Theory of the creative city
Introduction
The term and concept of city with intelligence (in English Intelligent city), which is slightly different from city intelligent (in English smart city), has several meanings, depending on the author and the literature consulted. At least five descriptions can be found of what should be understood as city with intelligence:.
Aside from the differences in the definitions just listed, in general terms it can be said that a city with intelligence is a concept quite close to that of a digital city, which can be conceived as a territory with fewer features and aspirations than a smart city, although of course, the border between both concepts is blurred, and furthermore, the application of one or the other term in many specific cases depends on the current decisions taken by the project hierarchies and/or by its image advisors.
The three dimensions of intelligent cities
Cities with intelligence evolve tending to build a strong integration of all possible dimensions of intelligence: human, collective, and artificial, that could be present in a city. This integration is elaborated by establishing multi-dimensional agglomerates, where the three main dimensions just mentioned are combined (Komninos-2006, pp. 17-18; Komninos-2008, pp. 122-123).
The first dimension is linked to the people of the city: intelligence, inventiveness, and creativity of the individuals who live or work in the city, or who are passing through it. This perspective was described by Richard Florida[10] as the 'creative city', which adds values and objectives to the 'new creative class', whose strength lies in the talent, knowledge, and drive of scientists, artists, businessmen, venture capitalists, as well as creative individuals with other diverse characteristics, who can have enormous impact on the organization of work, leisure, and rest spaces, thus helping directly and indirectly to the progress of companies, and to a better development of the city itself.
The second dimension has to do with the collective intelligence of the population of a city: 'it is the capacity of human communities to create synergies and cooperate intellectually in creations, innovations, and inventions'; 'it is the learning and collective creative process carried out through the exchange of information, knowledge, and possibilities of intellectual creativity'; 'it is the capacity of a group to organize, to debate and decide regarding its own future, to control deviations in complex contexts' (Atlee-2004).[11] This dimension is largely based on the institutions of the city, which allow the cooperation and compatibility of efforts of multiple actors in terms of knowledge, innovation, and initiatives.[12][13].