing and hunting, now constitutes only 6.8% of the province's GDP. Wheat is the most common crop, and perhaps the only one representative of Saskatchewan, but others such as rapeseed, flax, rye, oats, peas, lentils, millet, and barley are also present. Likewise, mining is of vital importance for the province. Saskatchewan is the world's largest exporter of potash (Potash (mineral)). In the northern area, forestry activity regains certain relevance.
Saskatchewan is also the world's largest supplier of uranium, supplying most of the Western Hemisphere. The industry of this mineral is closely followed by the provincial government, which endorses its price in the international market.
Saskatchewan's GDP was 32 billion Canadian dollars in 2003, with economic sectors divided as follows:
Important companies located in Sasckatchewan are the Hill family's Harvard Developments, Viterra (previously Saskatchewan Wheat Pool), Concentra Financial Services, the metallurgical company Ipsco") (although its operational base is in Lisle, a neighborhood of Chicago), the agricultural machinery producer Brandt Industries, PotashCorp and Cameco.
The Crown corporation includes the province's most prominent entities: SaskTel, SaskEnergy (natural gas supplier), and SaskPower. Bombardier operates out of the NATO Flying Training Center at 15 Wing, near Moose Jaw. Bombardier obtained a long-term contract in the late 1990s, worth $2.8 billion from the federal government, to purchase military aeronautical material and manage training.
Demography
Aunque los habitantes de ascendencia europea componen la mayoría de la población, los aborígenes constituyen una minoría bastante considerable. Las etnias que no pertenecen a ninguno de los susodichos grupos son, en proporción, insignificantes.
Origen étnico[91]
Nota: En el cuestionario del censo de 2001 un individuo podía hacer constar más de un origen étnico, por lo que la suma de las cifras que siguen sobrepasa el 100%..
• - Métis (mestizos de europeos e indígenas) 4,2 %.
• - Neerlandeses 3,4 %.
• - Suecos 3,1 %.
• - Rusos 2,9 %.
• - Húngaros 2,5 %.
• - Austríacos 1,5 %.
• - Galeses 1,4 %.
• - Estadounidenses 1,2 %.
• - Rumanos 1,1 %.
• - Daneses 1 %.
• - Chinos 1,0 %.
Education
The first education on the prairies was provided within the family group of the First Nation or the first fur trading families. There were only a few missionary or trading post schools established in Rupert's Land, later known as the Northwest Territories.
In 1886, the first 76 school districts in the Northwest Territories were formed and the first meeting of the Board of Education. The large increase in immigration led to the formation of ethnic blocs. The communities sought for their children an education similar to that of the schools in their places of origin. Log cabins and residences are built for community assemblies, schools, churches, dances and meetings.
The prosperous 1920s and farmers successfully establishing themselves on their estates provided the funding to regularize education. Textbooks, normal schools for formally educated teachers, school curricula, and state architectural art school programs provided cultural continuity to the entire province. English as a school language helped provide economic stability by being able to trade with each other. The University of Saskatchewan was founded in 1907 and the number of individual district schools reached approximately 5,000, on par with the education system in the late 1940s.
Following the Second World War, the transition from many individual schools to fewer but larger and technologically modern city schools occurred as a means of ensuring technical education. School buses, roads, and family vehicles made it possible to study in schools far from the place of residence. Tractors and other agricultural machinery induced a shift from family farms and subsistence crops to large crops. There was no longer a need for communities every 10 or 16 kilometers apart or within the reach of a horse and cart. This evolution is still ongoing and according to the spring 2007 analysis, another 50 rural consolidated schools now face imminent closure.[92][93].
School vouchers (a certificate by which parents are offered the opportunity to pay for their children's education at a school of their choice, rather than the public school to which they were assigned) have recently been proposed as a means of allowing competition between rural schools and making the operation of cooperative schools practicable in rural areas.
Health
The Saskatchewan Ministry of Health is responsible for policy direction, sets and monitors standards, and funds regional health authorities and provincial health services. Saskatchewan's healthcare system is single-payer. Saskatchewan doctors are independent contractors. They refer their bills to the publicly funded Saskatchewan Medical Assistance Insurance Plan, which pays them. Patients pay nothing to their doctors or hospitals for medical care.[94].
In 1944, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), a left-wing agrarian and labor party, won the provincial election in Saskatchewan and formed the first socialist government in North American history. Re-elected repeatedly, the CCF campaigned in the early 1960s on the issue of universal health coverage and, after winning the election again, implemented it, the first in Canada. However, the province's doctors' union was fiercely opposed and organized a massive strike the day the new system came into effect.
Supported by the Saskatchewan Chamber of Commerce, most newspapers, and the right-wing Keep Our Doctors movement, the doctors' union ran an effective communications campaign that portrayed universal health care as a communist plan that would spread disease. The strike, which had been made very unpopular by the scandalous rhetoric of some of its leaders (one of them had called for bloodshed), finally ended after a few weeks, and universal health coverage was adopted by the entire country five years later.[95].
Transport
Transportation in Saskatchewan includes an infrastructure system of roads, highways, expressways, airports, ferries, pipelines, trails, waterways and rail systems[96] that serve a population of approximately 1,003,299 (2007 estimates) year-round.[97] The Saskatchewan Department of Highways and Transportation estimates that 80% of traffic is carried on the main highway system in Saskatchewan. 5,031 km.[98].
The Ministry of Highways and Infrastructure manages more than 26,000 km of highways and divided highways. There are also municipal roads with different surfaces. Asphalt concrete pavements total almost 9,000 km, granular pavement almost 5,000 km, non-structural or thin membrane TMS approach 7,000 km and, finally, gravel roads total more than 5,600 km across the province. In the northern sector, ice roads that can only be traveled on in the winter months comprise another approximately 150 km (93 mi) of travel.[99] In 2024, the Government of Canada awarded Saskatchewan a $6.1 million grant for shuttle buses serving remote communities.[100].
Saskatchewan has more than 250,000 km of roads and highways, the largest length of road surface of any Canadian province.[101] Saskatchewan's major highways are the Trans-Canada Highway, Yellowhead Highway northern Trans Canada route, Louis Riel Trail, CanAm Highway, Red Coat Trail, Northern Woods and Water route, and Saskota travel route.
The first Canadian transcontinental railway was built by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) between 1881 and 1885.[102] Following the construction of the great east-west transcontinental railway, north-south connecting branches were established. The 1920s saw the largest increase in railway tracks, as the CPR and the Canadian National Railway (CNR) competed to offer rail service within a ten kilometer radius. In the 1960s there were requests to abandon branch lines.[103] Currently, the province's only two passenger rail services are the Canadian and the Winnipeg-Churchill train, both operated by Via Rail. The Canadian is a transcontinental service that connects Toronto with Vancouver.
Saskatchewan's main waterways are the North Saskatchewan River or the South Saskatchewan River. In total, there are 3,050 bridges maintained by the Department of Highways in Saskatchewan.[104] Twelve ferry services currently operate in the province, all under the jurisdiction of the Department of Highways.
Saskatoon Airport was initially created as part of the Royal Canadian Air Force training program during World War II. In 1993 it was renamed John G. Diefenbaker Airport[105] Roland J. Groome Airfield has been the official name of Regina International Airport since 2005; The airport was founded in 1930.
Airlines offering flights to Saskatchewan are Air Canada, WestJet Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Transwest Air, Sunwing Airlines, Norcanair Airlines, La Ronge Aviation Services Ltd, La Loche Airways, Osprey Wings Ltd, Buffalo Narrows Airways Ltd, Île-à-la-Crosse Airways Ltd, Voyage Air, Pronto Airways, Venture Air Ltd, Pelican Narrows Air Service, Jackson Air Services Ltd, and Northern Dene Airways Ltd.[106].
The Government of Canada agreed to provide $20 million for the construction of two new interchanges in Saskatoon. One of them at the intersection of Highway 219/Lorne Avenue with Circle Drive, and the other at the Senator Sid Buckwold Bridge (Idylwyld Freeway) and Circle Drive. This is part of the Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative to improve access to the CNR intermodal freight terminal and thus increase Asia-Pacific trade. Additionally, the Government of Canada will provide $27 million to Regina to build a CPR intermodal facility and improve transportation infrastructure to the facility from the two national highway networks, Highway 1, Trans-Canada, and Highway 11, Louis Riel Trail. This is also part of the Asia-Pacific Corridor and Gateway Initiative to improve access to the CPR terminal and increase Asia-Pacific trade.[107].
Culture
La Cultura de Saskatchewan examina las pautas de la actividad humana en la provincia de las praderas centrales de Canadá, analizando el modo de vida de la gente en la geografía, el clima y el contexto social de Saskatchewan.
Las Primeras Naciones y los comerciantes de pieles adoptaron un estilo de vida trashumante y de caza y recolección para satisfacer sus necesidades económicas y de sustento. Del mismo modo, los primeros colonos del siglo y principios del dedicaron la mayor parte de su tiempo a cultivar la tierra y proporcionar productos agrícolas de subsistencia a sus familias. A principios del siglo se desarrollaron prácticas agrícolas de éxito, y la sociedad se regocijó en los locos años veinte. Los años de depresión y sequía de los sucios años treinta se llevaron por delante el sustento agrícola. Se dispuso de electricidad en las distintas regiones de Saskatchewan.
La economía experimentó un crecimiento no sólo en el sector agrícola, sino que también se liberó mano de obra para dedicarse a otras actividades distintas de la agricultura. A partir de los años 40, se produjo un gran avance en el panorama artístico y cultural de Saskatchewan.[108] Antes de esta fecha, las actividades artísticas y culturales eran principalmente de carácter familiar, individual y no remunerado. En las escuelas locales se representaban obras de teatro, los miembros de la familia o de la tribu se dedicaban a la artesanía de diversos tipos que podían convertirse en reliquias, las comunidades se reunían para participar en diversas actividades deportivas de recreo. La Comisión Real para el Desarrollo Nacional de las Artes, las Letras y las Ciencias elaboró el Informe Massey a principios de la década de 1950. Esta comisión tomó nota de los puntos fuertes y débiles de la comunidad cultural y condujo a la creación del Consejo de Canadá, que promovió el talento "Talento (aptitud)") floreciente.
Clifford Sifton estableció oficinas coloniales en Europa y Estados Unidos para fomentar la inmigración procedente de Gran Bretaña y Estados Unidos, y de ucranianos, doukhobors y otros grupos del Imperio austriaco para poblar el Oeste canadiense. Entre 1891 y 1914 se produjo la mayor afluencia de inmigración a los Territorios del Noroeste y la provincia de Saskatchewan. Los mestizos franceses de Duck Lake y St. Louis de 1870, la colonia agrícola de Qu'Appelle y Bell Farm de 1880, Cannington Manor de 1882, la colonia de artesanos de East London de 1884, la colonia alemana en bloque de New Elsass de 1885, la colonia sueca de New Stockholm de 1885, la colonia menonita de Rosthern de 1893, Montmartre/Grenfell, colonia gallega de 1896, y Good Spirit Lake Doukhobor Annex (colonia de Devils Lake) de 1899 son sólo algunos de los primeros asentamientos de bloques étnicos establecidos en el siglo en los primeros Territorios del Noroeste.
Los asentamientos de bloques étnicos de esta primera época se concentraron en desarrollar sus métodos agrícolas y luego en establecer iglesias y escuelas. La religión y la educación se basaban en lo que conocían de su país de origen. La Primera Guerra Mundial puso de manifiesto la necesidad de una identidad y una lengua comunes en Canadá y el oeste. Las escuelas establecieron un plan de estudios provincial y una lengua estándar. La identidad cultural se desplazó de la patria a la creación de una nueva sociedad y cultura con una sola lengua unificadora para ayudar a la economía y al crecimiento social. La Segunda Guerra Mundial acentuó de nuevo la necesidad de una identidad que fuera verdadera y únicamente canadiense, lo que también era una norma deseada en Saskatchewan.[109].
Los primeros exploradores y aventureros fueron atraídos a los Territorios del Noroeste por las pinturas de Paul Kane, que describían un oeste romántico y lleno de aventuras. Ya en la temporada de verano de 1955, la Escuela de Verano del Regina College en Murray Point, en el lago Emma, alcanzó relevancia nacional.[110] Augustus Kenderdine, Inglis Sheldon-Williams, Illingworth Kerr, James Henderson, Ernest Lindner, Jan Wyers, Dorothy Knowles, Reta Cowley y William Perehudoff son artistas de Saskatchewan muy conocidos y aclamados. Kenneth Lochhead, Arthur McKay, Ronald Bloore, Douglas Morton y Ted Godwin se hicieron famosos como los «Cinco de Regina». Joe Fafard, Jack Sures y Vic Cicansky hacen de la cerámica y la escultura sus medios plásticos. También destacan los pintores Bob Boyer y David Thauberger, así como el escultor Bill Epp y los hermanos Huang Zhongyang y Huang Zhongru.[111].
MacKenzie Art Gallery Regina es la única galería de arte importante de la provincia que funciona actualmente y de la que se sabe que trae grandes exposiciones de otras galerías. La ya desaparecida Mendel Art Gallery Saskatoon cesó su actividad en 2015 sin que se conozca la fecha de apertura de una nueva galería. Prince Albert, North Battleford, Moose Jaw y Yorkton tienen galerías públicas.
Literature
The Saskatchewan Writers Guild, the Saskatchewan Playwrights Centre, and the Thunder Creek Publishing Co-operative were created to support and promote the literary talent of Saskatchewan.
James Sinclair Ross, W. O. Mitchell, Lorna Crozier, Anne Szumigalski, Candace Savage and Robert Kroetsch are Saskatchewan literary artists.[112]
The Reverend Charles Gordon (pseudonym of Ralph Connor), Robert Stead, Frederick Philip Grove, Wallace Stegner, R.D. (Bob) Symons, Edward McCourt, Lorna Crozier, Bonnie Burnard, David Carpenter, Don Kerr, Byrna Barclay, Glen Sorestad, Gertrude Story,[113] Maria Campbell, Sharon Butala, Guy Vanderhaege, Brenda Baker, Art Slade, Alice Kuipers, Dave Margoshes and Chris Fisher have also contributed to the Saskatchewan literary scene. Some Saskatchewan poets include Eli Mandel, Andrew Suknaski and John Hicks. Famous Saskatchewan novelists would be Ken Mitchell, Gary Hyland, Robert Currie, Geoffrey Ursell and Barbara Sapergia, to name a few.
Tim Lilburn is a Regina poet who has won the Governor General's Literary Award for his novel Kill-site. He was joined by Allen Sapp, a painter of the Red Pheasant Reserve who also includes awards from the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts and an Officer of the Order of Canada. with literary recognition from Premier Roy Romanow during the 1997 Governor General's Literary Awards ceremony.[115] Other Saskatchewan artists have been honored with the Governor General's Literary Awards, including Lorna Crozier (Swift Current), Inventing the Hawk, John Newlove (Regina), The Cave and Lies, Fred Wah (born in Swift Current), Waiting for Saskatchewan, Diana Wieler (Saskatoon), Bad Boy, and Rudy Wiebe, The Temptation of Big Bear and A Discovery of Strangers.
Sport
Hockey is the most popular sport in Saskatchewan. More than 500 National Hockey League (NHL) players have been born in Saskatchewan, the most per capita of any Canadian province, US state or European country,[116] including Gordie Howe, nicknamed "Mr. Hockey" and considered one of the greatest hockey players of all time.[117] Other notable NHL figures born in Saskatchewan include Keith Allen, Bryan Trottier, Bernie Federko, Clark Gillies, Fernie Flaman, Fred Sasakamoose, Bert Olmstead, Harry Watson, Elmer Lach, Max Bentley, Sid Abel, Doug Bentley, Eddie Shore, Clint Smith, Bryan Hextall, Johnny Bower, Emile Francis, Glenn Hall, Chuck Rayner, Wendel Clark, Brad McCrimmon, Mike Babcock, Patrick Marleau, Theo Fleury, Terry Harper, Wade Redden, Brian Propp, Ryan Getzlaf, Chris Kunitz, Kelly Chase and Jordan Eberle. Several players and notable figures in women's hockey also hail from the province, including Hayley Wickenheiser, Colleen Sostorics, Gina Kingsbury, Shannon Miller and Emily Clark.
Wickenheiser was the first female skater to play full-time professional hockey in a men's league and is considered one of the greatest hockey players of all time.[118] Saskatchewan does not have a professional hockey franchise, but five junior Western Hockey League teams are based in the province: the Moose Jaw Warriors, Prince Albert Raiders, Regina Pats, Saskatoon Blades and Swift Current Broncos.
The Saskatchewan Roughriders are the province's professional Canadian soccer team, playing in the Canadian Football League, and are based in Regina, but are popular throughout Saskatchewan. The team's fans also gather on game days across Canada, and are collectively known as "Rider Nation." The Roughriders are one of the oldest professional sports teams and community franchises in North America, having won four Gray Cup championships. The province also has successful women's soccer teams. The Saskatoon Valkyries and the Regina Riot are the only two teams to have won "Competition (game)" championships in the Western Women's Canadian Football League since play began in 2011.
The province is home to two other professional sports franchises. The Saskatchewan Rush play in the National Lacrosse League. In 2016, their first year after moving from Edmonton, Alberta, the Rush won both their division title and league championship. In 2018, the province hosted a Canadian Elite Basketball League franchise, the Saskatchewan Rattlers, who won the league's inaugural championship in 2019. The Saskatchewan Heat are a semi-professional team in the National Ringette League. The province has six teams in the Western Canada Baseball League.
Curling is the official sport of the province and, historically, Saskatchewan has been one of the strongest provinces in curling.[119] Saskatchewan teams have won seven men's Canadian championships, five men's world championships, thirteen women's Canadian championships and four women's world championships. Notable Saskatchewan curlers include Ernie Richardson, Joyce McKee, Vera Pezer, Rick Folk, Sandra Schmirler and Ben Hebert. In a 2019 poll by The Sports Network (TSN), experts ranked Schmirler's Saskatchewan team, which won the gold medal at the 1998 Olympics, as the best women's team in Canadian history.[120].
• - Portal:Saskatchewan. Content related to Saskatchewan.
• - Canadian prairies.
• - Wikimedia Commons hosts a multimedia category on Saskatchewan.
• - SaskTourism.
• - Saskatchewan Centennial 2005. Archived July 2, 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
• - SaskFilm.
• - CBC Digital Archives - Showdown on the Prairies: A History of the Saskatchewan Election.
[5] ↑ Rowles, E. (1952). "Bannock, beans and bacon: An investigation of pioneer diet". Saskatchewan History. 1 (1): 1–16.
[6] ↑ Rollings-Magnusson, Sandar (2000). «Canada's Most Wanted: Pioneer Women on the Western Prairies». Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie (en inglés) 37 (2): 223-238. ISSN 1755-618X. doi:10.1111/j.1755-618X.2000.tb01265.x. Consultado el 15 de mayo de 2025.: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-618X.2000.tb01265.x
[7] ↑ Pitsula, James M. (2005). "Disparate Duo". Beaver. 85 (4): 14–24.
[8] ↑ Love, Ronald S. (2005). "'A Harebrained Plan': Saskatchewan and the Formation of a Provincial Telephone Policy, 1906–1912". Saskatchewan History. 57 (1): 15–33.
[9] ↑ Kevin H. Burley, The Development of Canada's Staples 1867–1939: A Documentary Collection (1970) pp 139–43.
[11] ↑ Buller, Arthur Henry Reginald (1919). Essays on Wheat: Including the Discovery and Introduction of Marquis Wheat, the Early History of Wheatgrowing in Manitoba, Wheat in Western Canada, the Origin of Red Bobs and Kitchener, and the Wild Wheat of Palestine (en inglés). Macmillan. Consultado el 15 de mayo de 2025.: https://books.google.com/books?id=YqMUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA218
[12] ↑ Hengen, Girard (1988). "A Case Study in Urban Reform: Regina Before the First World War". Saskatchewan History. 41 (1): 19–34.
[13] ↑ «James M. Pitsula, For All We Have and Are: Regina and the Experience of the Great War (U of Manitoba Press, 2008), p 280. online review Archived April 10, 2021».: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=25802
[14] ↑ Lubomyr Luciuk, In Fear of the Barbed Wire Fence: Canada's First National Internment Operations and the Ukrainian Canadians, 1914–1920 (Kingston: Kashtan Press, 2001).
[32] ↑ Ma, Zhihai; Peng, Changhui; Zhu, Qiuan; Chen, Huai; Yu, Guirui; Li, Weizhong; Zhou, Xiaolu; Wang, Weifeng et al. (14 de febrero de 2012). «Regional drought-induced reduction in the biomass carbon sink of Canada's boreal forests». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 (7): 2423-2427. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 3289349. PMID 22308340. doi:10.1073/pnas.1111576109. Consultado el 14 de mayo de 2025. Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda).: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3289349/
[33] ↑ Williams, G.D.V., R.A. Fautley, K.H. Jones, R.B. Stewart, and E.E. Wheaton. 1988. "Estimating Effects of Climatic Change on Agriculture in Saskatchewan, Canada." p. 219–379. In M.L. Parry et al. (ed.) The Impact of Climatic Variations on Agriculture. Vol. 1 Assessment in Cool Temperate and Cold Regions. Reidel Publ. Co. Dordrecht.
[36] ↑ University of Alberta Libraries, John; Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology (2007). Deep Alberta : fossil facts and dinosaur digs. Edmonton : University of Alberta Press. ISBN 978-0-88864-481-7. Consultado el 19 de mayo de 2025.: https://archive.org/details/deepalbertafossi00acor
[38] ↑ Ward, Norman (1985). "Saskatchewan - Geology". In Marsh, James H. (ed.). The Canadian Encyclopedia (Pat-Z ed.). Edmonton, AB, CA: Hurtig Publishers Ltd. p. 1635. ISBN 0-88830-269-X. (vol 2), (vol 1), (vol 3).
[39] ↑ Byres, A.R. (1969). "Physical Geography Evolution of the present bedrock surface.". In J.H. Richards, K.I. Fung (ed.). Atlas of Saskatchewan. W.G.E. Caldwell, W.O. Kupsch. Saskatoon, SK, CA: University of Saskatchewan. pp. 44–45.
[41] ↑ «Percival, J.A. (2002-03-07). "BOOK REVIEWS" (PDF). THE TECTONICS OF THE CANADIAN SHIELD. Edited by Jonn S. SrrwrqsoN. Western Superior NATMAP working group. This is the third volume in a series on the Canadian Shield, published by the Royal Society of Canada, and is called Special Publication No 4. Retrieved 2009-01-24. Kenoran (Algoman) orogeny».: http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM48/AM48_713.pdf
[47] ↑ «NorrisTROYMET EXPLORATION CORP., Jessica; Tracy Hurley (September 24, 2007). "Report on the 2007 Diamond Drilling program, McClarty Lake Project, Manitoba The Pas Mining District" (PDF). Troymet Exploration Corp. and Aurora Geosciences Ltd. Retrieved 2009-01-24.».: https://www.gov.mb.ca/ctt/mrd/geo/field/roa02pdfs/GS-11.pdf
[48] ↑ Ramaeker, P (2007). [geoscan.ess.nrcan.gc.ca/starweb/geoscan/servlet.starweb "Revised geological map and stratigraphy of the Athabasca Group, Saskatchewan and Alberta"]. Saskatchewan Geology. Natural Resources Canada.
[52] ↑ Fung, Kai-iu (1999). Barry, Bill; Wilson, Michael (eds.). Atlas of Saskatchewan Celebrating the Millennium (Millennium ed.). Saskatchewan: University of Saskatchewan. pp. 71–88. ISBN 0-88880-387-7.
[54] ↑ «Saskatchewan (province) - MSN Encarta». web.archive.org. 31 de octubre de 2009. Consultado el 19 de mayo de 2025. - [https://web.archive.org/web/20091031005422/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567968_2/Saskatchewan_(province).html](https://web.archive.org/web/20091031005422/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567968_2/Saskatchewan_(province).html)
[61] ↑ Thorpe, J. (1999). "Natural Vegetation". In Kai-iu Fung; Bill Barry; Wilson, Michael (eds.). Atlas of Saskatchewan Celebrating the Millennium (Millennium ed.). Saskatchewan: University of Saskatchewan. pp. 132–138. ISBN 0-88880-387-7.
[68] ↑ ThorpeWapple, Robert (1999). "Wildlife". In Kai-iu Fung; Bill Barry; Wilson, Michael (eds.). Atlas of Saskatchewan Celebrating the Millennium. Andrew B. Didiuk Alan Smith, Bernie Gollop, Jennifer Merkowsky, Peter Jonker (Millennium ed.). Saskatchewan: University of Saskatchewan. pp. 138–168. ISBN 978-0-88880-387-0.
[79] ↑ University of Alberta Libraries, John; Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology (2007). Deep Alberta : fossil facts and dinosaur digs. Edmonton : University of Alberta Press. ISBN 978-0-88864-481-7. Consultado el 20 de mayo de 2025.: https://archive.org/details/deepalbertafossi00acor
[92] ↑ Warren, Jeremy. Saskatoon Star Phoenix, ed. More than 50 rural schools facing closure, says Wall. Saskatoon Star Phoenix newspaper Wednesday March 14, 2007. pp. A4.
[95] ↑ Frank, Thomas (1 de agosto de 2020). «It's the healthcare system, stupid». Le Monde diplomatique (en inglés). Consultado el 23 de marzo de 2025.: https://mondediplo.com/2020/08/02populism-expertise
[108] ↑ Howe, The Right Honourable C.D. (1956), The Official Handbook of Present Conditions and Recent Progress Canada 1956, Ottawa, Ontario: Queen's Printer Canada year Book Section Information Services Division Dominion Bureau of Statistics, p. 115.
[110] ↑ Howe, The Right Honourable C.D. (1956), The Official Handbook of Present Conditions and Recent Progress Canada 1956, Ottawa, Ontario: Queen's Printer Canada year Book Section Information Services Division Dominion Bureau of Statistics, p. 124.
[113] ↑ «University Archives and Special Collections - University Library». library (en inglés). Consultado el 16 de mayo de 2025.: https://library.usask.ca/uasc/
En la década de 1870, el Gobierno de Canadá formó los Territorios del Noroeste para administrar al vasto territorio comprendido entre la Columbia Británica y Manitoba. El gobierno accedió también a la firma de una serie de tratados con los nativoamericanos de su entorno, lo que fomentó la relación entre las «Primeras Naciones» (en inglés, First Nations), como se las conoce hoy en día, y la Corona. Poco después, las Primeras Naciones se verían empujadas a ciertas reservas.
La colonización de la provincia cogió vuelo cuando la Canadian Pacific Railway (Vía canadiense del Pacífico) fue construida a comienzos de los años 1880, y el gobierno federal dividió a la tierra conforme a la Medición del dominio terrestre, otorgando fanegas libres a colonos voluntariosos.
La policía montada del noroeste edificó unos cuantos puestos y fortificaciones a lo largo de Saskatchewan, entre los que destacan: Fort Walsh") en los Montes Cipreses"), y Wood Mountain, puesto en el centro meridional de Saskatchewan, cerca de la frontera con Estados Unidos.
En 1876, siguiendo a la batalla del Pequeño Cuerno Grande") el cacique de los Lakota, Toro Sentado, guio a su gente hacia Wood Mountain, cuya reserva se fundó en 1914.
Muchos integrantes de los Métis, que no habían sido signatarios de tratado alguno, se trasladaron al distrito de Saskatchewan Rivers, al norte de la actual Saskatoon, tras la Rebelión del Red River") que tuvo lugar en Manitoba en 1870. A comienzos de la década de 1880, el gobierno de Canadá rehusó oír las quejas de los Métis, que partían de temas vinculados a la ocupación territorial. Finalmente, en 1885, los Métis, mandados por Louis Riel, provocaron la Rebelión del Noroeste en reclamo de un gobierno provisional. Fueron vencidos por la milicia canadiense asentada en las praderas de la Canadian Pacific Railway. Riel se rindió y fue declarado culpable de traición por un tribunal de Regina "Regina (Canadá)"). Finalmente fue ejecutado el 16 de noviembre de 1885.
Con la llegada de más colonos a la región, la población fue creciendo, y Saskatchewan pasó a ser considerada una provincia el 1 de septiembre de 1905; el día de inauguración fue el 4 de ese mes.
El Homestead Act permitía a los colonos adquirir millas cuadradas de tierra para el cercamiento de haciendas, y ofrecía un cuarto adicional tras realizar el cometido inicial de dicha concesión. La inmigración llegó a la cima en 1910 y, pese a las dificultades de la vida fronteriza y de su alejamiento respecto a la ciudad y sus ventajas, se consiguió establecer una sociedad agraria próspera y estable.
20th century
Gender roles "Gender (biology)") were clearly defined. Men were mainly responsible for plowing the land; plant and harvest; build the house; buy, operate and repair machinery; and take care of the finances. At first, there were many single men on the prairie, or husbands whose wives were still in the east, but they had a hard time. They realized the need for a wife. In 1901 there were 19,200 families, but the number increased to 150,300 just 15 years later. Wives played a vital role in the settlement of the prairie region. Their work, their skills and their ability to adapt to the harsh environment were decisive in overcoming the challenges. They prepared cod, beans and bacon, mended clothes, raised children, cleaned, tended the garden, helped with the harvest and took care of everyone's health. Although prevailing patriarchal attitudes, legislation, and economic principles obscured women's contributions, the flexibility shown by women farmers in performing productive and non-productive labor was critical to the survival of family farms and, therefore, to the success of the wheat economy.[5][6].
On September 1, 1905, Saskatchewan became a province and its inauguration day was September 4. Its political leaders then proclaimed that its destiny was to become the most powerful province in Canada. Saskatchewan undertook an ambitious provincial building program based on its Anglo-Canadian culture and wheat production for the export market. The population increased fivefold, from 91,000 inhabitants in 1901 to 492,000 in 1911, thanks to the strong immigration of farmers from Ukraine, the United States, Germany and Scandinavia. Efforts were made to assimilate the newcomers into British-Canadian culture and values.[7].
In the 1905 provincial election, the Liberals won 16 of Saskatchewan's 25 seats. In 1909, the government of Saskatchewan purchased the Bell Telephone Company, which owned the long-distance lines and left local service in the hands of small businesses organized at the municipal level. Prime Minister Walter Scott preferred government aid to direct ownership because he believed that businesses ran better if citizens participated in their management; In 1911 he created the Saskatchewan Cooperative Elevator Company. Despite pressure from farmer groups for the government to intervene directly in the grain handling business, the Scott government chose to lend money to a farmer-owned elevator company.
In 1909, Saskatchewan granted guarantees to railway companies for the construction of branch lines, thus alleviating the concerns of farmers who had problems transporting their wheat by railcar to market.[9] The Saskatchewan Grain Growers Association was the dominant political force in the province until the 1920s; He maintained close ties with the liberal party in government. In 1913, the Saskatchewan Cattlemen's Association was created, with three objectives: to monitor legislation; promote the interests of ranchers in an honorable and legitimate manner; and suggest to Parliament legislation that responded to changing conditions and needs.[10].
Immigration peaked in 1910, and despite the initial difficulties of frontier life—remoteness from cities, adobe houses, and backbreaking work—the new settlers established a European-Canadian style of prosperous agrarian society. The province's long-term prosperity depended on the world price of grain, which rose steadily from the 1880s to 1920, then plummeted. Wheat production increased thanks to new varieties, such as “Marquis wheat,” which matured 8 days earlier and yielded 7 bushels more per acre (0.72 m³/ha) than the previous standard, “Red Fife.” National wheat production went from 8 million imperial bushels (290,000 m³) in 1896 to 26×106 imp bu (950,000 m³) in 1901, reaching 151×106 imp bu (5,500,000 m³) in 1921.[11].
Urban reform movements in Regina relied on support from business and professional groups. Urban planning, local government reform and municipal ownership of public services were supported by these two groups, often through organizations such as the Board of Trade. Ecclesiastical and other altruistic organizations generally supported social welfare and housing reforms; These groups were generally less successful in getting their own reforms enacted.[12].
The province responded to the First World War in 1914 with patriotic enthusiasm and enjoyed the resulting economic boom, both on farms and in cities. Emotional and intellectual support for the war emerged from Canadian national identity politics, rural myth, and social gospel progressivism. However, there was strong hostility towards German-Canadian farmers.[13] Recent Ukrainian immigrants were enemy aliens due to their citizenship in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. A small part were taken to internment camps. Most of those interned were unskilled unemployed workers who were imprisoned "because they were destitute, not because they were disloyal."[14][15].
The price of wheat tripled and the planted area doubled. The sacrificial spirit of the war intensified the social reform movements that had preceded the war and were now bearing fruit. Saskatchewan granted women the right to vote in 1916 and later that year passed a referendum to ban the sale of alcohol.
In the late 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan, imported from the United States and Ontario, gained brief popularity in nativist circles in Saskatchewan and Alberta. The Ku Klux Klan, briefly allied with the provincial Conservative Party due to their mutual dislike of Premier James G. "Jimmy" Gardiner and his Liberals (who fiercely fought the Ku Klux Klan), enjoyed about two years of prominence. It declined and disappeared, subject to widespread political and media opposition, as well as internal scandals related to the use of the organization's funds.
After World War II
In 1970 the first edition of the Canadian Western Agribition was held in Regina. This agricultural industry show, with a strong emphasis on livestock, is considered one of the five largest livestock shows in North America, along with those in Houston, Denver, Louisville and Toronto.
The province celebrated the 75th anniversary of its creation in 1980, with Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, presiding over official ceremonies.[16][17] In 2005, 25 years later, her sister, Queen Elizabeth II, attended the events marking Saskatchewan's centenary.[18].
Since the turn of the century, First Nations have become more politically active in seeking justice for past injustices, especially in relation to the appropriation of Indigenous lands by various governments. The federal and provincial governments have negotiated numerous land claims and developed a “treaty land entitlement” program, which allows First Nations to purchase land to convert to reserves with money from claims settlement.
In June 2021, a cemetery containing the remains of 751 unidentified people was found at the former Marieval Indian Boarding School, which was part of the Canadian Indian Boarding School system.[19].
Politics and Government
Saskatchewan posee la misma forma de gobierno que otras provincias canadienses,[20] con su Teniente-Gobernador - que representa a la monarquía, actualmente el rey Carlos III -, el Premier (o primer ministro), y una legislatura unicameral.
Durante muchos años, Saskatchewan ha sido una de las provincias de Canadá más de izquierdas, reflejando la voluntad de muchos de sus ciudadanos en cuestiones de alienación por los intereses del gran capital. En 1944 Tommy Douglas se convirtió en premier y estableció el primer gobierno socialista regional de Norteamérica. La mayor parte de sus MAL (Miembros de la Asamblea Legislativa) representaban a pequeños pueblos y predios rurales. Bajo su Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), el gobierno de Saskatchewan haría de ésta la primera provincia en contar con servicio de atención médica general. En 1961, Douglas abdicó de su cargo para convertirse en la primera figura política federal del Nuevo Partido Democrático.
A lo largo del período de posguerra, la CCF y sus sucesores, los Nuevos Demócratas de Saskatchewan, dominaron el campo político de la mano de Douglas Allan Blakeney, y Roy Romanow, todos sirviendo como premiers durante un tiempo, y transformándose en figuras nacionales. La urbanización desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial había alterado la economía provincial al despojarla de su base agrícola, lo que ocasionó una ligera emigración de los campos a la ciudad. Como resultado, hubo un correspondiente cambio en la ideología del NDS, que pasó a preocuparse más de los asuntos urbanos que de los rurales.
El Partido Liberal de Saskatchewan fue el principal en el poder durante gran parte de los primeros años de vida de la provincia, gobernando de 1905 a 1929 y de 1934 a 1944. Emergió nuevamente en 1964, pero se volvió insignificante tras la derrota del gobierno liberal de Ross Thatcher") en 1971. El Partido Progresivo Conservador de Saskatchewan encabezado por Grant Devine, reemplazó gradualmente a los liberales como el nuevo rival del NDS, consiguiendo una apabullante victoria en la «Matanza del lunes por la noche» (Monday Night Massacre) de 1982. No obstante, la popularidad de los conservadores cayó en picado a causa de los grandes déficits, aliándose con el gobierno federal de Mulroney en 1991. Muchos miembros de la Asamblea Legislativa, incluyendo a algunos ministros de gabinete, fueron declarados culpables de apropiación de fondos públicos, por lo que el Partido Conservador fue suspendido, aunque recientemente ha anunciado su intención de prsentarse a la próxima elección provincial.
Actualmente, la oposición oficial en la provincia la representa el Partido de Saskatchewan, una nueva facción política fundada en 1997 y que comprende a los antiguos simpatizantes de los Tories, a los primeros liberales e incluso a algunos neodemócratas frustrados por la incapacidad de evolución del NDS en materia de economía y población. El actual premier de Saskatchewan es el neodemócrata Lorne Calvert"), cuyo gobierno fue reelecto en la elección general de la provincia en 2003, por la mínima mayoría posible: el NDS obtuvo 30 de los 58 escaños de la Asamblea Legislativa y el PS los 28 restantes. Los primeros representan a ciudades y pueblos, y los segundos se centran mayoritariamente en la defensa del ámbito rural. Las «Primeras Naciones» y los Métis se hallan involucrados en la política y otras instituciones pero su representación es muy escasa. Un largo debate entre los círculos académicos canadienses gira en torno a si la extensión del sufragio a las «Primeras Naciones» inadvertidamente «regulariza» su papel de miembro de las naciones que han firmado tratados internacionales con la Corona en momentos en los que la etnia local era diferente.
Además de los tres largos períodos del NDS como gobierno provincial, Sakatchewan se inclina más hacia la derecha en la política federal. De las 14 dependencias federales de la provincia, 12 son comúnmente ocupadas por miembros conservadores del Parlamento. Mientras que Sakatchewan dispone de una mayoría gubernamental del NDS, el NDS federal ha sido desplazado de la provincia durante dos elecciones consecutivas. Los únicos liberales son el ministro de Finanzas Ralph Goodale"), y Gary Merasty"), primer Jefe Supremo del Consejo Superior de Prince Albert, cuya elección trajo a flote alegaciones de un posible fraude.
administrative division
Below the provincial level of government, Saskatchewan is divided into urban and rural municipalities. The Government of Saskatchewan's Ministry of Municipal Relations recognizes three general types of municipalities and seven subtypes: urban municipalities (cities, towns, villages and resort villages), rural municipalities and northern municipalities (northern towns, northern hamlets and northern hamlets).[21] Most of the land mass of northern Saskatchewan lies within the administrative district of Northern Saskatchewan, which is unorganised. Cities are formed under the provincial authority of The Cities Act, enacted in 2002.[22] Cities, villages, resort towns and rural municipalities are formed under the authority of The Municipalities Act, enacted in 2005.[23] The three subtypes of northern municipalities are formed under the authority of The Northern Municipalities Act. Act), enacted in 2010.[24].
In 2016, Saskatchewan's 774 municipalities covered 52.7% of the province's land area and were home to 94.8% of its population.[25].
These 774 municipalities are local governments "creatures of provincial jurisdiction" with legal personality. One of the key purposes of Saskatchewan municipalities is “to provide services, facilities and other things which, in the opinion of the council, are necessary or desirable for all or part of the municipality”[69]. Other purposes are: “to provide good government”; “develop and maintain a safe and viable community”; "promote economic, social and environmental well-being" and "wisely manage public goods."[26].
Municipalities
The ten most populated municipalities.
The following list does not include Lloydminster, which has a total population of 23,632 and straddles the border with Alberta. According to the 2001 census, only 7,840 people lived in the sector belonging to Saskatchewan, which would place this city in eleventh place with respect to the most populated municipalities in the province. All related communities are considered cities by the province, with the exception of Corman Park, which is a rural municipality. Municipalities in the province with a population of 5,000 or more are officially granted city status.
Geography
A grandes rasgos, Saskatchewan tiene forma de trapecio "Trapecio (geometría)"), con un área de 588 276,09 km². Sin embargo, debido a su tamaño, los límites septentrional y meridional, que son segmentos de los paralelos 60° norte y 49° norte, respectivamente, presentan una curvatura apreciable. Además, el límite oriental de la provincia está parcialmente torcido en lugar de seguir un meridiano, cuando las líneas de corrección fueron ideadas por topógrafos antes del programa (1880-1928). Saskatchewan limita al oeste con Alberta, al norte con los Territorios del Noroeste, al este con Manitoba, y al sur con los estados estadounidenses de Montana y Dakota del Norte. Saskatchewan es la única provincia canadiense en la que ninguna de sus fronteras se corresponden con rasgos geográficos físicos. Es también una de las dos únicas provincias sin salida al mar, junto con Alberta.
Saskatchewan está formada por dos regiones naturales principales: el Escudo Canadiense en el norte y las Llanuras Interiores en el sur. El norte de Saskatchewan está cubierto principalmente por el bosque boreal excepto las Dunas de Arena del Lago Athabasca, las dunas de arena activas más grandes del mundo al norte del paralelo 58°, adyacentes a la orilla sur del lago Athabasca. El sur de Saskatchewan contiene otra área con dunas de arena conocidas como «las Grandes Colinas de Arena» que cubren 300 km². Las Colinas del Ciprés (Cypress Hills), localizadas en el borde sudoeste de Saskatchewan y Killdeer Badlands (Grasslands National Park) son áreas de la provincia que permanecieron sin congelarse durante el último período de glaciación.
El punto más alto de la provincia, a 1468 (metros sobre el nivel del mar), está localizado en las Colinas del Ciprés. El punto más bajo, con 213 , está en la orilla de lago Athabasca en el extremo norte. La provincia tiene nueve cuencas hidrográficas distintas[27][28] formadas por varios ríos que desembocan en aguas del océano Ártico, y bahía de Hudson.
Climate
Saskatchewan receives more hours of sunshine than any other Canadian province.[29] The province is far from any significant body of water. This fact, combined with its northern latitude, gives it a warm summer, corresponding to its humid continental climate (Köppen type Dfb) in the central part and most of the eastern part of the province, as well as in the Cypress Hills; drying to a semi-arid steppe climate (Köppen type BSk) in the southwestern part of the province. Drought can affect agricultural areas for long periods with little or no rainfall. The northern parts of Saskatchewan - from La Ronge northward - have a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) with a shorter summer season.
Summers can become very hot, sometimes above 38 °C (100 °F) during the day, and with humidity decreasing from northeast to southwest. Warm southerly winds blow from the plains and intermontane regions of the western United States during much of July and August; During spring and September, very cool or warm but changing air masses usually occur. Winters are usually very cold, with frequent drops of arctic air from the north,[30] and with maximum temperatures not exceeding -17 °C (1 °F) for weeks. Warm winds usually blow from the west, bringing periods of mild weather. The average annual precipitation "Precipitation (meteorology)") ranges between 30 and 45 centimeters throughout the province, with most of it falling in June, July and August.[31].
Saskatchewan is one of the most tornado-active areas in Canada, with an average of between 12 and 18 tornadoes a year, some violent. In 2012, 33 tornadoes were recorded in the province. The Regina cyclone occurred in June 1912, when 28 people were killed in an F4 tornado on the Fujita scale. Severe and non-severe thunderstorms occur in Saskatchewan, typically from early spring to late summer. Hail, strong winds and isolated tornadoes are common.
The highest temperature ever recorded in Saskatchewan was in July 1937, when 45 °C (113 °F) was reached in Midale and Yellow Grass. The coldest temperature recorded in the province was -56.7 °C (-70.1 °F) in Prince Albert, north of Saskatoon, in February 1893.
The effects of climate change in Saskatchewan are already being seen in some areas of the province. Researchers link reduced biomass in Saskatchewan's boreal forests[32] (as well as those in other Canadian Prairie provinces) to drought-related water stress resulting from global warming, most likely caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Although studies carried out as early as 1988 (Williams, et al., 1988) have shown that climate change will affect agriculture,[33] it is not so clear whether the effects can be mitigated through adaptations of varieties or crops. The resilience of ecosystems can decrease with large changes in temperature.[34] The provincial government has responded to the threat of climate change by introducing a plan to reduce carbon emissions, "The Saskatchewan Energy and Climate Change Plan", in June 2007.
Geology
The geology of Saskatchewan can be divided into two main geological regions: the Precambrian Canadian Shield and the Phanerozoic Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin. Within the Precambrian Shield lies the Athabasca sedimentary basin. Meteorite impacts have altered the natural processes of geological formation. The grasslands were more recently affected by glacial phenomena in the Quaternary period.[35].
The Canadian Shield, a Precambrian shield, makes up the geology of the bedrock in which rocks and lakes[36] and an area of boreal forest stand out. There are transition zones between boreal and tundra flora.[37] The lower limit of the Canadian Shield crosses the province diagonally from 57 degrees latitude in the northwest to 54 degrees in the southeast.[38] Three orogenies formed the Precambrian shield: the Kenoran (Laurentian-Algomanian) orogeny, the Hudsonian (Penokean) orogeny, and the Grenville.[39][40][41] Between 2,200 and 2,500 million years ago, the Kenoran (Laurentian-Algomanian) orogeny occurred. 5,000 million years ago the Kenoran Orogeny occurred, on which the Hudsonian Orogeny was superimposed between 1,700 and 1,900 million years ago. The Earth experienced hotter and more volatile Archean tectonics, which revealed island arc volcanic activity and mountain formation.[42][43][44].
The Trans-Hudson Orogen occurred when several Archean continental blocks came together, including the Superior Craton from the southeast and the Hearne-Rae Craton from the northwest. Underlying this collision zone was a microcontinent called the Sask Craton.[45] The Canadian Grenville Province occurred between 1080 and 980 Ma and did not affect the geology of the Canadian Shield in Saskatchewan. The Grenvillian Orogeny deformed much of eastern Canada, and includes the tectonic zone of the Grenville Front in Quebec and Labrador, the Appalachian structural front to the south between what we today call the Great Lakes and Newfoundland.[46].
The Flin Flon Greenstone Belt, also called the Flin Flon-Snow Lake Greenstone Belt, is a Precambrian greenstone belt located in central Manitoba and east-central Saskatchewan, Canada. It is located in the central portion of the Trans-Hudson Orogeny and was formed by arc volcanism during the Paleoproterozoic Era.[47].
The Athabasca Basin, a historic fluvial siliciclastic basin with Hudson Mountain sediments with the occasional rare marine sequence.[48] The Athabasca Basin formed during the Statherian or Paleohelikian 1.7 to 1.6 billion years ago, when coarse clastic fluvial and marine sediments containing oxides of gold, copper, lead, zinc, and uranium were deposited. The world's highest quality uranium deposits are found in the unconformity between these clastic layers and the Precambrian bedrock.[49] The Athabasca Sand Hills, protected by the Athabasca Sand Dunes Provincial Park, are a unique feature of the Canadian Shield. The hills are located in northern Saskatchewan and border Lake Athabasca, which straddles the Alberta-Saskatchewan border.[50][51].
Flora
Saskatchewan's native flora includes vascular plants, as well as other species of plants and plant-like organisms, such as algae, lichens and other fungi, and mosses. Non-native plant species established outside crops have been recorded in Saskatchewan, some of which remain beneficial for gardening and agriculture, while others have become invasive and noxious weeds. Saskatchewan is committed to protecting endangered species in Canada.
The growing season has been studied and classified into plant hardiness zones based on the length of the growing season and climatic conditions. Biogeographic factors have also been divided into vegetative zones, floristic kingdoms, hardiness zones and ecoregions throughout Saskatchewan, and natural vegetation varies based on elevation, humidity, soil type, landforms and climate. The study of ethnobotany uncovers the interrelationship between humans and plants and the various ways in which people have used plants for economic, nutritional, medicinal and technological reasons. The Government of Saskatchewan has declared 3 native plants provincial symbols.
Saskatchewan has a continental climate and seasonal temperature variations mean that the growing season is short. On average, the province endures between 159 and 160 days without frost; in the far north, that figure drops to between 85 and 95.[53] In 1967, Canadian scientists created a map outlining plant hardiness zones. Hardiness zones examine climatic gradations such as the length of the frost-free period, summer precipitation, maximum summer temperatures, minimum winter temperatures and wind speed. The harshest environment for plants is 0 and the softest is classified as 8. The data corresponding to the requirements of the plants were correlated. An examination of this type provides guidance on the flora that can survive the geographical conditions of the hardiness zone.[54] At the end of the century, an event encouraged settlers to dedicate themselves to agriculture. Fife red wheat (Triticum aestivum) matured 20 days earlier than other wheats, allowing the plants to mature before autumn frosts.[55].
Saskatchewan has 367 rare species of vascular plants, of which 135 are listed as threatened.[56].
The white slipper (Cypripedium candidum) is the only plant in danger of local extinction (extirpated). Endangered plants include sand verbena (Abronia micrantha), western spider mite (Tradescantia occidentalis), small cryptantha (Cryptantha minima), and prairie plover (Dalea villosa). Threatened plants include mouse-eared cress (Halimolobos virgata).[57] These two reports help protect plants: Species at Risk In SK and Rare Plant Survey Guidelines.[58] Saskatchewan has implemented the Weed Control Act[59] to control introduced plants in Saskatchewan that have become a threat to natural biodiversity, such as leaf spurge ()[60] There are two reports on this matter: Invasive species and Noxious weeds of Saskatchewan.
Fauna
Saskatchewan's fauna includes various terrestrial and aquatic animal species. From among the multiplicity of invertebrates and vertebrates, two have been chosen as symbols of Saskatchewan.[65] Cenozoic vertebrate fossils reveal the geological evolution of the interior plains and their prehistoric biogeography.[66] Today, Saskatchewan's ecosystems range from the subarctic tundra of the Canadian Shield in northern Saskatchewan to the aspen parklands, the central Canadian forests of the center of the province, and grassland prairies.[67] Wildlife inhabit unique zones based on their specific and varied reproductive, foraging, and nesting needs.[68] With a large expanse of land and water, and low population density, Saskatchewan's ecoregions provide important habitat for many animals, both endangered and non-endangered.[69] Wildlife naturalists have listed declining and increasing wildlife populations. They advocate for programs and methods to preserve or reintroduce endangered species and identify programs to control outbreaks of wildlife populations.[70] A wide diversity of wildlife habitats are conserved as parks and reserves that protect the feeding and breeding grounds of Saskatchewan's protected and native wildlife.[71].
The sharp-tailed grouse (Pedioectes phasianellus jamesi) was declared a symbol of Saskatchewan in 1945.[72] [73]Since 2001, the provincial animal is the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).[74].
Fossils dating from the Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene and Pleistocene have been discovered. These Cenozoic vertebrates include mammals, amphibians, and reptiles. Fossils of birds have also been unearthed dating from the Eocene (55.8±0.2 to 33.9±0.1 Ma) and the Miocene (23.03 to 5.33 Ma).[75] Historically, mammoths and mastodons that migrated from Eurasia across the Bering Bridge roamed the plains. Black bear, Bison antiquus, Bison latifrons, bobcat, Bos bison, caribou, cheetah, Columbian mammoth, elk, brown bear, horse, Ice Age elephant, llama, lion, elk, one-humped camel, pronghorn, saber-toothed cat, bison steppe (Bison priscus), white-tailed and mule deer, and woolly mammoth populated the plains in prehistoric times.[76] The American bison, commonly known as "buffalo" is the largest and most notable mammal found in Saskatchewan dating back to its ancestors, Bison antiquus, and Bison latifrons.[77] Large reptiles such as mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, Ichthyosaurs and sea turtles lived in the seas that covered Saskatchewan, fossils of Triceratops were also unearthed.[78][79].
Mammal species differ between the various ecoregions of Saskatchewan. There are six orders of placental mammals that inhabit Saskatchewan. They are bats, carnivores (including pinnipeds), artiodactyls, cetaceans, insectivores and rodents (including lagomorphs).[80].
There are fewer varieties of species as elevation increases, corresponding to the Taiga and Boreal Shield and Cypress Hills Highlands ecozones. The mammals that endure the harsh environment of the extreme north of the Taiga Shield, Boreal Shield and Boreal Plain ecozones are the American black bear (Ursus americanus), the auger caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus), the western moose (), canary bat (), wolverine (), marten (), forest wolf (), red fox (), mink (), snowshoe hare () and red-backed vole ().[81].
Economy
Saskatchewan's economy is traditionally agricultural; However, emerging diversification has meant that this activity, along with forestry, fishing and hunting, now constitutes only 6.8% of the province's GDP. Wheat is the most common crop, and perhaps the only one representative of Saskatchewan, but others such as rapeseed, flax, rye, oats, peas, lentils, millet, and barley are also present. Likewise, mining is of vital importance for the province. Saskatchewan is the world's largest exporter of potash (Potash (mineral)). In the northern area, forestry activity regains certain relevance.
Saskatchewan is also the world's largest supplier of uranium, supplying most of the Western Hemisphere. The industry of this mineral is closely followed by the provincial government, which endorses its price in the international market.
Saskatchewan's GDP was 32 billion Canadian dollars in 2003, with economic sectors divided as follows:
Important companies located in Sasckatchewan are the Hill family's Harvard Developments, Viterra (previously Saskatchewan Wheat Pool), Concentra Financial Services, the metallurgical company Ipsco") (although its operational base is in Lisle, a neighborhood of Chicago), the agricultural machinery producer Brandt Industries, PotashCorp and Cameco.
The Crown corporation includes the province's most prominent entities: SaskTel, SaskEnergy (natural gas supplier), and SaskPower. Bombardier operates out of the NATO Flying Training Center at 15 Wing, near Moose Jaw. Bombardier obtained a long-term contract in the late 1990s, worth $2.8 billion from the federal government, to purchase military aeronautical material and manage training.
Demography
Aunque los habitantes de ascendencia europea componen la mayoría de la población, los aborígenes constituyen una minoría bastante considerable. Las etnias que no pertenecen a ninguno de los susodichos grupos son, en proporción, insignificantes.
Origen étnico[91]
Nota: En el cuestionario del censo de 2001 un individuo podía hacer constar más de un origen étnico, por lo que la suma de las cifras que siguen sobrepasa el 100%..
• - Métis (mestizos de europeos e indígenas) 4,2 %.
• - Neerlandeses 3,4 %.
• - Suecos 3,1 %.
• - Rusos 2,9 %.
• - Húngaros 2,5 %.
• - Austríacos 1,5 %.
• - Galeses 1,4 %.
• - Estadounidenses 1,2 %.
• - Rumanos 1,1 %.
• - Daneses 1 %.
• - Chinos 1,0 %.
Education
The first education on the prairies was provided within the family group of the First Nation or the first fur trading families. There were only a few missionary or trading post schools established in Rupert's Land, later known as the Northwest Territories.
In 1886, the first 76 school districts in the Northwest Territories were formed and the first meeting of the Board of Education. The large increase in immigration led to the formation of ethnic blocs. The communities sought for their children an education similar to that of the schools in their places of origin. Log cabins and residences are built for community assemblies, schools, churches, dances and meetings.
The prosperous 1920s and farmers successfully establishing themselves on their estates provided the funding to regularize education. Textbooks, normal schools for formally educated teachers, school curricula, and state architectural art school programs provided cultural continuity to the entire province. English as a school language helped provide economic stability by being able to trade with each other. The University of Saskatchewan was founded in 1907 and the number of individual district schools reached approximately 5,000, on par with the education system in the late 1940s.
Following the Second World War, the transition from many individual schools to fewer but larger and technologically modern city schools occurred as a means of ensuring technical education. School buses, roads, and family vehicles made it possible to study in schools far from the place of residence. Tractors and other agricultural machinery induced a shift from family farms and subsistence crops to large crops. There was no longer a need for communities every 10 or 16 kilometers apart or within the reach of a horse and cart. This evolution is still ongoing and according to the spring 2007 analysis, another 50 rural consolidated schools now face imminent closure.[92][93].
School vouchers (a certificate by which parents are offered the opportunity to pay for their children's education at a school of their choice, rather than the public school to which they were assigned) have recently been proposed as a means of allowing competition between rural schools and making the operation of cooperative schools practicable in rural areas.
Health
The Saskatchewan Ministry of Health is responsible for policy direction, sets and monitors standards, and funds regional health authorities and provincial health services. Saskatchewan's healthcare system is single-payer. Saskatchewan doctors are independent contractors. They refer their bills to the publicly funded Saskatchewan Medical Assistance Insurance Plan, which pays them. Patients pay nothing to their doctors or hospitals for medical care.[94].
In 1944, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), a left-wing agrarian and labor party, won the provincial election in Saskatchewan and formed the first socialist government in North American history. Re-elected repeatedly, the CCF campaigned in the early 1960s on the issue of universal health coverage and, after winning the election again, implemented it, the first in Canada. However, the province's doctors' union was fiercely opposed and organized a massive strike the day the new system came into effect.
Supported by the Saskatchewan Chamber of Commerce, most newspapers, and the right-wing Keep Our Doctors movement, the doctors' union ran an effective communications campaign that portrayed universal health care as a communist plan that would spread disease. The strike, which had been made very unpopular by the scandalous rhetoric of some of its leaders (one of them had called for bloodshed), finally ended after a few weeks, and universal health coverage was adopted by the entire country five years later.[95].
Transport
Transportation in Saskatchewan includes an infrastructure system of roads, highways, expressways, airports, ferries, pipelines, trails, waterways and rail systems[96] that serve a population of approximately 1,003,299 (2007 estimates) year-round.[97] The Saskatchewan Department of Highways and Transportation estimates that 80% of traffic is carried on the main highway system in Saskatchewan. 5,031 km.[98].
The Ministry of Highways and Infrastructure manages more than 26,000 km of highways and divided highways. There are also municipal roads with different surfaces. Asphalt concrete pavements total almost 9,000 km, granular pavement almost 5,000 km, non-structural or thin membrane TMS approach 7,000 km and, finally, gravel roads total more than 5,600 km across the province. In the northern sector, ice roads that can only be traveled on in the winter months comprise another approximately 150 km (93 mi) of travel.[99] In 2024, the Government of Canada awarded Saskatchewan a $6.1 million grant for shuttle buses serving remote communities.[100].
Saskatchewan has more than 250,000 km of roads and highways, the largest length of road surface of any Canadian province.[101] Saskatchewan's major highways are the Trans-Canada Highway, Yellowhead Highway northern Trans Canada route, Louis Riel Trail, CanAm Highway, Red Coat Trail, Northern Woods and Water route, and Saskota travel route.
The first Canadian transcontinental railway was built by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) between 1881 and 1885.[102] Following the construction of the great east-west transcontinental railway, north-south connecting branches were established. The 1920s saw the largest increase in railway tracks, as the CPR and the Canadian National Railway (CNR) competed to offer rail service within a ten kilometer radius. In the 1960s there were requests to abandon branch lines.[103] Currently, the province's only two passenger rail services are the Canadian and the Winnipeg-Churchill train, both operated by Via Rail. The Canadian is a transcontinental service that connects Toronto with Vancouver.
Saskatchewan's main waterways are the North Saskatchewan River or the South Saskatchewan River. In total, there are 3,050 bridges maintained by the Department of Highways in Saskatchewan.[104] Twelve ferry services currently operate in the province, all under the jurisdiction of the Department of Highways.
Saskatoon Airport was initially created as part of the Royal Canadian Air Force training program during World War II. In 1993 it was renamed John G. Diefenbaker Airport[105] Roland J. Groome Airfield has been the official name of Regina International Airport since 2005; The airport was founded in 1930.
Airlines offering flights to Saskatchewan are Air Canada, WestJet Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Transwest Air, Sunwing Airlines, Norcanair Airlines, La Ronge Aviation Services Ltd, La Loche Airways, Osprey Wings Ltd, Buffalo Narrows Airways Ltd, Île-à-la-Crosse Airways Ltd, Voyage Air, Pronto Airways, Venture Air Ltd, Pelican Narrows Air Service, Jackson Air Services Ltd, and Northern Dene Airways Ltd.[106].
The Government of Canada agreed to provide $20 million for the construction of two new interchanges in Saskatoon. One of them at the intersection of Highway 219/Lorne Avenue with Circle Drive, and the other at the Senator Sid Buckwold Bridge (Idylwyld Freeway) and Circle Drive. This is part of the Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative to improve access to the CNR intermodal freight terminal and thus increase Asia-Pacific trade. Additionally, the Government of Canada will provide $27 million to Regina to build a CPR intermodal facility and improve transportation infrastructure to the facility from the two national highway networks, Highway 1, Trans-Canada, and Highway 11, Louis Riel Trail. This is also part of the Asia-Pacific Corridor and Gateway Initiative to improve access to the CPR terminal and increase Asia-Pacific trade.[107].
Culture
La Cultura de Saskatchewan examina las pautas de la actividad humana en la provincia de las praderas centrales de Canadá, analizando el modo de vida de la gente en la geografía, el clima y el contexto social de Saskatchewan.
Las Primeras Naciones y los comerciantes de pieles adoptaron un estilo de vida trashumante y de caza y recolección para satisfacer sus necesidades económicas y de sustento. Del mismo modo, los primeros colonos del siglo y principios del dedicaron la mayor parte de su tiempo a cultivar la tierra y proporcionar productos agrícolas de subsistencia a sus familias. A principios del siglo se desarrollaron prácticas agrícolas de éxito, y la sociedad se regocijó en los locos años veinte. Los años de depresión y sequía de los sucios años treinta se llevaron por delante el sustento agrícola. Se dispuso de electricidad en las distintas regiones de Saskatchewan.
La economía experimentó un crecimiento no sólo en el sector agrícola, sino que también se liberó mano de obra para dedicarse a otras actividades distintas de la agricultura. A partir de los años 40, se produjo un gran avance en el panorama artístico y cultural de Saskatchewan.[108] Antes de esta fecha, las actividades artísticas y culturales eran principalmente de carácter familiar, individual y no remunerado. En las escuelas locales se representaban obras de teatro, los miembros de la familia o de la tribu se dedicaban a la artesanía de diversos tipos que podían convertirse en reliquias, las comunidades se reunían para participar en diversas actividades deportivas de recreo. La Comisión Real para el Desarrollo Nacional de las Artes, las Letras y las Ciencias elaboró el Informe Massey a principios de la década de 1950. Esta comisión tomó nota de los puntos fuertes y débiles de la comunidad cultural y condujo a la creación del Consejo de Canadá, que promovió el talento "Talento (aptitud)") floreciente.
Clifford Sifton estableció oficinas coloniales en Europa y Estados Unidos para fomentar la inmigración procedente de Gran Bretaña y Estados Unidos, y de ucranianos, doukhobors y otros grupos del Imperio austriaco para poblar el Oeste canadiense. Entre 1891 y 1914 se produjo la mayor afluencia de inmigración a los Territorios del Noroeste y la provincia de Saskatchewan. Los mestizos franceses de Duck Lake y St. Louis de 1870, la colonia agrícola de Qu'Appelle y Bell Farm de 1880, Cannington Manor de 1882, la colonia de artesanos de East London de 1884, la colonia alemana en bloque de New Elsass de 1885, la colonia sueca de New Stockholm de 1885, la colonia menonita de Rosthern de 1893, Montmartre/Grenfell, colonia gallega de 1896, y Good Spirit Lake Doukhobor Annex (colonia de Devils Lake) de 1899 son sólo algunos de los primeros asentamientos de bloques étnicos establecidos en el siglo en los primeros Territorios del Noroeste.
Los asentamientos de bloques étnicos de esta primera época se concentraron en desarrollar sus métodos agrícolas y luego en establecer iglesias y escuelas. La religión y la educación se basaban en lo que conocían de su país de origen. La Primera Guerra Mundial puso de manifiesto la necesidad de una identidad y una lengua comunes en Canadá y el oeste. Las escuelas establecieron un plan de estudios provincial y una lengua estándar. La identidad cultural se desplazó de la patria a la creación de una nueva sociedad y cultura con una sola lengua unificadora para ayudar a la economía y al crecimiento social. La Segunda Guerra Mundial acentuó de nuevo la necesidad de una identidad que fuera verdadera y únicamente canadiense, lo que también era una norma deseada en Saskatchewan.[109].
Los primeros exploradores y aventureros fueron atraídos a los Territorios del Noroeste por las pinturas de Paul Kane, que describían un oeste romántico y lleno de aventuras. Ya en la temporada de verano de 1955, la Escuela de Verano del Regina College en Murray Point, en el lago Emma, alcanzó relevancia nacional.[110] Augustus Kenderdine, Inglis Sheldon-Williams, Illingworth Kerr, James Henderson, Ernest Lindner, Jan Wyers, Dorothy Knowles, Reta Cowley y William Perehudoff son artistas de Saskatchewan muy conocidos y aclamados. Kenneth Lochhead, Arthur McKay, Ronald Bloore, Douglas Morton y Ted Godwin se hicieron famosos como los «Cinco de Regina». Joe Fafard, Jack Sures y Vic Cicansky hacen de la cerámica y la escultura sus medios plásticos. También destacan los pintores Bob Boyer y David Thauberger, así como el escultor Bill Epp y los hermanos Huang Zhongyang y Huang Zhongru.[111].
MacKenzie Art Gallery Regina es la única galería de arte importante de la provincia que funciona actualmente y de la que se sabe que trae grandes exposiciones de otras galerías. La ya desaparecida Mendel Art Gallery Saskatoon cesó su actividad en 2015 sin que se conozca la fecha de apertura de una nueva galería. Prince Albert, North Battleford, Moose Jaw y Yorkton tienen galerías públicas.
Literature
The Saskatchewan Writers Guild, the Saskatchewan Playwrights Centre, and the Thunder Creek Publishing Co-operative were created to support and promote the literary talent of Saskatchewan.
James Sinclair Ross, W. O. Mitchell, Lorna Crozier, Anne Szumigalski, Candace Savage and Robert Kroetsch are Saskatchewan literary artists.[112]
The Reverend Charles Gordon (pseudonym of Ralph Connor), Robert Stead, Frederick Philip Grove, Wallace Stegner, R.D. (Bob) Symons, Edward McCourt, Lorna Crozier, Bonnie Burnard, David Carpenter, Don Kerr, Byrna Barclay, Glen Sorestad, Gertrude Story,[113] Maria Campbell, Sharon Butala, Guy Vanderhaege, Brenda Baker, Art Slade, Alice Kuipers, Dave Margoshes and Chris Fisher have also contributed to the Saskatchewan literary scene. Some Saskatchewan poets include Eli Mandel, Andrew Suknaski and John Hicks. Famous Saskatchewan novelists would be Ken Mitchell, Gary Hyland, Robert Currie, Geoffrey Ursell and Barbara Sapergia, to name a few.
Tim Lilburn is a Regina poet who has won the Governor General's Literary Award for his novel Kill-site. He was joined by Allen Sapp, a painter of the Red Pheasant Reserve who also includes awards from the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts and an Officer of the Order of Canada. with literary recognition from Premier Roy Romanow during the 1997 Governor General's Literary Awards ceremony.[115] Other Saskatchewan artists have been honored with the Governor General's Literary Awards, including Lorna Crozier (Swift Current), Inventing the Hawk, John Newlove (Regina), The Cave and Lies, Fred Wah (born in Swift Current), Waiting for Saskatchewan, Diana Wieler (Saskatoon), Bad Boy, and Rudy Wiebe, The Temptation of Big Bear and A Discovery of Strangers.
Sport
Hockey is the most popular sport in Saskatchewan. More than 500 National Hockey League (NHL) players have been born in Saskatchewan, the most per capita of any Canadian province, US state or European country,[116] including Gordie Howe, nicknamed "Mr. Hockey" and considered one of the greatest hockey players of all time.[117] Other notable NHL figures born in Saskatchewan include Keith Allen, Bryan Trottier, Bernie Federko, Clark Gillies, Fernie Flaman, Fred Sasakamoose, Bert Olmstead, Harry Watson, Elmer Lach, Max Bentley, Sid Abel, Doug Bentley, Eddie Shore, Clint Smith, Bryan Hextall, Johnny Bower, Emile Francis, Glenn Hall, Chuck Rayner, Wendel Clark, Brad McCrimmon, Mike Babcock, Patrick Marleau, Theo Fleury, Terry Harper, Wade Redden, Brian Propp, Ryan Getzlaf, Chris Kunitz, Kelly Chase and Jordan Eberle. Several players and notable figures in women's hockey also hail from the province, including Hayley Wickenheiser, Colleen Sostorics, Gina Kingsbury, Shannon Miller and Emily Clark.
Wickenheiser was the first female skater to play full-time professional hockey in a men's league and is considered one of the greatest hockey players of all time.[118] Saskatchewan does not have a professional hockey franchise, but five junior Western Hockey League teams are based in the province: the Moose Jaw Warriors, Prince Albert Raiders, Regina Pats, Saskatoon Blades and Swift Current Broncos.
The Saskatchewan Roughriders are the province's professional Canadian soccer team, playing in the Canadian Football League, and are based in Regina, but are popular throughout Saskatchewan. The team's fans also gather on game days across Canada, and are collectively known as "Rider Nation." The Roughriders are one of the oldest professional sports teams and community franchises in North America, having won four Gray Cup championships. The province also has successful women's soccer teams. The Saskatoon Valkyries and the Regina Riot are the only two teams to have won "Competition (game)" championships in the Western Women's Canadian Football League since play began in 2011.
The province is home to two other professional sports franchises. The Saskatchewan Rush play in the National Lacrosse League. In 2016, their first year after moving from Edmonton, Alberta, the Rush won both their division title and league championship. In 2018, the province hosted a Canadian Elite Basketball League franchise, the Saskatchewan Rattlers, who won the league's inaugural championship in 2019. The Saskatchewan Heat are a semi-professional team in the National Ringette League. The province has six teams in the Western Canada Baseball League.
Curling is the official sport of the province and, historically, Saskatchewan has been one of the strongest provinces in curling.[119] Saskatchewan teams have won seven men's Canadian championships, five men's world championships, thirteen women's Canadian championships and four women's world championships. Notable Saskatchewan curlers include Ernie Richardson, Joyce McKee, Vera Pezer, Rick Folk, Sandra Schmirler and Ben Hebert. In a 2019 poll by The Sports Network (TSN), experts ranked Schmirler's Saskatchewan team, which won the gold medal at the 1998 Olympics, as the best women's team in Canadian history.[120].
• - Portal:Saskatchewan. Content related to Saskatchewan.
• - Canadian prairies.
• - Wikimedia Commons hosts a multimedia category on Saskatchewan.
• - SaskTourism.
• - Saskatchewan Centennial 2005. Archived July 2, 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
• - SaskFilm.
• - CBC Digital Archives - Showdown on the Prairies: A History of the Saskatchewan Election.
[5] ↑ Rowles, E. (1952). "Bannock, beans and bacon: An investigation of pioneer diet". Saskatchewan History. 1 (1): 1–16.
[6] ↑ Rollings-Magnusson, Sandar (2000). «Canada's Most Wanted: Pioneer Women on the Western Prairies». Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie (en inglés) 37 (2): 223-238. ISSN 1755-618X. doi:10.1111/j.1755-618X.2000.tb01265.x. Consultado el 15 de mayo de 2025.: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-618X.2000.tb01265.x
[7] ↑ Pitsula, James M. (2005). "Disparate Duo". Beaver. 85 (4): 14–24.
[8] ↑ Love, Ronald S. (2005). "'A Harebrained Plan': Saskatchewan and the Formation of a Provincial Telephone Policy, 1906–1912". Saskatchewan History. 57 (1): 15–33.
[9] ↑ Kevin H. Burley, The Development of Canada's Staples 1867–1939: A Documentary Collection (1970) pp 139–43.
[11] ↑ Buller, Arthur Henry Reginald (1919). Essays on Wheat: Including the Discovery and Introduction of Marquis Wheat, the Early History of Wheatgrowing in Manitoba, Wheat in Western Canada, the Origin of Red Bobs and Kitchener, and the Wild Wheat of Palestine (en inglés). Macmillan. Consultado el 15 de mayo de 2025.: https://books.google.com/books?id=YqMUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA218
[12] ↑ Hengen, Girard (1988). "A Case Study in Urban Reform: Regina Before the First World War". Saskatchewan History. 41 (1): 19–34.
[13] ↑ «James M. Pitsula, For All We Have and Are: Regina and the Experience of the Great War (U of Manitoba Press, 2008), p 280. online review Archived April 10, 2021».: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=25802
[14] ↑ Lubomyr Luciuk, In Fear of the Barbed Wire Fence: Canada's First National Internment Operations and the Ukrainian Canadians, 1914–1920 (Kingston: Kashtan Press, 2001).
[32] ↑ Ma, Zhihai; Peng, Changhui; Zhu, Qiuan; Chen, Huai; Yu, Guirui; Li, Weizhong; Zhou, Xiaolu; Wang, Weifeng et al. (14 de febrero de 2012). «Regional drought-induced reduction in the biomass carbon sink of Canada's boreal forests». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 (7): 2423-2427. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 3289349. PMID 22308340. doi:10.1073/pnas.1111576109. Consultado el 14 de mayo de 2025. Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda).: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3289349/
[33] ↑ Williams, G.D.V., R.A. Fautley, K.H. Jones, R.B. Stewart, and E.E. Wheaton. 1988. "Estimating Effects of Climatic Change on Agriculture in Saskatchewan, Canada." p. 219–379. In M.L. Parry et al. (ed.) The Impact of Climatic Variations on Agriculture. Vol. 1 Assessment in Cool Temperate and Cold Regions. Reidel Publ. Co. Dordrecht.
[36] ↑ University of Alberta Libraries, John; Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology (2007). Deep Alberta : fossil facts and dinosaur digs. Edmonton : University of Alberta Press. ISBN 978-0-88864-481-7. Consultado el 19 de mayo de 2025.: https://archive.org/details/deepalbertafossi00acor
[38] ↑ Ward, Norman (1985). "Saskatchewan - Geology". In Marsh, James H. (ed.). The Canadian Encyclopedia (Pat-Z ed.). Edmonton, AB, CA: Hurtig Publishers Ltd. p. 1635. ISBN 0-88830-269-X. (vol 2), (vol 1), (vol 3).
[39] ↑ Byres, A.R. (1969). "Physical Geography Evolution of the present bedrock surface.". In J.H. Richards, K.I. Fung (ed.). Atlas of Saskatchewan. W.G.E. Caldwell, W.O. Kupsch. Saskatoon, SK, CA: University of Saskatchewan. pp. 44–45.
[41] ↑ «Percival, J.A. (2002-03-07). "BOOK REVIEWS" (PDF). THE TECTONICS OF THE CANADIAN SHIELD. Edited by Jonn S. SrrwrqsoN. Western Superior NATMAP working group. This is the third volume in a series on the Canadian Shield, published by the Royal Society of Canada, and is called Special Publication No 4. Retrieved 2009-01-24. Kenoran (Algoman) orogeny».: http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM48/AM48_713.pdf
[47] ↑ «NorrisTROYMET EXPLORATION CORP., Jessica; Tracy Hurley (September 24, 2007). "Report on the 2007 Diamond Drilling program, McClarty Lake Project, Manitoba The Pas Mining District" (PDF). Troymet Exploration Corp. and Aurora Geosciences Ltd. Retrieved 2009-01-24.».: https://www.gov.mb.ca/ctt/mrd/geo/field/roa02pdfs/GS-11.pdf
[48] ↑ Ramaeker, P (2007). [geoscan.ess.nrcan.gc.ca/starweb/geoscan/servlet.starweb "Revised geological map and stratigraphy of the Athabasca Group, Saskatchewan and Alberta"]. Saskatchewan Geology. Natural Resources Canada.
[52] ↑ Fung, Kai-iu (1999). Barry, Bill; Wilson, Michael (eds.). Atlas of Saskatchewan Celebrating the Millennium (Millennium ed.). Saskatchewan: University of Saskatchewan. pp. 71–88. ISBN 0-88880-387-7.
[54] ↑ «Saskatchewan (province) - MSN Encarta». web.archive.org. 31 de octubre de 2009. Consultado el 19 de mayo de 2025. - [https://web.archive.org/web/20091031005422/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567968_2/Saskatchewan_(province).html](https://web.archive.org/web/20091031005422/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567968_2/Saskatchewan_(province).html)
[61] ↑ Thorpe, J. (1999). "Natural Vegetation". In Kai-iu Fung; Bill Barry; Wilson, Michael (eds.). Atlas of Saskatchewan Celebrating the Millennium (Millennium ed.). Saskatchewan: University of Saskatchewan. pp. 132–138. ISBN 0-88880-387-7.
[68] ↑ ThorpeWapple, Robert (1999). "Wildlife". In Kai-iu Fung; Bill Barry; Wilson, Michael (eds.). Atlas of Saskatchewan Celebrating the Millennium. Andrew B. Didiuk Alan Smith, Bernie Gollop, Jennifer Merkowsky, Peter Jonker (Millennium ed.). Saskatchewan: University of Saskatchewan. pp. 138–168. ISBN 978-0-88880-387-0.
[79] ↑ University of Alberta Libraries, John; Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology (2007). Deep Alberta : fossil facts and dinosaur digs. Edmonton : University of Alberta Press. ISBN 978-0-88864-481-7. Consultado el 20 de mayo de 2025.: https://archive.org/details/deepalbertafossi00acor
[92] ↑ Warren, Jeremy. Saskatoon Star Phoenix, ed. More than 50 rural schools facing closure, says Wall. Saskatoon Star Phoenix newspaper Wednesday March 14, 2007. pp. A4.
[95] ↑ Frank, Thomas (1 de agosto de 2020). «It's the healthcare system, stupid». Le Monde diplomatique (en inglés). Consultado el 23 de marzo de 2025.: https://mondediplo.com/2020/08/02populism-expertise
[108] ↑ Howe, The Right Honourable C.D. (1956), The Official Handbook of Present Conditions and Recent Progress Canada 1956, Ottawa, Ontario: Queen's Printer Canada year Book Section Information Services Division Dominion Bureau of Statistics, p. 115.
[110] ↑ Howe, The Right Honourable C.D. (1956), The Official Handbook of Present Conditions and Recent Progress Canada 1956, Ottawa, Ontario: Queen's Printer Canada year Book Section Information Services Division Dominion Bureau of Statistics, p. 124.
[113] ↑ «University Archives and Special Collections - University Library». library (en inglés). Consultado el 16 de mayo de 2025.: https://library.usask.ca/uasc/
The western Canadian sedimentary basin had three phases of deposition that depended on the plate tectonics of the time. It was determined that present-day North America sat on the Proterozoic supercontinent Rodinia.[52].
This continent separated about 700 million years ago and formed other continents, one of which was Laurentia or the North American Craton. Laurentia moved south of the equatorial zone. Because this new continent was smaller than Rodinia, it had some surface area below the water level, including the area designated as the Phanerozoic basin. The Cambrian period 544-505 Ma to Mississippian 362-320 Ma deposited basal clastics, then shelf carbonates and evaporites. These deposits constitute the origin of potassium evaporites for the potash industry. Laurentia began to rise at the end of the Cambrian. Massive floods occurred during the Middle Ordovician, between 505 and 441 Ma. Laurentia had moved again, and the Saskatchewan region was now north of the equator and some uplift left the land exposed again. Late Ordovician reflooding with warm waters increased calcium carbonate sedimentation and marine life.
During the Quaternary, between 2 and 3 million years ago, the grasslands were covered by a glacier, the Laurentide Ice Sheet.
Euphorbia). esula
An ecoregion encompasses soil types and relief similarities.[61] The Taiga Shield ecozone in the far north includes the Lake Selwyn Uplands and Lake Tazin Uplands ecoregion.[62] This ecoregion would have vegetation generally corresponding to subarctic forest. The Boreal Shield ecozone is further divided into the Athabasca Plain and the Churchill River Uplands, and this area of northern Saskatchewan has been described by the World Wildlife Fund as part of the Midwestern Canadian Shield Forests ecoregion. The Boreal Plains ecozone comprises the Middle Boreal Highlands, Middle Boreal Lowlands, and Boreal Transition ecoregions. Further south is the Prairie Ecozone, consisting of the Aspen Parks, Wet Mixed Prairies, Northern Mixed Grasslands, and Cypress Uplands ecoregions. The ecoregions are further divided into landscape zones.[63][64].
Several biogeographic factors contribute to the richness and diversity of Saskatchewan's flora. From north to south there is a great variety of vegetative zones. In the extreme north are the subarctic forest and the northern boreal forest. South of the tree line is the Southern Boreal Forest. The grasslands are divided into aspen grasslands, wet mixed grasslands, mixed grasslands, cypress grasslands, and fescue grasslands. In southeastern Saskatchewan are the Dry Mixed Prairie of the Great Sand Hills area and the Cypress Hills.
There are many plants native to Saskatchewan that can be prepared as vegetables, infusions, wine, jams, syrups and flour. Other plants have medicinal qualities. The harvest of different plants varies. The shoots and leaves of some plants are harvested, while the roots and tubers of others are picked like potatoes. When locating native plants, it is important to take into account what season to harvest them and what habitats to look for. At the edges of the swampy ponds you can see the broadleaf cattail or the yellow water lily (Nuphar advena).
Alces alces anderson
Lasiurus cinereus
Gulo gulo
Martes Americana
Canis lupus occidentalis
Vulpes vulpes
Neovison vison
Lepus americanus
Clethrionomys
The Athabasca Plain ecoregion supplies lichens as winter forage for woodland caribou. The arctic fox, as a predator, is also found in this region. In addition to the mammals of the Taiga Shield ecozone, the small brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus), the Canadian lynx (Lynx canadensis), the timber wolf, the Canadian beaver (Castor canadensis) and the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) are found in the Boreal Shield ecozone.[82]
In Saskatchewan there are breeding, wintering, migration, breeding and wintering areas and aestivating (non-breeding) areas for 414 species of birds. (recorded 1998) Migrants follow migratory routes that can be determined by banding.
Owls, grouse and finches spend the winter in the province. Bird species that can be found in the Northern Taiga Shield Ecozone, Selwyn Lake Upland Ecoregion, include Harris's Sparrow (Zonotrichia querula), Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator), Grey-cheeked Thrush (Catharus minimus), House Sparrow (Passer montanus), Spruce Grouse (Dendragapus canadensis), the ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus), the common crane (Grus canadensis), waterfowl and shorebirds. As part of the Tazin Lake highlands, the great crested grebe, common yellow-legged grebe (Tringa melanoleuca), white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) and golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) stand out. The Athabasca Plain ecoregion of the Boreal Shield is the breeding ground for the Bohemian crossbill (Bombycilla garrulus), the white-winged crossbill (Loxia leucoptera), the Cape warbler (Dendroica tigrina), the Canada goose (Branta canadensis) and the blackcap (Dendroica striata).[83] In the southwestern area of the Boreal Shield ecozone is the Churchill River plateau, which has the second highest population of bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus).[84].
Typical reptiles of the mixed grassland ecoregion are the horned lizard (Phrynosoma), the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis), the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina), and the prairie rattlesnake, and the western painted turtle (C. p. bellii).[85] Leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and chorus frogs (Pseudacris) are typical amphibians of the Grasslands National Park.[86].
Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus), white capybara (Catostomus commersoni), proboscis capybara (Catostomus catostomus), burbot (Lota lota), lake herring (Coregonus artedi), lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), Walleye (Sander vitreus) and northern pike (Esox lucius) are fish from the freshwater lakes of Saskatchewan.[87][88] The perch (Perca flavescens) swims along with northern pike, walleye, and lake trout in the Mid-Boreal lowlands. Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), goldeye (Hiodon alosoides), and largemouth buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) are fish species of the Saskatchewan River.
The western Canadian sedimentary basin had three phases of deposition that depended on the plate tectonics of the time. It was determined that present-day North America sat on the Proterozoic supercontinent Rodinia.[52].
This continent separated about 700 million years ago and formed other continents, one of which was Laurentia or the North American Craton. Laurentia moved south of the equatorial zone. Because this new continent was smaller than Rodinia, it had some surface area below the water level, including the area designated as the Phanerozoic basin. The Cambrian period 544-505 Ma to Mississippian 362-320 Ma deposited basal clastics, then shelf carbonates and evaporites. These deposits constitute the origin of potassium evaporites for the potash industry. Laurentia began to rise at the end of the Cambrian. Massive floods occurred during the Middle Ordovician, between 505 and 441 Ma. Laurentia had moved again, and the Saskatchewan region was now north of the equator and some uplift left the land exposed again. Late Ordovician reflooding with warm waters increased calcium carbonate sedimentation and marine life.
During the Quaternary, between 2 and 3 million years ago, the grasslands were covered by a glacier, the Laurentide Ice Sheet.
Euphorbia). esula
An ecoregion encompasses soil types and relief similarities.[61] The Taiga Shield ecozone in the far north includes the Lake Selwyn Uplands and Lake Tazin Uplands ecoregion.[62] This ecoregion would have vegetation generally corresponding to subarctic forest. The Boreal Shield ecozone is further divided into the Athabasca Plain and the Churchill River Uplands, and this area of northern Saskatchewan has been described by the World Wildlife Fund as part of the Midwestern Canadian Shield Forests ecoregion. The Boreal Plains ecozone comprises the Middle Boreal Highlands, Middle Boreal Lowlands, and Boreal Transition ecoregions. Further south is the Prairie Ecozone, consisting of the Aspen Parks, Wet Mixed Prairies, Northern Mixed Grasslands, and Cypress Uplands ecoregions. The ecoregions are further divided into landscape zones.[63][64].
Several biogeographic factors contribute to the richness and diversity of Saskatchewan's flora. From north to south there is a great variety of vegetative zones. In the extreme north are the subarctic forest and the northern boreal forest. South of the tree line is the Southern Boreal Forest. The grasslands are divided into aspen grasslands, wet mixed grasslands, mixed grasslands, cypress grasslands, and fescue grasslands. In southeastern Saskatchewan are the Dry Mixed Prairie of the Great Sand Hills area and the Cypress Hills.
There are many plants native to Saskatchewan that can be prepared as vegetables, infusions, wine, jams, syrups and flour. Other plants have medicinal qualities. The harvest of different plants varies. The shoots and leaves of some plants are harvested, while the roots and tubers of others are picked like potatoes. When locating native plants, it is important to take into account what season to harvest them and what habitats to look for. At the edges of the swampy ponds you can see the broadleaf cattail or the yellow water lily (Nuphar advena).
Alces alces anderson
Lasiurus cinereus
Gulo gulo
Martes Americana
Canis lupus occidentalis
Vulpes vulpes
Neovison vison
Lepus americanus
Clethrionomys
The Athabasca Plain ecoregion supplies lichens as winter forage for woodland caribou. The arctic fox, as a predator, is also found in this region. In addition to the mammals of the Taiga Shield ecozone, the small brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus), the Canadian lynx (Lynx canadensis), the timber wolf, the Canadian beaver (Castor canadensis) and the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) are found in the Boreal Shield ecozone.[82]
In Saskatchewan there are breeding, wintering, migration, breeding and wintering areas and aestivating (non-breeding) areas for 414 species of birds. (recorded 1998) Migrants follow migratory routes that can be determined by banding.
Owls, grouse and finches spend the winter in the province. Bird species that can be found in the Northern Taiga Shield Ecozone, Selwyn Lake Upland Ecoregion, include Harris's Sparrow (Zonotrichia querula), Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator), Grey-cheeked Thrush (Catharus minimus), House Sparrow (Passer montanus), Spruce Grouse (Dendragapus canadensis), the ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus), the common crane (Grus canadensis), waterfowl and shorebirds. As part of the Tazin Lake highlands, the great crested grebe, common yellow-legged grebe (Tringa melanoleuca), white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) and golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) stand out. The Athabasca Plain ecoregion of the Boreal Shield is the breeding ground for the Bohemian crossbill (Bombycilla garrulus), the white-winged crossbill (Loxia leucoptera), the Cape warbler (Dendroica tigrina), the Canada goose (Branta canadensis) and the blackcap (Dendroica striata).[83] In the southwestern area of the Boreal Shield ecozone is the Churchill River plateau, which has the second highest population of bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus).[84].
Typical reptiles of the mixed grassland ecoregion are the horned lizard (Phrynosoma), the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis), the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina), and the prairie rattlesnake, and the western painted turtle (C. p. bellii).[85] Leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and chorus frogs (Pseudacris) are typical amphibians of the Grasslands National Park.[86].
Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus), white capybara (Catostomus commersoni), proboscis capybara (Catostomus catostomus), burbot (Lota lota), lake herring (Coregonus artedi), lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), Walleye (Sander vitreus) and northern pike (Esox lucius) are fish from the freshwater lakes of Saskatchewan.[87][88] The perch (Perca flavescens) swims along with northern pike, walleye, and lake trout in the Mid-Boreal lowlands. Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), goldeye (Hiodon alosoides), and largemouth buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) are fish species of the Saskatchewan River.