The feeder or illuminator is responsible for collecting the microwaves concentrated at the focus of the parabola and passing them on to the next element. The feeder allows us to receive all the polarities that reach the antenna, which will be separated later. To separate the two most common polarities (linear, vertical and horizontal polarization) there are two types of devices, one for neighbor installations: orthomode, and another for single-family installations: polarrotor.

The signal from the descending beam, which is reflected on the surface of the satellite dish, oriented to the specific satellite, concentrates all its energy in the Focus, and through the illuminator located at said point, the signal is introduced into the preamplifier.

The signal captured by the antenna is very weak, due to the great attenuation it suffers in space from the satellite to the reception point; Furthermore, because it has a very high frequency, it must be changed so that it reaches the receiver (satellite tuner) at a much lower frequency, which allows it to propagate through the coaxial cable with less attenuation. The device in charge of this is called a Converter and since it has a low noise level it is called a low noise converter or LNC, which together with a low noise amplifier or LNA) and a local oscillator, forms what is called LNB (Low Noise Block) or Low Noise Block, which is commonly called LNB Converter.

The LNBs must be Universal or Digital, to be able to receive the full bandwidth, from 10.7 to 12.75 GHz, known as Ku band.

The converter is powered through the signal cable itself with its corresponding low frequency filters at 15 or 20 V direct voltage.

The High Power Amplifier (HPA) is also known as Transmitter or Transceiver (Transceiver) since it is in the transmitting part. There are several versions of HPAs, depending on the radiated power and other factors; There are solid state ones (SSPA" (Solid State Power Amplifier) ​​or SSHPA") and there are analog Vacuum Tubes such as TWT (Traveling Wave Tube) and KPA" (Klystron Power Amplifiers). SSPAs are generally used for low powers, TWTs and KPAs are used for very high powers.

The cable that connects the antenna to the indoor tuning unit (modem card) must have good characteristics, that is, little attenuation in the frequency range used. Manufacturers have several models of this type of cable to use in the installation. However, some installers use normal television cable with the consequent increase in attenuation and a possible loss of image quality if there are many meters of cable; The most common cable in this connection and most used is the 75 Ω shielded coaxial cable.

Coaxial cable consists of an internal conductor (cylindrical) cable separated from another external conductor cable by insulating rings or by a solid insulator. All of this is covered by another insulating layer which is the cable sheath.

This cable, although more expensive than twisted pair, can be used over longer distances, with higher transmission speeds, less interference, and allows more stations to be connected.

It is usually used for television, long-distance telephony, local area networks, short-distance peripheral connection, among others.

It is used to transmit analog or digital signals. Its main drawbacks are: attenuation, thermal noise, intermodulation noise.

For analog signals, an amplifier is needed every few km and for digital signals a repeater every km. This cable is made up of the mesh and the piping. This type of cable offers an impedance of 50 Ω/m. The connector type is RG58.

DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite)

DBS is a service that distributes a data signal (although it can also be video or audio) over a wide area using small diameter terminals as receivers and satellites are usually used as transmitters because their spatial position allows them to cover a large coverage area. The high-power DBS (Direct Broadcasting Satellite) satellites have a .

Via WiFi

It is possible to distribute Internet by satellite, using a wireless system, such as WiFi.

When it comes to communications satellites, the portion of the radio spectrum they will use determines virtually everything: system capacity, power, and price. Different wavelengths have different properties. Long wavelengths can travel long distances and pass through obstacles. Long wavelengths can go around buildings or pass through mountains, but the higher the frequency (and therefore the shorter the wavelength), the more easily the waves can be stopped.

When the frequencies are high enough (we're talking tens of gigahertz), the waves can be stopped by objects such as leaves or raindrops, causing the phenomenon called "rain fade." To overcome this phenomenon, more power is needed in the received signal, which implies more powerful transmitters or more focused antennas, which cause the price of the satellite to increase.

The advantage of high frequencies (Ku and Ka bands) is that they allow transmitters to send more information per second. This is because information is generally deposited in a certain part of the wave: the crest, the trough, the beginning or the end. The trade-off of high frequencies is that they can carry more information, but they need more power to avoid blockages, larger antennas and more expensive equipment. Specifically, the bands most used in satellite systems are:.

L band.

Ku Band.

Ka Band.

Band C.

Multiple access is defined as a technique where more than one pair of ground stations can simultaneously use a satellite transponder.

Most satellite communications applications involve a large number of ground stations communicating with each other via a satellite channel (voice, data or video). The concept of multiple access involves systems that make it possible for multiple ground stations to interconnect their communications links through a single transponder. These carriers can be modulated by single or multiple channels that include voice, data or video signals.

There are many specific implementations of multiple access systems, but there are only three fundamental types of systems:.

Multiple access by frequency division. These types of systems channel the transponder using multiple carriers, where each carrier is assigned a pair of frequencies. The total bandwidth used will depend on the total number of carriers. There are two variants of this technique: SCPC (Single Channel Per Carrier) and MCPC (Multiple Channel Per Carrier).

Time division multiple access is characterized by the use of time slots assigned to each carrier. There are other variants of this method, the best known is DAMA (Demand Assigned Multiple Access), which assigns time slots according to channel demand. One of the advantages of TDMA over the others is that it optimizes bandwidth.

Code Division Multiple Access, better known as Spread Spectrum, is a modulation technique that converts the baseband signal into a modulated signal with a bandwidth spectrum that covers or spreads over a band of magnitude larger than that normally needed to transmit the baseband signal itself. It is a very robust technique against interference in the common radio spectrum and has been used very widely in military applications. This technique is applied in satellite communications, particularly for transmission of data at low speeds.

There are two types of connection:

This technology allows free satellite access to the Internet. Several CubeSats micro satellites orbit the Earth to provide public access to cyberspace, from outside the planet (hence the name outernet).[5][6][7]​.

Even so, offering the web via satellite to places that the usual communication lines do not reach is not a new idea, but until now it is an expensive solution and in many cases it does not guarantee great speed. Keeping the outernet running has costs that must continue to be met year after year.[8]​[9]​.

People from all over the world, using smart cell phones, participated in the selection and prioritization of the content that will be transmitted. NASA has been asked to use the International Space Station to test its technology.

The installation of the equipment can be carried out by an installer or by the user himself (self-installation).[10]​.

There is also the possibility of renting, instead of buying, the equipment necessary to connect to the Internet, and the equipment must be returned at the time of cancellation.[11]​.

On the other hand, in addition to postpaid, with some operators it is possible to contract prepaid satellite Internet.[12]​.

En primer lugar hay que mencionar que el diámetro de la antena parabólica está en función de la zona de cobertura (huella "Huella (astronáutica)") o footprint) del satélite que nos dé acceso a Internet.

Los tipos de antenas parabólicas más importantes son los siguientes:.

Primary focus

The surface of the antenna is a paraboloid of revolution, all waves "Wave (physics)") incident parallel to the main axis are reflected and end up at the Focus. The Focus is centered on the paraboloid.

It has a maximum performance of approximately 60%, that is, of all the energy that reaches the surface of the antenna, 60% reaches the focus and is used, the rest does not reach the focus and is lost; They are usually seen large, approximately 1.5 m in diameter.

cassegrain

It is similar to the Primary Focus, only it has two reflectors; The larger one points to the place of reception, and when the waves collide, they are reflected and go to the Focus where the smaller reflector is; When the waves collide, they go to the last Focus, where the detector will be placed.

They are usually used in very large antennas, where it is difficult to reach the Focus for antenna maintenance.

Flat or "Offset" antennas

They are currently being widely used for the reception of high-power satellites (DBS), such as Hispasat.

This type of antenna does not require pointing so precisely at the satellite, although logically they must be oriented towards the specific satellite.

Su rendimiento es de hasta un 85%, y su principal característica es que el foco no está situado en el centro de la antena, sino en la parte baja de esta. This results in a lower inclination for the antenna, allowing it to be installed on a wall.

The "offset ratio" measures the difference between the actual tilt of the antenna and the tilt of the signal being picked up.

For example, in a typical offset antenna, to capture a satellite that is at an angle of 40º above the horizon, it will only be necessary to give an elevation of 20º.

The feeder or illuminator is responsible for collecting the microwaves concentrated at the focus of the parabola and passing them on to the next element. The feeder allows us to receive all the polarities that reach the antenna, which will be separated later. To separate the two most common polarities (linear, vertical and horizontal polarization) there are two types of devices, one for neighbor installations: orthomode, and another for single-family installations: polarrotor.

The signal from the descending beam, which is reflected on the surface of the satellite dish, oriented to the specific satellite, concentrates all its energy in the Focus, and through the illuminator located at said point, the signal is introduced into the preamplifier.

The signal captured by the antenna is very weak, due to the great attenuation it suffers in space from the satellite to the reception point; Furthermore, because it has a very high frequency, it must be changed so that it reaches the receiver (satellite tuner) at a much lower frequency, which allows it to propagate through the coaxial cable with less attenuation. The device in charge of this is called a Converter and since it has a low noise level it is called a low noise converter or LNC, which together with a low noise amplifier or LNA) and a local oscillator, forms what is called LNB (Low Noise Block) or Low Noise Block, which is commonly called LNB Converter.

The LNBs must be Universal or Digital, to be able to receive the full bandwidth, from 10.7 to 12.75 GHz, known as Ku band.

The converter is powered through the signal cable itself with its corresponding low frequency filters at 15 or 20 V direct voltage.

The High Power Amplifier (HPA) is also known as Transmitter or Transceiver (Transceiver) since it is in the transmitting part. There are several versions of HPAs, depending on the radiated power and other factors; There are solid state ones (SSPA" (Solid State Power Amplifier) ​​or SSHPA") and there are analog Vacuum Tubes such as TWT (Traveling Wave Tube) and KPA" (Klystron Power Amplifiers). SSPAs are generally used for low powers, TWTs and KPAs are used for very high powers.

The cable that connects the antenna to the indoor tuning unit (modem card) must have good characteristics, that is, little attenuation in the frequency range used. Manufacturers have several models of this type of cable to use in the installation. However, some installers use normal television cable with the consequent increase in attenuation and a possible loss of image quality if there are many meters of cable; The most common cable in this connection and most used is the 75 Ω shielded coaxial cable.

Coaxial cable consists of an internal conductor (cylindrical) cable separated from another external conductor cable by insulating rings or by a solid insulator. All of this is covered by another insulating layer which is the cable sheath.

This cable, although more expensive than twisted pair, can be used over longer distances, with higher transmission speeds, less interference, and allows more stations to be connected.

It is usually used for television, long-distance telephony, local area networks, short-distance peripheral connection, among others.

It is used to transmit analog or digital signals. Its main drawbacks are: attenuation, thermal noise, intermodulation noise.

For analog signals, an amplifier is needed every few km and for digital signals a repeater every km. This cable is made up of the mesh and the piping. This type of cable offers an impedance of 50 Ω/m. The connector type is RG58.

DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite)

DBS is a service that distributes a data signal (although it can also be video or audio) over a wide area using small diameter terminals as receivers and satellites are usually used as transmitters because their spatial position allows them to cover a large coverage area. The high-power DBS (Direct Broadcasting Satellite) satellites have a .

Via WiFi

It is possible to distribute Internet by satellite, using a wireless system, such as WiFi.

When it comes to communications satellites, the portion of the radio spectrum they will use determines virtually everything: system capacity, power, and price. Different wavelengths have different properties. Long wavelengths can travel long distances and pass through obstacles. Long wavelengths can go around buildings or pass through mountains, but the higher the frequency (and therefore the shorter the wavelength), the more easily the waves can be stopped.

When the frequencies are high enough (we're talking tens of gigahertz), the waves can be stopped by objects such as leaves or raindrops, causing the phenomenon called "rain fade." To overcome this phenomenon, more power is needed in the received signal, which implies more powerful transmitters or more focused antennas, which cause the price of the satellite to increase.

The advantage of high frequencies (Ku and Ka bands) is that they allow transmitters to send more information per second. This is because information is generally deposited in a certain part of the wave: the crest, the trough, the beginning or the end. The trade-off of high frequencies is that they can carry more information, but they need more power to avoid blockages, larger antennas and more expensive equipment. Specifically, the bands most used in satellite systems are:.

L band.

Ku Band.

Ka Band.

Band C.

Multiple access is defined as a technique where more than one pair of ground stations can simultaneously use a satellite transponder.

Most satellite communications applications involve a large number of ground stations communicating with each other via a satellite channel (voice, data or video). The concept of multiple access involves systems that make it possible for multiple ground stations to interconnect their communications links through a single transponder. These carriers can be modulated by single or multiple channels that include voice, data or video signals.

There are many specific implementations of multiple access systems, but there are only three fundamental types of systems:.

Multiple access by frequency division. These types of systems channel the transponder using multiple carriers, where each carrier is assigned a pair of frequencies. The total bandwidth used will depend on the total number of carriers. There are two variants of this technique: SCPC (Single Channel Per Carrier) and MCPC (Multiple Channel Per Carrier).

Time division multiple access is characterized by the use of time slots assigned to each carrier. There are other variants of this method, the best known is DAMA (Demand Assigned Multiple Access), which assigns time slots according to channel demand. One of the advantages of TDMA over the others is that it optimizes bandwidth.

Code Division Multiple Access, better known as Spread Spectrum, is a modulation technique that converts the baseband signal into a modulated signal with a bandwidth spectrum that covers or spreads over a band of magnitude larger than that normally needed to transmit the baseband signal itself. It is a very robust technique against interference in the common radio spectrum and has been used very widely in military applications. This technique is applied in satellite communications, particularly for transmission of data at low speeds.

There are two types of connection:

This technology allows free satellite access to the Internet. Several CubeSats micro satellites orbit the Earth to provide public access to cyberspace, from outside the planet (hence the name outernet).[5][6][7]​.

Even so, offering the web via satellite to places that the usual communication lines do not reach is not a new idea, but until now it is an expensive solution and in many cases it does not guarantee great speed. Keeping the outernet running has costs that must continue to be met year after year.[8]​[9]​.

People from all over the world, using smart cell phones, participated in the selection and prioritization of the content that will be transmitted. NASA has been asked to use the International Space Station to test its technology.

The installation of the equipment can be carried out by an installer or by the user himself (self-installation).[10]​.

There is also the possibility of renting, instead of buying, the equipment necessary to connect to the Internet, and the equipment must be returned at the time of cancellation.[11]​.

On the other hand, in addition to postpaid, with some operators it is possible to contract prepaid satellite Internet.[12]​.