Examples
Smart cities
A smart city is an urban area, in which the collected surveillance data is used to improve various operations in this area. Increasing computing power allows for more automated decision-making and the replacement of public bodies with algorithmic governance.[39] In particular, the combined use of artificial intelligence and blockchains for the Internet of Things could lead to the creation of sustainable smart city ecosystems. Glasgow's smart street lighting is an example of the benefits of government application of AI algorithms.[40].
Cryptocurrency millionaire Jeffrey Berns proposed running local governments through technology companies in Nevada in 2021.[41] Mr Berns purchased 67,000 acres (271 km²) in rural Storey County, Nevada, for $170,000,000 (£121,000,000) in 2018 to develop a smart city with more than 36,000 residents that generated an annual production of 4,600,000 dollars.[41] The use of cryptocurrencies as a form of payment would be allowed.
Reputation systems
Tim O'Reilly suggested that data sources and reputation systems combined in algorithmic regulation can outperform traditional regulations.[36] For example, once passengers rate taxi drivers, the quality of their services will automatically improve and "drivers who provide poor service will be eliminated."[36] O'Reilly's suggestion is based on the theoretical control concept of a feedback loop: reputation upgrades and downgrades dictate behavior. desired.[18] The use of feedback loops for the management of social systems was previously suggested by Stafford Beer in the cybernetics of management").[42].
These connections are explored by Nello Cristianini and Teresa Scantamburlo[18] where the reputation and credit scoring system is modeled as an incentive given to citizens and computed by a social machine, such that rational agents would be motivated to increase their score by adapting their behavior. Several ethical aspects of this technology continue to be debated.
China's Social Credit system is closely related to China's mass surveillance systems such as Skynet,[43][44][45] which incorporates a facial recognition system, big data analysis technology and AI.[46][47][48][49] This system provides assessments of the trustworthiness of people and companies.[50][51][52] Among the behaviors that the system considers as misconduct, jaywalking and not properly sorting personal waste are cited.[53][54][55][56][57] Among the behaviors considered as positive factors for credit rating are donating blood, donating to charities, volunteering for community services, etc.[58][59] The Chinese Social Credit system allows "unreliable" citizens to be punished, such as denying them the purchase of tickets, and rewarding the "trustworthy", such as reducing waiting time in hospitals and public organizations.[60][61][62].
Smart contracts
Smart contracts, cryptocurrencies, and decentralized autonomous organization are mentioned as a means to replace traditional forms of government.[63][64][9] Cryptocurrencies are currencies that are powered by algorithms without a governmental central bank.[65] Central bank digital currency often employs similar technology, but is differentiated by the fact that it uses a central bank. It will soon be used by major unions and governments, such as the European Union and China. Smart contracts are self-executing contracts, the goals of which are to reduce the need for trusted government intermediaries, arbitrations, and execution costs.[66][67] A decentralized autonomous organization is an organization represented by smart contracts that is transparent, controlled by shareholders, and not influenced by a central government.[68][69][70] Smart contracts have been discussed for use in applications such as use in contract contracts. work[71][72] (temporary) and in the automatic transfer of funds and property (i.e. inheritance "Inheritance (Law)"), upon registration of a death certificate).[73][74][75][76] Some countries such as Georgia and Sweden have already launched blockchain programs focused on property (property titles and property real estate).[37][77][78][79] Ukraine is also studying other areas, such as state records.[37].
Algorithms in government agencies
According to a Stanford University study, 45% of US federal agencies have experimented with AI and machine learning-related tools as of 2020.[6] US federal agencies have had the following numbers of artificial intelligence applications.[6].
53% of these applications were produced by in-house experts.[6] Commercial providers of residual applications include Palantir Technologies.[80].
Since 2012, the NOPD began to collaborate with Palantir Technologies in the field of predictive policing.
In the fight against money laundering, FinCEN uses the FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System (FAIS).[83].
National health administration entities and organizations, such as AHIMA (American Health Information Management Association), are holders of medical records. Medical records serve as a central repository to plan patient care and document communication between the patient and the professionals who contribute to their care. In the EU, work is being done on a European Health Data Space to support the use of health data.[84].
The United States Department of Homeland Security has employed ATLAS software, which runs on Amazon Cloud. This software scans more than 16.5 million records of naturalized Americans and approximately 124,000 of them were flagged for analysis and review by USCIS agents regarding denaturalization.
In Estonia, artificial intelligence is used in its e-government to make it more automated and constant. A virtual assistant will guide citizens in any interaction they have with the government. Automated and proactive services will offer services to citizens at key moments in their lives (including births, loss of family members, unemployment, etc.). An example of these services is the automated registration of babies when they are born.[87] Estonia's X-Road system will also be rebuilt to include even more privacy control and accountability in how the government uses citizen data.[88].
In Costa Rica, research has been carried out on the possibility of digitizing public procurement activities (for example, tenders for public employment, etc.). The document that discusses this possibility mentions that the use of ICT in procurement has several benefits such as improved transparency, ease of digital access to public tenders, reduction of direct interaction between contracting officials and companies in moments of high risk for integrity, increased reach and competition, and easier detection of irregularities.[89].
Apart from using public e-tenders for regular public works (construction of buildings, etc.), they can also be used for reforestation projects and other carbon sink restoration projects.[90] These carbon sink restoration projects can be part of nationally determined contribution plans to achieve the national goals of the Paris Agreement.
"Audit software" can also be used for public procurement.[91][92] Audits are carried out in some countries after they have received subsidies.
Justice by algorithm
The software COMPAS&action=edit&redlink=1 "COMPAS (Software) (not yet written)") is used in the US to assess the risk of recidivism in court.[98].
According to the Beijing Internet Court's statement, China is the first country to create an internet court or cyber court.[99][100][101] The Chinese AI judge is a virtual recreation of a real judge. "It will help the court's judges complete basic and repetitive work, including receiving lawsuits, thus enabling professional practitioners to better focus on their work in the court."[99].
Estonia also plans to use artificial intelligence to decide small claim cases of less than 7,000 euros.[102].
Legal robots" can carry out tasks that are typically performed by paralegals or junior partners in law firms. One such technology used by US law firms for legal search assistance is from ROSS Intelligence,[103] and others vary in sophistication and reliance on algorithms.[104] Another legal tech chatbot application is DoNotPay").
AI in education
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, in-person final exams were impossible for thousands of students.[105] The public Westminster High School used algorithms to assign grades. The United Kingdom Department of Education also used a statistical calculation to assign final grades to advanced levels, due to the pandemic.[106].
In addition to their use in grading, software systems and AI are also optimizing coursework and are being used in college entrance exam preparation.[107].
AI teaching assistants are being developed and used for education (i.e. Georgia Tech, by Jill Watson)[108][109] and there is also a current debate about whether perhaps teachers can be entirely replaced by AI systems (i.e. in homeschooling).[110].
AI politicians
In 2018, an activist named Michihito Matsuda ran for mayor in the city of Tama (Tokyo) in Tama, Tokyo, as a human representative of an artificial intelligence program. While election posters and campaign materials used the term robot, and displayed stock images of a female android, the "AI mayor" was actually a machine learning algorithm that was trained using sets of data from the city of Tama.[112] The project was backed by high-level executives Tetsuzo Matsumoto of Softbank and Norio Murakami of Google.[113] Michihito Matsuda came third in the election, being defeated by Hiroyuki Abe.[114] Organizers claimed that the 'AI mayor' was programmed to analyze online petitions that citizens submit to the city council in a more 'fair and balanced' way than politicians. humans.[115].
In 2019, the AI-powered messaging chatbot SAM participated in social media debates related to an election race in New Zealand.[116] SAM's creator, Nick Gerritsen, believes that SAM will be advanced enough to stand as a candidate in late 2020, when New Zealand has its next general election.[117].
Infection management
In February 2020, China launched a mobile application called "close contact detector"[118] to deal with the Coronavirus pandemic.[119] Users are asked to enter their name and ID number. The app can detect "close contact" using surveillance data (i.e. using public transport records, including trains and flights)[119] and therefore a potential risk of infection. Each user can also check the status of three other users. To perform this query, users scan a quick response (QR) code on their smartphones using apps such as Alipay or WeChat.[120] The close contact detector can be accessed through popular mobile apps, including Alipay. If a potential risk is detected, the app not only recommends self-quarantine, but also alerts local health officials.[121].
Alipay also has the Alipay Health Code"), which is used to protect citizens. This system generates a QR code in one of three colors (green, yellow or red) after users fill out a form on Alipay with their personal details. A green code allows the holder to move without restrictions. A yellow code requires the user to stay at home for seven days and red means a two-week quarantine. In some cities like Hangzhou, it has become almost impossible to move without showing the code Alipay.[122].
In Cannes, France, monitoring software has been used on footage filmed by CCTV cameras, allowing their compliance with local social distancing and mask-wearing to be monitored during the COVID-19 pandemic. The system does not store identifying data, but instead allows city authorities and police to be alerted when violations of mask and mask wearing rules are detected (allowing fines to be applied where necessary). The algorithms used by the monitoring software can be incorporated into existing surveillance systems in public spaces (hospitals, stations, airports, shopping centers, etc.)[123].
Mobile phone data is used to locate infected patients in South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and other countries.[124][124] In March 2020, the Israeli government allowed security agencies to track mobile phone data of people suspected to have coronavirus. The measure was taken to enforce the quarantine and protect those who may come into contact with infected citizens.[125] Also in March 2020, Deutsche Telekom shared private mobile phone data with the federal government agency, the Robert Koch Institute, in order to investigate and prevent the spread of the virus.[126] Russia deployed facial recognition technology to detect quarantine violators.[127] Italian regional health commissioner Giulio Gallera said that "40% of people continue to move anyway," mobile operators have told him.[128] In the US, Europe and the UK, Palantir Technologies is responsible for providing COVID-19 monitoring services.[129] Tsunamis can be detected by tsunami warning systems, which can make use of AI.[130][131] Floods can also be detected by tsunami warning systems.[130][131] AI.[132] Locust breeding areas can be approximated using machine learning, which could help stop locust swarms at an early stage.[133] In addition, potential forest fires can be detected using AI systems[134][135] (i.e. through data from satellites, aerial images and real-time position of personnel real),[136][137][138] and can help evacuate people during fires.[139].