Contenido

Actualmente existen al menos 4 modelos de Transferencia Tecnológica, desde modelos básicos hasta algunos modelos complejos. Estos explican la relación que existen entre las instituciones participantes en la transferencia tecnológica, donde las más recurrentes instituciones son las universidades y las empresas, ya que las primeras son las principales generadoras de conocimiento y las segundas permiten la masificación del conocimiento a través de la comercialización propia de la naturaleza de las empresas.

Linear Model

Under this model, the technological transfer from a university to a company can be expressed as a linear sequence of established stages. This model has 7 stages, which are scientific discovery, declaration of invention, evaluation of the invention for patenting, patenting, commercialization of the technology, license negotiation and finally licensing. Each of these stages are dependent on the previous one, with the first stage of Scientific Discovery being the trigger for everything. "The linear model conceives industrial innovation as a process that goes from basic (university) research to applied research and from there development continues until reaching commercialization"[3]​.

Dynamic Model

The dynamic model arises from a more detailed and thorough analysis of each stage established in the linear model, in which 10 basic proposals or assumptions were identified.

• - P1. Universities that provide greater incentives for researchers to participate in technology transfer generate more patents and licenses.

• - P2. Universities that allocate more resources to Technology Transfer Offices (hereinafter TTOs) generate more patents and licenses.

• - P3. Universities that allocate more resources to OTTs dedicate more efforts to marketing the technologies in the industry.

• - P4. A low level of cultural understanding reduces the effectiveness of the University's efforts to commercialize its research results.

• - P5. A low level of cultural understanding impedes the negotiation of licensing agreements.

• - P6. OTTs managed by people with experience and marketing skills will dedicate greater efforts to establishing alliances with companies "Strategic alliance (business)").

• - P7. OTTs managed by people with experience and knowledge in negotiation are more successful in closing technology transfer agreements with companies.

• - P8. Low flexibility on the part of the university results in a lower number of transfer agreements with companies/entrepreneurs.

• - Q9. When university inflexibility is high, researchers tend to evade the formal transfer process and resort to other informal mechanisms.

• - Q10. Universities that are involved in the transfer of scientific-technological knowledge to companies experience an increase in basic or fundamental research activity.

This model conceives transfer as a process that takes into consideration the analysis of internal factors that can affect the successful process of transferring scientific-technological knowledge. Despite being a more comprehensive proposal compared to the linear model, it does not contemplate the analysis of factors external to the transfer process, including the role of the State.[4]​.

Triple Helix Model

This model provides an explanation of both the internal factors of the technology transfer process and the external ones. This model encompasses the triad composed of universities as generators of technology, companies as those responsible for making technologies known through markets and the state, whose role has been widely discussed and modified over time.

The vision of the state's role in the triad has been modified twice, giving rise to three Triple Helix Models over time. The first described the role of the state as an intermediary between the functions of universities and companies. The second shared the idea that the role of the state went beyond a simple intermediary and that therefore it was established as another direct entity in technological transfer, giving permission for technological development, but that its function was completely indifferent to that carried out by the other 2 entities, universities and companies. On the other hand, the third model united the participation of the 3 entities, raising the possibilities that each one could work both jointly and separately, such is the case, in a clear example, of companies that have their own laboratories (that fulfill the function of companies and universities at the same time). In addition to being able to interact between them, there is the possibility of triple participation, where the State, Universities and Companies interact as one.[5]​.

Catch Up Model

This last model explains that technological transfer can also occur through the imitation and capture of technology by a third party. This happens when competition develops to improve products which can compete in the markets in a better way, which is why not only is technology transferred through imitation and acquisition, but this technology is also developed as requested by the markets. An example of this is given by Professor Linsu Kim, a professor at the University of Korea, who, based on an exhaustive study of the automobile industry in the Republic of Korea, developed an integrative model for understanding the dynamics of technological learning as a method of technological transfer at the business level.[6]​.

The technology transfer process can be explained with the following stages. These steps can vary in their sequence and often occur simultaneously, depending on the type of invention or technology, phase of development, its maturity or the target market.

• - Stage 1: Analysis of the innovation and its context (Idea/context).

1. • Research and development activities.

2. • Pre-evaluation as a guide to finalize the developments and for subsequent processes.

3. • Characteristics of the invention: 360° analysis.

• - Stage 2: Definition of protection and exploitation strategies (Decision Point).

1. • Evaluation of the marketing potential and protection potential.

2. • Evaluation of protection strategies.

3. • Identification of potential clients and their interest in the market.

• - Stage 3: Marketing (Agreement and escalation).

1. • Build on an existing business or a new business.

2. • License agreement.

3. • Marketing with a scaling project.

• - Stage 4: Returns (R&D reinvestment).

1. • Royalties, sales, tax advantages.[7]​.

Transfer agreements or contracts are a formal form of technology transfer by which the owners of intellectual property rights grant licenses for the use of technology.[8]​[9]​Among the most common types of agreements are:.

• - Licensing agreements for technology transfer. They are legally binding contracts under which the owner of the intellectual property over a technology, called the licensor, authorizes another person, called the licensee, to use the intellectual property under the terms of the agreement.[9]​.

• - Transfer of intellectual property rights. It is the transfer of ownership of an intellectual property right from the owner, called the assignor, to another natural or legal person, called the assignee, with permanent effect. It differs from the granting of licenses in its definitive nature.[9]​.

• - Confidentiality or non-disclosure agreements. They are legally binding agreements that prohibit the disclosure or use of confidential information for purposes other than those specified in the agreement.[9]​.

• - Collaboration agreements for research purposes. These are agreements entered into between two or more parties that wish to cooperate to develop and, possibly, commercialize a new technology. [9]​.

• - Consulting agreements. These are agreements by which specialized services are offered to a business partner in exchange for remuneration. Commonly celebrated by universities offering consultancies from their academic staff.[9]​.

• - Material transfer agreements. These are agreements that establish the transfer of physical assets and research materials between a supplier and a recipient who requires them for their own research.[9]​.

• - patent.

• - industrial property.

• - intellectual property.

• - patent valuation.

• - Practical guide to technology transfer.

Contenido

Actualmente existen al menos 4 modelos de Transferencia Tecnológica, desde modelos básicos hasta algunos modelos complejos. Estos explican la relación que existen entre las instituciones participantes en la transferencia tecnológica, donde las más recurrentes instituciones son las universidades y las empresas, ya que las primeras son las principales generadoras de conocimiento y las segundas permiten la masificación del conocimiento a través de la comercialización propia de la naturaleza de las empresas.

Linear Model

Under this model, the technological transfer from a university to a company can be expressed as a linear sequence of established stages. This model has 7 stages, which are scientific discovery, declaration of invention, evaluation of the invention for patenting, patenting, commercialization of the technology, license negotiation and finally licensing. Each of these stages are dependent on the previous one, with the first stage of Scientific Discovery being the trigger for everything. "The linear model conceives industrial innovation as a process that goes from basic (university) research to applied research and from there development continues until reaching commercialization"[3]​.

Dynamic Model

The dynamic model arises from a more detailed and thorough analysis of each stage established in the linear model, in which 10 basic proposals or assumptions were identified.

• - P1. Universities that provide greater incentives for researchers to participate in technology transfer generate more patents and licenses.

• - P2. Universities that allocate more resources to Technology Transfer Offices (hereinafter TTOs) generate more patents and licenses.

• - P3. Universities that allocate more resources to OTTs dedicate more efforts to marketing the technologies in the industry.

• - P4. A low level of cultural understanding reduces the effectiveness of the University's efforts to commercialize its research results.

• - P5. A low level of cultural understanding impedes the negotiation of licensing agreements.

• - P6. OTTs managed by people with experience and marketing skills will dedicate greater efforts to establishing alliances with companies "Strategic alliance (business)").

• - P7. OTTs managed by people with experience and knowledge in negotiation are more successful in closing technology transfer agreements with companies.

• - P8. Low flexibility on the part of the university results in a lower number of transfer agreements with companies/entrepreneurs.

• - Q9. When university inflexibility is high, researchers tend to evade the formal transfer process and resort to other informal mechanisms.

• - Q10. Universities that are involved in the transfer of scientific-technological knowledge to companies experience an increase in basic or fundamental research activity.

This model conceives transfer as a process that takes into consideration the analysis of internal factors that can affect the successful process of transferring scientific-technological knowledge. Despite being a more comprehensive proposal compared to the linear model, it does not contemplate the analysis of factors external to the transfer process, including the role of the State.[4]​.

Triple Helix Model

This model provides an explanation of both the internal factors of the technology transfer process and the external ones. This model encompasses the triad composed of universities as generators of technology, companies as those responsible for making technologies known through markets and the state, whose role has been widely discussed and modified over time.

The vision of the state's role in the triad has been modified twice, giving rise to three Triple Helix Models over time. The first described the role of the state as an intermediary between the functions of universities and companies. The second shared the idea that the role of the state went beyond a simple intermediary and that therefore it was established as another direct entity in technological transfer, giving permission for technological development, but that its function was completely indifferent to that carried out by the other 2 entities, universities and companies. On the other hand, the third model united the participation of the 3 entities, raising the possibilities that each one could work both jointly and separately, such is the case, in a clear example, of companies that have their own laboratories (that fulfill the function of companies and universities at the same time). In addition to being able to interact between them, there is the possibility of triple participation, where the State, Universities and Companies interact as one.[5]​.

Catch Up Model

This last model explains that technological transfer can also occur through the imitation and capture of technology by a third party. This happens when competition develops to improve products which can compete in the markets in a better way, which is why not only is technology transferred through imitation and acquisition, but this technology is also developed as requested by the markets. An example of this is given by Professor Linsu Kim, a professor at the University of Korea, who, based on an exhaustive study of the automobile industry in the Republic of Korea, developed an integrative model for understanding the dynamics of technological learning as a method of technological transfer at the business level.[6]​.

The technology transfer process can be explained with the following stages. These steps can vary in their sequence and often occur simultaneously, depending on the type of invention or technology, phase of development, its maturity or the target market.

• - Stage 1: Analysis of the innovation and its context (Idea/context).

1. • Research and development activities.

2. • Pre-evaluation as a guide to finalize the developments and for subsequent processes.

3. • Characteristics of the invention: 360° analysis.

• - Stage 2: Definition of protection and exploitation strategies (Decision Point).

1. • Evaluation of the marketing potential and protection potential.

2. • Evaluation of protection strategies.

3. • Identification of potential clients and their interest in the market.

• - Stage 3: Marketing (Agreement and escalation).

1. • Build on an existing business or a new business.

2. • License agreement.

3. • Marketing with a scaling project.

• - Stage 4: Returns (R&D reinvestment).

1. • Royalties, sales, tax advantages.[7]​.

Transfer agreements or contracts are a formal form of technology transfer by which the owners of intellectual property rights grant licenses for the use of technology.[8]​[9]​Among the most common types of agreements are:.

• - Licensing agreements for technology transfer. They are legally binding contracts under which the owner of the intellectual property over a technology, called the licensor, authorizes another person, called the licensee, to use the intellectual property under the terms of the agreement.[9]​.

• - Transfer of intellectual property rights. It is the transfer of ownership of an intellectual property right from the owner, called the assignor, to another natural or legal person, called the assignee, with permanent effect. It differs from the granting of licenses in its definitive nature.[9]​.

• - Confidentiality or non-disclosure agreements. They are legally binding agreements that prohibit the disclosure or use of confidential information for purposes other than those specified in the agreement.[9]​.

• - Collaboration agreements for research purposes. These are agreements entered into between two or more parties that wish to cooperate to develop and, possibly, commercialize a new technology. [9]​.

• - Consulting agreements. These are agreements by which specialized services are offered to a business partner in exchange for remuneration. Commonly celebrated by universities offering consultancies from their academic staff.[9]​.

• - Material transfer agreements. These are agreements that establish the transfer of physical assets and research materials between a supplier and a recipient who requires them for their own research.[9]​.

• - patent.

• - industrial property.

• - intellectual property.

• - patent valuation.

• - Practical guide to technology transfer.