Consequences
La cohesión del grupo se ha relacionado con una serie de consecuencias positivas y negativas. Sus consecuencias sobre la motivación, el rendimiento, la satisfacción de los miembros, el ajuste emocional de los miembros y las presiones que sienten los miembros se examinarán en las secciones siguientes.
Motivation
The cohesion and motivation of team members are key factors that contribute to a company's performance. By developing adaptability, self-esteem, and growing personal motivation, each member can feel confident and thrive on the team. "Social loafing") is less frequent when there is cohesion in a team; the motivation of each team member is considerably greater.[1].
Performance
Studies have shown that cohesion can cause performance and that performance can cause cohesion.[20][21] Most meta-analyses (studies that have summarized the results of many studies) have shown that there is a relationship between cohesion and performance.[1][2][22][23] This is the case even when cohesion is defined in different ways.[1] When cohesion is defined as attraction, it is better. correlated with performance.[1] When defined as task commitment, it is also correlated with performance, although to a lesser degree than cohesion as attraction.[1] Not enough studies have been conducted with cohesion defined as group pride. In general, cohesion defined in all these ways was positively related to performance.[1].
However, some groups may have a stronger cohesion-performance relationship than others. Smaller groups have a better cohesion-performance relationship than larger groups.[21] Carron (2002) found that cohesion-performance relationships are stronger in sports teams and ranked the strength of the relationship in this order (from strongest to weakest): sports teams, military squads, groups that are formed for a purpose, groups in experimental settings. There is some evidence that cohesion may be more strongly related to performance for groups that have highly interdependent roles than for groups in which members are independent.[23].
In terms of group productivity, having group attraction and pride may not be enough.[1][23] It is necessary to have commitment to the task to be productive. Furthermore, groups with high performance goals were extremely productive.[2][24][25][26][27].
However, it is important to note that the relationship between cohesion and performance may differ depending on the nature of the group being studied. Some studies that have focused on this relationship have yielded divergent results. For example, a study conducted on the link between cohesion and performance in a government social services department found a low positive association between these two variables, while another study on groups in a Danish military unit found a high negative association between these two variables.[28].
Member satisfaction
Studies have shown that people who are part of cohesive groups have reported more satisfaction than members of a non-cohesive group.[29][30][31] This is the case in many settings, including industrial, sporting, and educational settings. Members of cohesive groups are also more optimistic and suffer fewer social problems than those of non-cohesive groups.[32].
One study involved a team of bricklayers and carpenters working on a housing estate.[33] For the first five months, their supervisor formed the groups in which they were to work. These groups changed over the five months. This helped the men get to know everyone working on this development project and, naturally, likes and dislikes for the people around them arose. The experimenter then formed cohesive groups by grouping together people who liked each other. It was found that bricklayers and carpenters were more satisfied when they worked in cohesive groups. As one of the workers said, "work is more interesting when you have a partner working with you. You like it a lot more anyway."[33]
emotional adjustment
People in cohesive groups experience better emotional adjustment. In particular, people experience less anxiety and tension.[34][35] It has also been found that people cope better with stress when they belong to a cohesive group.[36][37].
One study showed that cohesion as task commitment can improve group decision making when the group is under stress, more so than when it is not under stress.[37] The study studied forty-six three-person teams, all of which were faced with the task of selecting the best oil drilling sites based on the information they were given. The study manipulated whether the teams had high or low cohesion and the urgency of the task. The study found that teams with low cohesion and high urgency performed worse than teams with high cohesion and high urgency. This indicates that cohesion can improve group decision making in times of stress.
Attachment theory has also stated that adolescents with behavioral problems do not have close interpersonal relationships or have superficial ones.[38] Many studies have found that an individual without close relationships with peers is at greater risk for emotional adjustment problems currently and later in life.[39].
While people may experience better emotions in cohesive groups, they may also face many demands on their emotions, such as those resulting from scapegoating and hostility.[40][41].
Compliance pressures
People in cohesive groups have greater pressure to conform than people in non-cohesive groups. Groupthink theory suggests that pressures prevent the group from thinking critically about the decisions it is making. Giordano (2003) has suggested that this is because people within a group frequently interact with each other and create many opportunities for influence. It is also because a person within a group perceives other members as similar to themselves and is therefore more willing to give in to pressures to conform. Another reason is that people value the group and are therefore more willing to give in to conformity. willing to give in to pressures of conformity to maintain or improve their relationships.
Illegal activities have stemmed from pressures of conformity within a group. Haynie (2001) found that the degree of involvement of a group of friends in illegal activities was a predictor of an individual's involvement in illegal activity. This was true even after the individual's prior behavior was controlled for and other controls were established. Additionally, those who had friends who participated in illegal activities were the most likely to participate in illegal activities themselves. Another study found that teenagers without friends did not engage in as many illegal activities as those who had at least one friend.[42] Other studies have found similar results.[43][44][45][46][47].
Learning
Albert Lott and Bernice Lott" investigated how group cohesion influenced individual learning. They wanted to test whether learning would be better if children studied with peers they liked than with peers they disliked.[48] The degree of liking of members was supposed to indicate group cohesion. They found that children with high IQs performed better on learning tests when they learned in high-cohesive groups than in low-cohesive groups. However, for children with low IQ, the cohesion factor barely made a difference. Still, there was a slight tendency for children with low IQ to do better in high-cohesive groups. The researchers believed that if children worked with other students they liked, they were more likely to have a greater drive to learn than if they had neutral or negative attitudes toward the group.