Mobility as a service may cause a decline in car ownership. If the average occupancy of vehicles during the time on the road decreases, the total kilometers traveled will increase[6].

MaaS could significantly increase the efficiency and utilization of transit providers that contribute to the overall transit network in a region. The predictions were validated by the Ubigo trial in Gothenburg, during which many private cars were decommissioned during the trial and the utilization of existing transit services increased the efficiency of the entire network. Ultimately, a more efficient network, coupled with new technologies such as autonomous vehicles, could significantly reduce the cost of public transportation[6].

MaaS has many benefits that can improve user habits, the efficiency of the transit network, and societies that adopt MaaS as a viable means of transportation. MaaS would lower user costs, improve utilization of MaaS transit providers, reduce city congestion as more users adopt MaaS as a primary transit source, and reduce emissions as more users rely on public transportation or autonomous electric vehicle components in a MaaS network[7].

MaaS also has many benefits for the business world – understanding the Total Cost of Business Mobility could help travel decision makers in the corporate world save hundreds of thousands of dollars. By analyzing the data and costs attributed to "business mobility" (for example, vehicle rental costs, fuel costs, parking costs, train ticket administration costs and even the time taken to book a trip), companies can make informed decisions about travel policy, fleet management and expense claims. MaaS business companies like Mobilleo suggest that in travel planning alone, it can take up to 9 steps before a simple travel arrangement is booked.

The concept assumes use through a mobile application, although the concept can also be used for any type of payment (transit card, ticket, etc.).

The concept is divided into two payment models:

The monthly subscription model assumes that a sufficient number of users consume public transportation services on a monthly basis to offer a combined transportation service. Users pay a monthly fee and receive bundled transportation services, such as unlimited trips on urban public transportation, plus a fixed number of taxi kilometers. The monthly subscription model incorporates a well-funded and commercially operated “MaaS Operator” that will purchase bulk transportation services and offer guarantees to users. In Hannover, Germany, the MaaS operator can purchase bulk transit services and act as an intermediary through the product, Hannovermobil[8]. The operator does not need to include all forms of transport, but enough to be able to offer reasonable guarantees. A monthly subscription will also provide sufficient financing for the MaaS operator to purchase transit services large enough to be able to use its market power to achieve competitive prices. In particular, a MaaS operator can improve low utilization problems - for example, in Helsinki, taxi drivers spend 75% of their working time waiting for a customer, and 50% of kilometers traveled without generating income. A MaaS operator can solve this problem by guaranteeing a base salary to taxi drivers through existing employers.

The pay-per-use model works well in environments with a high number of "unique" users (tourists, transit networks in areas with high vehicle adoption, etc.). Each leg of the booked trip (each train trip, taxi, etc.) has a separate price and is set by the transportation service provider. In this model, mobile apps would function as search engines, attempting to bring together all transportation service providers into a single app, allowing users to avoid having to interact with multiple gateways in an attempt to assemble the optimal trip. Many cities have cards that pay for intermodal public transport, including Vienna[9] and Stuttgart[10], but none include a la carte taxis/buses in the service.

Both models have similar requirements, such as trip planners to build optimal travel chains, and technical and commercial relationships with transportation service providers (i.e., a taxi and e-ticket booking and payment API, QR codes on city buses and subways, etc.).

As autonomous car development accelerates, Uber has announced that it plans to shift its app to a fully autonomous service and aims to be cheaper than owning a car.[11] Many automakers and technology companies have announced plans or are rumored to develop autonomous vehicles, including Tesla, General Motors, Waymo, Apple, and Local Motors.

Autonomous vehicles could allow the public to use the roads in low-cost per kilometer, autonomously navigating vehicles to a preferred destination at a significantly lower cost than current taxi and ride-sharing prices[6][12]. The vehicles could have a major impact on the quality of life in urban areas and form a critical part of the future of transportation, benefiting the traveler, the environment and even other sectors such as healthcare[13].

This model shows that the positive impacts on transport networks and mobility in congested locations will be seen greatest with the increase of shared public transport at the minibus/bus scale, in addition to ride-sharing; while autonomous taxis with individual passengers will see a large increase in vehicle kilometers and congestion.

In January 2016, US President Barack Obama secured funding to be used over the next ten years to support the development of autonomous vehicles[15].

In 1996, the concept of "intelligent information assistant" that integrates different travel and tourism services was introduced at the ENTER conference[16].

The concept first emerged in Sweden. A well-executed trial was carried out in Gothenburg under the monthly subscription model[17]; However, the service was well received but was discontinued due to lack of support at the government level for the sale of public transport tickets by third parties.

The idea spread widely thanks to the efforts of Sampo Hietanen, CEO of ITS Finland (later founder and CEO of Maas Global), and Sonja Heikkila, then a master's student at Aalto University[18], and the support of the Finnish Ministry of Transport and Communications[19].

MaaS became a popular topic at the 2015 ITS Congress in Bordeaux, and subsequently, the Mobility as a Service Alliance was formed[20].

The EU-funded "Mobinet" project has laid some of the foundations for MaaS, for example pan-European identity management of travelers and payments, as well as links with travel planners[21].

In January 2021, Zaragoza became the first city in Spain with a MaaS project that integrates various means of transport and the entire process from choosing the route to paying with ZUM, a pilot launched by the Zaragoza City Council developed by the startup Meep.[2]​.

• - Last mile mobility.

• - Intelligent Transportation Systems Associations.

• - Demand-responsive transportation").

• - This work contains a partial translation derived from "Mobility as a service" from English Wikipedia, published by its editors under the GNU Free Documentation License and the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Mobility as a service may cause a decline in car ownership. If the average occupancy of vehicles during the time on the road decreases, the total kilometers traveled will increase[6].

MaaS could significantly increase the efficiency and utilization of transit providers that contribute to the overall transit network in a region. The predictions were validated by the Ubigo trial in Gothenburg, during which many private cars were decommissioned during the trial and the utilization of existing transit services increased the efficiency of the entire network. Ultimately, a more efficient network, coupled with new technologies such as autonomous vehicles, could significantly reduce the cost of public transportation[6].

MaaS has many benefits that can improve user habits, the efficiency of the transit network, and societies that adopt MaaS as a viable means of transportation. MaaS would lower user costs, improve utilization of MaaS transit providers, reduce city congestion as more users adopt MaaS as a primary transit source, and reduce emissions as more users rely on public transportation or autonomous electric vehicle components in a MaaS network[7].

MaaS also has many benefits for the business world – understanding the Total Cost of Business Mobility could help travel decision makers in the corporate world save hundreds of thousands of dollars. By analyzing the data and costs attributed to "business mobility" (for example, vehicle rental costs, fuel costs, parking costs, train ticket administration costs and even the time taken to book a trip), companies can make informed decisions about travel policy, fleet management and expense claims. MaaS business companies like Mobilleo suggest that in travel planning alone, it can take up to 9 steps before a simple travel arrangement is booked.

The concept assumes use through a mobile application, although the concept can also be used for any type of payment (transit card, ticket, etc.).

The concept is divided into two payment models:

The monthly subscription model assumes that a sufficient number of users consume public transportation services on a monthly basis to offer a combined transportation service. Users pay a monthly fee and receive bundled transportation services, such as unlimited trips on urban public transportation, plus a fixed number of taxi kilometers. The monthly subscription model incorporates a well-funded and commercially operated “MaaS Operator” that will purchase bulk transportation services and offer guarantees to users. In Hannover, Germany, the MaaS operator can purchase bulk transit services and act as an intermediary through the product, Hannovermobil[8]. The operator does not need to include all forms of transport, but enough to be able to offer reasonable guarantees. A monthly subscription will also provide sufficient financing for the MaaS operator to purchase transit services large enough to be able to use its market power to achieve competitive prices. In particular, a MaaS operator can improve low utilization problems - for example, in Helsinki, taxi drivers spend 75% of their working time waiting for a customer, and 50% of kilometers traveled without generating income. A MaaS operator can solve this problem by guaranteeing a base salary to taxi drivers through existing employers.

The pay-per-use model works well in environments with a high number of "unique" users (tourists, transit networks in areas with high vehicle adoption, etc.). Each leg of the booked trip (each train trip, taxi, etc.) has a separate price and is set by the transportation service provider. In this model, mobile apps would function as search engines, attempting to bring together all transportation service providers into a single app, allowing users to avoid having to interact with multiple gateways in an attempt to assemble the optimal trip. Many cities have cards that pay for intermodal public transport, including Vienna[9] and Stuttgart[10], but none include a la carte taxis/buses in the service.

Both models have similar requirements, such as trip planners to build optimal travel chains, and technical and commercial relationships with transportation service providers (i.e., a taxi and e-ticket booking and payment API, QR codes on city buses and subways, etc.).

As autonomous car development accelerates, Uber has announced that it plans to shift its app to a fully autonomous service and aims to be cheaper than owning a car.[11] Many automakers and technology companies have announced plans or are rumored to develop autonomous vehicles, including Tesla, General Motors, Waymo, Apple, and Local Motors.

Autonomous vehicles could allow the public to use the roads in low-cost per kilometer, autonomously navigating vehicles to a preferred destination at a significantly lower cost than current taxi and ride-sharing prices[6][12]. The vehicles could have a major impact on the quality of life in urban areas and form a critical part of the future of transportation, benefiting the traveler, the environment and even other sectors such as healthcare[13].

This model shows that the positive impacts on transport networks and mobility in congested locations will be seen greatest with the increase of shared public transport at the minibus/bus scale, in addition to ride-sharing; while autonomous taxis with individual passengers will see a large increase in vehicle kilometers and congestion.

In January 2016, US President Barack Obama secured funding to be used over the next ten years to support the development of autonomous vehicles[15].

In 1996, the concept of "intelligent information assistant" that integrates different travel and tourism services was introduced at the ENTER conference[16].

The concept first emerged in Sweden. A well-executed trial was carried out in Gothenburg under the monthly subscription model[17]; However, the service was well received but was discontinued due to lack of support at the government level for the sale of public transport tickets by third parties.

The idea spread widely thanks to the efforts of Sampo Hietanen, CEO of ITS Finland (later founder and CEO of Maas Global), and Sonja Heikkila, then a master's student at Aalto University[18], and the support of the Finnish Ministry of Transport and Communications[19].

MaaS became a popular topic at the 2015 ITS Congress in Bordeaux, and subsequently, the Mobility as a Service Alliance was formed[20].

The EU-funded "Mobinet" project has laid some of the foundations for MaaS, for example pan-European identity management of travelers and payments, as well as links with travel planners[21].

In January 2021, Zaragoza became the first city in Spain with a MaaS project that integrates various means of transport and the entire process from choosing the route to paying with ZUM, a pilot launched by the Zaragoza City Council developed by the startup Meep.[2]​.

• - Last mile mobility.

• - Intelligent Transportation Systems Associations.

• - Demand-responsive transportation").

• - This work contains a partial translation derived from "Mobility as a service" from English Wikipedia, published by its editors under the GNU Free Documentation License and the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.