Stepped architecture
Introduction
A step pyramid is an architectural structure built using descending overlapping recessed platforms, like tiers "Tiered (architecture)") or steps, to achieve a shape similar to a pyramid "Pyramid (geometry)").
Step pyramids are buildings that have characterized various cultures in various locations and different times. These pyramids "Pyramid (architecture)") are usually monumental. The term designates pyramids of a similar design that arose independently of each other, since there are no established connections between the different civilizations that built them.
Mesopotamia
Ziggurats were large, multi-level stepped pyramid-shaped religious monuments built in the ancient valley of Mesopotamia and the western Iranian plateau. There are 32 known ziggurats in and around Mesopotamia. Twenty-eight of them are in Iraq, and four in Iran. Some of the most important ziggurats are the Ziggurat of Ur near Nasiriyah, Iraq, the Ziggurat of Aqar Quf") near Baghdad, Iraq, Chogha Zanbil") in Khuzestan, Iran, and Tappeh Sialk near Kashan, Iran. The Sumerian, Babylonian ("Babylon (city)"), Elamite, and Assyrian civilizations built ziggurats as religious monuments. The probable predecessors of the ziggurat are temples supported on elevated or terraced platforms dating from the El Obeid period[1] in the fourth millennium BC. C., the last of which date back to the century BC. C. The first ziggurats probably date from the last part of the Archaic Dynastic Period.[2] The ziggurat was a pyramidal structure built in levels that were set back on a rectangular, oval or square platform. The core of the ziggurat was composed of sun-baked bricks and the exterior of mud bricks. The cladding was often glazed in different colors and could have astrological significance. Sometimes the names of kings were engraved on these bricks. The number of levels varied between two and seven, with a sanctuary or temple at the top. This sanctuary was accessed by a series of ramps on one side of the ziggurat or by a spiral ramp from the base. It was also called Hill of Heaven or Mountain of the Gods.
Ancient Egypt
The first Egyptian pyramids were stepped. During Egypt's Third Dynasty, architect Imhotep designed Egypt's first step pyramid, which would be the tomb of Pharaoh Djoser at Saqqara. This building, the step pyramid of Djoser, was composed of six large mastabas (an earlier form of tomb), each on top of the previous one and of decreasing size. Later pharaohs, such as Sechemjet and Jaba, built similar structures, known as the pyramid of Sechemjet and the stratified pyramid of Jaba, respectively.