Ten Books of Architecture (Vitruvius)
Introduction
De architectura is a treatise on architecture written by Marcus Vitruvius, probably around the year 15 BC. C.[1]It is the oldest surviving text on the subject and was taken by Renaissance architects as a first-hand reference for knowledge of the architectural manifestations of Greco-Latin antiquity. Only the texts have come down to us, the original illustrations having been lost.
Criticism of the work
It is probably false that Vitruvius said that architecture rests on three principles: beauty (venustas), firmness (firmitas) and utility (utilitas), which is the basis of the use and/or function of architecture. It is enough to read the treatise to make sure that these three elements are cited by the author in exclusive reference to certain public buildings. However, after the publication of a summary of the work by Claude Perrault in 1673, in which very little respect was given to the original, the so-called Vitruvian triad took on its nature and became a true "legend" repeated by generations of architects.[2].
In fact, when Vitruvius dares to attempt an analysis of the art he writes about, he proposes understanding architecture as composed of four elements: architectural order (relation of each part to its use), layout ("The types of layout [...] are the layout in plan, elevation and perspective"), proportion ("Uniform agreement between the entire work and its parts") and distribution "Functionalism (architecture)") (in Greek oikonomia"), consists "*in the proper and best use possible of the materials and the land, and in seeking the lowest cost of the work achieved in a rational and considered way."
You have to realize that his doubts in this regard are quite intense, since four pages later he divides architecture into three parts: construction, gnomonic and mechanics. However interesting and suggestive it may be, it must not be forgotten that this treatise is the only classical treatise that has come down to us, and the probability of it being the best of its time is small.
The history of the various versions of Vitruvius' treatise well summarizes the conflict when it comes to defining architecture. In 1673, Claude Perrault, a physiologist, specialized in dissection of corpses, and a good draftsman, published his summarized translation of Vitruvius's treatise, which was completely reorganized. However, it will be through Perrault's "summary" that Vitruvius will be disseminated and will influence the treatises and theories of the following centuries. And it is in that summary that the Vitruvian triad will see the light.