Seismic Alert Systems
Introduction
The Japan Earthquake Early Warning System (EEW) is a warning issued just after an earthquake is detected in Japan.[2] The warnings are issued mainly by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), which issues advice on how to react to the warnings.[3][4] The system allows the population to be alerted several seconds and even minutes in advance before an earthquake reaches their location.
The Japan Meteorological Agency has two earthquake early warning systems, one is for advanced users and the other for the general public.[8] P waves are detected by more than 4,235 seismometers installed across Japan (as of April 1, 2010), the JMA automatically analyzes and predicts the epicenter area and warns people in the risk zone located in the various prefectures throughout Japan through television and the radio only if a strong shock is expected.[8].
The earthquake early warning that is issued to the general public (緊急地震速報(警報)) (television, radio, text messages, computer alerts, etc.), is displayed when the Japan Meteorological Agency detects an earthquake that will be greater than 5 degrees on the Shindo scale.[9] On the other hand, the type early warning prediction)(緊急地震速報(予報)) is issued to advanced users when the earthquake exceeds 3 degrees Shindo, or magnitude 3.5 on the Richter scale, or when an acceleration greater than 100 gal "Gal (unit)" is expected. The above is deduced from the amplitude "Amplitude (physical)") of the P (primary) and S (secondary) waves.[9].
The timing of a warning depends on the conditions under which a warning can be issued and received. After receiving a warning, a person may have a few seconds to take action, but if the epicenter is very close there may be cases where strong tremors come ahead of any warning.[10].
Early warning is set up to allow people to mitigate the damage of an earthquake, people can protect themselves at home, in the office, and near cliffs; Railroad workers can use this warning to stop trains, and factory workers can use it to stop assembly lines before an earthquake.[2].
After the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami, the earthquake and tsunami early warning system was considered effective by Indian scientist Dr. Shailesh Nayak, who helped develop the warning system in India.[11] However, the tsunami killed more than 10,000 people.