National standards

Maudslay's work, as well as the contributions of other engineers, achieved modest standardization of the industry; The internal rules of some companies spread somewhat within their sectors.

Joseph Whitworth's screw thread measurements were adopted as the first (unofficial) national standard by companies across the country in 1841. It became known as the British Standard Whitworth, and was widely adopted in other countries.[11]​[12]​

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This new standard specified a thread angle of 55° and a thread depth of 0.640327p and a radius of 0.137329p, where p is the pitch. Thread pitch increases with diameter in steps specified in a table. An example of the use of the Whitworth thread is the Royal Navy gunboats in the Crimean War. They were the first example of the application of "serial production" techniques to naval engineering.[9]​.

With the adoption of the BSW by British railways, many of which had previously used their own standard for both threads and bolt and nut head profiles, and the improvement of manufacturing techniques, it came to dominate British manufacturing.

The American Unified Coarse was originally based on almost the same imperial fractions. The unified thread angle is 60° and has flattened ridges (Whitworth ridges are rounded). The thread pitch is the same in both systems, except that the thread pitch for the bolt in. (inches) is 12 threads per inch (tpi) at the BSW versus 13 tpi at the UNC.

National standardization body

At the end of the century, differences in standards between companies made trade increasingly difficult and tense. For example, an iron and steel dealer noted his discontent in The Times: "Architects and engineers often specify such unnecessarily diverse types of sectional material or work-specific material that anything resembling economical and continuous manufacturing is impossible. In this country no two professionals can agree on the size and weight of a beam to be used for any given job."

The Engineering Standards Committee was created in London in 1901 as the world's first national standards body.[13][14] It later expanded its standards work and became the British Engineering Standards Association in 1918, adopting the name British Standards Institution in 1931 after receiving its Royal Charter in 1929. National standards were universally adopted throughout the country and allowed markets to act more rationally and efficiently, with greater level of cooperation.

After the First World War, similar national organizations were created in other countries. In 1917, the Deutsches Institut für Normung was created in Germany, followed by its counterparts, the American National Standard Institute and the French Commission Permanente de Standardisation, both in 1918.[9]​.

Regional standardization body

At the regional level (e.g. Europe, America, Africa, etc.) or sub-regional level (e.g. Mercosur, Andean Community, Southeast Asia, Southeast Africa, etc.), there are several regional standardization bodies.

The three regional standardization bodies in Europe - or European Standardization Bodies (OEBs) - recognized by the EU Regulation on Standardization [Regulation (EU) 1025/2012] are CEN, CENELEC and ETSI. CEN develops standards for many types of products, materials, services and processes. Some sectors covered by the CEN include transport equipment and services, chemicals, construction, consumer products, defense and security, energy, food and feed, health and safety, healthcare, digital sector, machinery or services.[15]​ The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) is the European standardization body that develops standards in the electrotechnical field and corresponds to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in Europe.[16]​.

National standards

Maudslay's work, as well as the contributions of other engineers, achieved modest standardization of the industry; The internal rules of some companies spread somewhat within their sectors.

Joseph Whitworth's screw thread measurements were adopted as the first (unofficial) national standard by companies across the country in 1841. It became known as the British Standard Whitworth, and was widely adopted in other countries.[11]​[12]​

|

This new standard specified a thread angle of 55° and a thread depth of 0.640327p and a radius of 0.137329p, where p is the pitch. Thread pitch increases with diameter in steps specified in a table. An example of the use of the Whitworth thread is the Royal Navy gunboats in the Crimean War. They were the first example of the application of "serial production" techniques to naval engineering.[9]​.

With the adoption of the BSW by British railways, many of which had previously used their own standard for both threads and bolt and nut head profiles, and the improvement of manufacturing techniques, it came to dominate British manufacturing.

The American Unified Coarse was originally based on almost the same imperial fractions. The unified thread angle is 60° and has flattened ridges (Whitworth ridges are rounded). The thread pitch is the same in both systems, except that the thread pitch for the bolt in. (inches) is 12 threads per inch (tpi) at the BSW versus 13 tpi at the UNC.

National standardization body

At the end of the century, differences in standards between companies made trade increasingly difficult and tense. For example, an iron and steel dealer noted his discontent in The Times: "Architects and engineers often specify such unnecessarily diverse types of sectional material or work-specific material that anything resembling economical and continuous manufacturing is impossible. In this country no two professionals can agree on the size and weight of a beam to be used for any given job."

The Engineering Standards Committee was created in London in 1901 as the world's first national standards body.[13][14] It later expanded its standards work and became the British Engineering Standards Association in 1918, adopting the name British Standards Institution in 1931 after receiving its Royal Charter in 1929. National standards were universally adopted throughout the country and allowed markets to act more rationally and efficiently, with greater level of cooperation.

After the First World War, similar national organizations were created in other countries. In 1917, the Deutsches Institut für Normung was created in Germany, followed by its counterparts, the American National Standard Institute and the French Commission Permanente de Standardisation, both in 1918.[9]​.

Regional standardization body

At the regional level (e.g. Europe, America, Africa, etc.) or sub-regional level (e.g. Mercosur, Andean Community, Southeast Asia, Southeast Africa, etc.), there are several regional standardization bodies.

The three regional standardization bodies in Europe - or European Standardization Bodies (OEBs) - recognized by the EU Regulation on Standardization [Regulation (EU) 1025/2012] are CEN, CENELEC and ETSI. CEN develops standards for many types of products, materials, services and processes. Some sectors covered by the CEN include transport equipment and services, chemicals, construction, consumer products, defense and security, energy, food and feed, health and safety, healthcare, digital sector, machinery or services.[15]​ The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) is the European standardization body that develops standards in the electrotechnical field and corresponds to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in Europe.[16]​.