In engineering, architecture, construction, machinery, etc., upright is designated as any vertical piece that without being considered a pilaster or column "Column (architecture)") supports any construction. In panel construction, a stud is a vertical repeating structural member in a building wall of smaller cross section than a post. It is a fundamental element in the construction of frames or framework.

It applies not only to the vertical members that sometimes give rigidity to the lattice beams and the thick bars that reinforce fences and balconies, but also to the vertical stringers that divide the panels of a wooden cladding or the sashes of windows.

In military engineering, the same name is applied to the vertical stringers that make up the supporting frame of a mine "Mine (mining)").

It is also the piece of wood, stone, iron or other material that divides a window.

The opening or window left above the doors is also called a mullion so that when they are closed, light passes into the rooms or passages that communicate.

Studs form walls and can carry vertical structural loads or be non-load bearing, as in partition walls, which only separate spaces. They hold windows, doors, interior trim, siding or siding, insulation and utilities in place, and help shape a building. The studs run from the sill to the "Race (architecture)") of the wall. In modern construction, studs are anchored to the sills in such a way that, through the use of fasteners, they prevent the building from being lifted off the foundation due to a strong wind or earthquake.

Studs are typically thin, so more studs are needed than in post-and-beam framing. Sometimes the stiles are long, as in some types of light framing, where the stiles extend two stories and support a stringer carrying girders. This type of framing is illegal in new construction in many jurisdictions for fire safety reasons because open wall cavities allow fire to spread quickly, such as from a basement to an attic; Runs and platforms in deck framing provide a passive fire barrier within the walls and are therefore considered much safer by fire safety establishments. Being thinner and lighter, stick building techniques are easier to cut and transport and are faster than wood framing.