Dimensions
Contenido
Considerado como uno de los pioneros del diseño biofílico, Stephen Kellert ha creado un marco en el que la naturaleza se utiliza en un entorno construido de una manera que satisface las necesidades humanas. Sus principios están destinados a celebrar y mostrar respeto por la naturaleza, y proporcionar un entorno urbano enriquecedor, es decir, multisensorial. Las dimensiones y atributos que definen el marco biofílico de Kellert se describen a continuación.
Direct experience of nature
Direct experience refers to sensory, tangible contact with natural characteristics:
• - Light: allows orientation about what time of day it is, and what season we are in, and contributes to orientation and comfort; Light can also cause natural patterns and shapes, movements and shadows. In design, this can be applied through clerestories, reflective materials, skylights, glass, and atriums. This provides well-being to the occupants.[9].
• - Air: ventilation, temperature and humidity are felt through the air. These conditions can be experienced through the use of windows and other passive strategies, but most importantly, the variation in these elements promotes the comfort and productivity of the inhabitants of that space.
• - Water: Water is multi-sensory and can be used in buildings to provide movement, sounds, touch and sight. It can be incorporated into the design through bodies of water, fountains, wetlands and aquariums. People have a strong connection to water and when used, it can decrease stress and increase health, performance and overall satisfaction.
• - Plants: bringing vegetation to the exterior and interior spaces of a building provides a direct relationship with nature. This must be abundant, that is, use must be made of green walls or many potted plants, and some of that vegetation must bloom. Plants have been proven to increase physical health, performance and productivity and reduce stress.
• - Animals: although it is difficult to achieve, it can be done through aquariums, gardens, animal feeders and green roofs. This interaction promotes focus, mental stimulation, and pleasure.[10].
• - Weather: Weather can be observed directly through windows and transition spaces, but can also be simulated by manipulating the air within the space. Climate awareness in ancient times meant human fitness and survival, and now it promotes awareness and mental stimulation.
• - Natural landscapes: This is achieved by creating self-sustaining ecosystems in the built environment. Given human evolution and history, people tend to enjoy savanna-like landscapes as they represent the breadth and abundance of natural life. Contact with this type of environment can be made through views or direct interactions such as gardens. These landscapes are known to increase occupant satisfaction.
• - Fire: This natural element is difficult to incorporate, however, when implemented correctly in the building, it provides color, warmth and movement, all of which are attractive and pleasant to the inhabitants.
Indirect experience of nature
Indirect experience refers to contact with images or representations of nature:
• - Nature Images: This has been shown to be emotionally and intellectually satisfying for occupants. Images of nature can be implemented through paintings, photographs, sculptures, murals, videos, etc.[9].
• - Natural materials: People prefer natural materials as they can stimulate the mind. Natural materials are susceptible to the patina of time; This change stimulates people's responses. These materials can be incorporated into buildings through the use of wood and stone. Natural fabrics, furniture and leather can be used in interior design.
• - Natural colors: Natural colors or "earth tones" are those commonly found in nature and are usually faint shades of brown, green and blue. When using colors in buildings, these natural tones should be represented. Brighter colors should only be used in moderation: one study showed that red flowers on plants caused fatigue and distracted occupants.[11].
• - Natural Air and Light Simulations: In areas where natural forms of ventilation and light cannot be achieved, creative use of interior lighting and mechanical ventilation can be used to mimic these natural features. Designers can do this by varying lighting through different types of lighting, reflective media, and natural geometries through which the luminaire can shine. Natural airflow can be mimicked by slight changes in temperature, humidity and air speed.
• - Naturalistic forms: natural forms and figures can be achieved in architectural design, placing columns and patterns based on nature on the facades. Including these different elements in spaces can turn a static space into an intriguing and attractive complex area.
• - Evoke nature: using characteristics found in nature to influence the structural design of the project. These may be things that may not occur in nature, rather they are isolated elements that represent natural landscapes, such as imitating different heights of plants found in ecosystems, or imitating particular characteristics of animals, water or plants.
• - Information richness: this can be achieved by providing complex, but not noisy, environments that stimulate the curiosity and imagination of the occupants. Many ecosystems are complex and full of different abiotic and biotic elements, so the goal of this attribute is to include these elements in the building environment.
• - Change and the Patina of Time: People are intrigued by nature and how it changes, adapts and ages over time, just like us. In buildings, this can be achieved by using organic materials that are susceptible to weathering and color change; This allows us to observe slight changes in our built environment over time.
Experience of space and place
The experience of space and place uses spatial relationships to improve well-being:.
• - Perspective and refuge: Refuge refers to the ability of buildings to provide comfortable and enriching interiors (cosy corners, soft lighting), while perspective emphasizes horizons, movement and sources of danger.[10] Examples of design elements include balconies, alcoves, changes in lighting and openness of areas (savanna environment).
• - Organized complexity: This principle is intended to simulate the need for controlled variability. This is done in the design through repetition, change and the architectural details of the building.
• - Integration of parts: when the different parts make up a whole, it provides satisfaction to the occupants. Design elements include interior spaces that use clear boundaries and/or the integration of a central focal point "Focus (geometry)").[9].
• - Transitional spaces: this element aims to connect interior spaces with the exterior or create comfort, by providing access from one space to another environment, through the use of porches, terraces, atriums, doors, bridges, fenestrations and vestibules.
• - Mobility: the ability of people to move comfortably between spaces, even when they are complex; It provides a sense of security to occupants and can be achieved by making entry and exit points clear.
• - Cultural and ecological place attachment: Creating a cultural sense of place in the built environment creates human connection and identity. This is done by incorporating the geography and history of the area into the design. Ecological identity is achieved through the creation of ecosystems that promote the use of native flora and fauna.
Each of these experiences must be considered individually, when used in a project, since from biophilia there is no single correct answer for each construction. Architects and owners of building projects should collaborate to include biophilic principles that they believe fit within their scope to more effectively reach their occupants.