Contenido

Las redes de saneamiento se puede construir de dos modos:[8]​.

Las redes de saneamiento surgieron en las ciudades europeas durante el siglo en respuesta a los problemas sanitarios y epidemiológicos generados por la deficiente evacuación de las aguas fecales. En aquel momento la mayoría de estas ciudades disponían ya de un sistema de colectores destinados a la evacuación de las aguas de lluvia y residuales, pero sin conexión a estas de las bajantes de los edificios. Las aguas residuales se vertían a la calle y la lluvia las arrastraba a las cloacas, desde donde iban a una cauce.

Desde mediados del siglo empezaron a construirse redes separativas, tras la aparición de los primeros sistemas de depuración, y con base en los siguientes argumentos:.

Siendo correctos los argumentos anteriores, existen también una serie de inconvenientes del saneamiento separativo, del cual desde finales de los años 1990 se está incrementando su uso, principalmente en redes de nueva implantación (la separación de redes unitarias existentes pronto se vio como económica y técnicamente inviable).

Para el buen funcionamiento de las redes separadas debe prestarse mucha atención a los aspectos que siguen:.

En comparación con las redes unitarias, los principales problemas son:.

Current trends

Since the last decade of the century, there has generally been a concern on the part of governments to reduce the gap between the coverage of water supply networks and sewage networks.

Simultaneously, it is no longer accepted to think about sanitation if the appropriate treatment, based on the categorization of the recipient, of the collected wastewater is not also integrated. (In Europe it is mandatory in towns with more than 5,000 inhabitants).

With almost always budgetary restrictions, except in exceptional cases, the competent authorities give priority to sanitation networks over rainwater collection networks.

In many countries, the characteristics of sanitation networks have been standardized.[9][note 1]​.

Initially, sanitation networks were built with cement pipes, masonry galleries, and fiber cement; and in some cases stoneware pipes were used; currently, the most commonly used materials are polyvinyl, PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene, as well as pipes made of polyester resins reinforced with GRP fiberglass.

Since the 1990s, pipe sizing has become increasingly common, considering not only the minimum velocity of the water in the pipe but also the drag force of the flow. This variant allows working with smaller slopes, which is an advantage in very flat areas.

Storm drainage networks have several different concepts. They are frequently buried networks, but they are combined with sections made up of open channels.

In the design of the storm drainage networks, in addition to the topography, which also dominates the sanitation network, the rainfall regime in the area plays a very important role.

The current trend is for stormwater networks to be separate from the sanitation networks, instead of unitary, to prevent them from overflowing and to take advantage of their water. [10]​.

La parte principal de dicho sistema está formada por grandes tuberías (es decir, los colectores, drenajes pluviales o "cloacas") que transportan las aguas residuales desde el punto de producción hasta el punto de tratamiento o descarga.

Los tipos de sistemas de saneamiento que generalmente son colectores que funcionan por gravedad incluyen:.

Las redes de saneamiento que no dependen únicamente de la gravedad incluyen:.

Donde no se ha instalado un sistema de saneamiento, las aguas residuales pueden recolectarse de los hogares por tuberías hacia tanques sépticos o fosas negras, donde pueden tratarse o recolectarse en vehículos y llevarse para su tratamiento o eliminación (un proceso conocido como manejo de lodos fecales).

Main network components

The main components of a sanitation network, described in the direction of water circulation, are:

Downstream, and outside of what is conventionally considered the sanitation network, the treatment plant and the final discharge of the treated water would be located:

Other complementary elements

In all sanitation networks there are also other minor elements:

And in a certain number of cases other more important structures are necessary:

Pipelines and tunnels suffer severe wear forces, which can result in premature deterioration of the network. These include root intrusion, shifting of joints, cracks and hole formation leading to a significant volume of leaks with an overall risk to the environment and public health. For example, it is estimated that 500 million m of contaminated water per year can leak into soil and groundwater in Germany.[12] Rehabilitation and replacement of damaged sewage pipes is very expensive. The annual rehabilitation costs for Los Angeles County are approximately 400 million euros,[13]​ and in Germany, these costs are estimated at 100 million euros.[14]​.

Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is indirectly responsible for "biogenic sulfide corrosion" and, consequently, the sewer pipes need rehabilitation work. There are several repair options available to homeowners in a wide range of costs and potential durability. One option is the application of a cementitious material based on calcium aluminate cement, following a cleaning of the corroded structure to remove loose material and contaminants in order to expose a healthy, rough and clean substrate. Depending on the condition and the contamination of concrete, cleaning can vary from simple high-pressure water jet cleaning (200 bar) to actual hydrodemolition (2000 bars).

The sanitation network is considered a basic service, however the coverage of these networks in the cities of developing countries is negligible in relation to the coverage of drinking water networks. This generates significant health problems. For a long time, the concern of municipal or departmental authorities was more concerned with building drinking water networks, leaving the construction of sanitation networks for an indefinite future. Currently, the existence of sanitation networks is a requirement to approve the construction of new developments in most nations.

Contenido

Las redes de saneamiento se puede construir de dos modos:[8]​.

Las redes de saneamiento surgieron en las ciudades europeas durante el siglo en respuesta a los problemas sanitarios y epidemiológicos generados por la deficiente evacuación de las aguas fecales. En aquel momento la mayoría de estas ciudades disponían ya de un sistema de colectores destinados a la evacuación de las aguas de lluvia y residuales, pero sin conexión a estas de las bajantes de los edificios. Las aguas residuales se vertían a la calle y la lluvia las arrastraba a las cloacas, desde donde iban a una cauce.

Desde mediados del siglo empezaron a construirse redes separativas, tras la aparición de los primeros sistemas de depuración, y con base en los siguientes argumentos:.

Siendo correctos los argumentos anteriores, existen también una serie de inconvenientes del saneamiento separativo, del cual desde finales de los años 1990 se está incrementando su uso, principalmente en redes de nueva implantación (la separación de redes unitarias existentes pronto se vio como económica y técnicamente inviable).

Para el buen funcionamiento de las redes separadas debe prestarse mucha atención a los aspectos que siguen:.

En comparación con las redes unitarias, los principales problemas son:.

Current trends

Since the last decade of the century, there has generally been a concern on the part of governments to reduce the gap between the coverage of water supply networks and sewage networks.

Simultaneously, it is no longer accepted to think about sanitation if the appropriate treatment, based on the categorization of the recipient, of the collected wastewater is not also integrated. (In Europe it is mandatory in towns with more than 5,000 inhabitants).

With almost always budgetary restrictions, except in exceptional cases, the competent authorities give priority to sanitation networks over rainwater collection networks.

In many countries, the characteristics of sanitation networks have been standardized.[9][note 1]​.

Initially, sanitation networks were built with cement pipes, masonry galleries, and fiber cement; and in some cases stoneware pipes were used; currently, the most commonly used materials are polyvinyl, PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene, as well as pipes made of polyester resins reinforced with GRP fiberglass.

Since the 1990s, pipe sizing has become increasingly common, considering not only the minimum velocity of the water in the pipe but also the drag force of the flow. This variant allows working with smaller slopes, which is an advantage in very flat areas.

Storm drainage networks have several different concepts. They are frequently buried networks, but they are combined with sections made up of open channels.

In the design of the storm drainage networks, in addition to the topography, which also dominates the sanitation network, the rainfall regime in the area plays a very important role.

The current trend is for stormwater networks to be separate from the sanitation networks, instead of unitary, to prevent them from overflowing and to take advantage of their water. [10]​.

La parte principal de dicho sistema está formada por grandes tuberías (es decir, los colectores, drenajes pluviales o "cloacas") que transportan las aguas residuales desde el punto de producción hasta el punto de tratamiento o descarga.

Los tipos de sistemas de saneamiento que generalmente son colectores que funcionan por gravedad incluyen:.

Las redes de saneamiento que no dependen únicamente de la gravedad incluyen:.

Donde no se ha instalado un sistema de saneamiento, las aguas residuales pueden recolectarse de los hogares por tuberías hacia tanques sépticos o fosas negras, donde pueden tratarse o recolectarse en vehículos y llevarse para su tratamiento o eliminación (un proceso conocido como manejo de lodos fecales).

Main network components

The main components of a sanitation network, described in the direction of water circulation, are:

Downstream, and outside of what is conventionally considered the sanitation network, the treatment plant and the final discharge of the treated water would be located:

Other complementary elements

In all sanitation networks there are also other minor elements:

And in a certain number of cases other more important structures are necessary:

Pipelines and tunnels suffer severe wear forces, which can result in premature deterioration of the network. These include root intrusion, shifting of joints, cracks and hole formation leading to a significant volume of leaks with an overall risk to the environment and public health. For example, it is estimated that 500 million m of contaminated water per year can leak into soil and groundwater in Germany.[12] Rehabilitation and replacement of damaged sewage pipes is very expensive. The annual rehabilitation costs for Los Angeles County are approximately 400 million euros,[13]​ and in Germany, these costs are estimated at 100 million euros.[14]​.

Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is indirectly responsible for "biogenic sulfide corrosion" and, consequently, the sewer pipes need rehabilitation work. There are several repair options available to homeowners in a wide range of costs and potential durability. One option is the application of a cementitious material based on calcium aluminate cement, following a cleaning of the corroded structure to remove loose material and contaminants in order to expose a healthy, rough and clean substrate. Depending on the condition and the contamination of concrete, cleaning can vary from simple high-pressure water jet cleaning (200 bar) to actual hydrodemolition (2000 bars).

The sanitation network is considered a basic service, however the coverage of these networks in the cities of developing countries is negligible in relation to the coverage of drinking water networks. This generates significant health problems. For a long time, the concern of municipal or departmental authorities was more concerned with building drinking water networks, leaving the construction of sanitation networks for an indefinite future. Currently, the existence of sanitation networks is a requirement to approve the construction of new developments in most nations.