The history of Bogotá covers two periods. Before the founding of the Spanish city, and after it. The first goes from 800 BC. C., with the first human settlements, to August 6, 1538, when Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada founded it. The second goes from that moment to the present. Today it is the most extensive, populated and active city in Colombia. But during the Colony it competed with Cartagena and Tunja for the first place in importance in the New Kingdom of Granada. It was one of the main stages of the fight for Independence. The century was marked by El Bogotazo and its consequences, as well as by strong growth and poorly regulated urban development, with high levels of real estate speculation and a clear growth trend towards the north and west of the savannah. In the 1950s, the Special District was formed.[1] Its development was marked at the beginning of the century by water supply and sewage problems,[2] which have been replaced by notable mobility difficulties. It is the main economy of Colombia, and the fourth in Latin America "Annex: Cities of Latin America by GDP (PPP)"). Currently, its metropolitan area is the largest in the country and the eighth in America.[3].
Pre-Hispanic era
Contenido
Desde el 10 500 a. C., la cultura abriense se desarrolló el altiplano cundiboyacence. Su sustento dependía de la caza y recolección, de lo que quedan vestigios en El Abra. Desde el 3500 a. C. se registran actividades hortícolas, de alfarería[4] y la domesticación del curí por grupos que aún dependían de la caza y la recolección. En el 500 a. C. estaba difundido el cultivo del maíz y la papa "Papa (tubérculo)").
Muisca period
The Muiscas arrived in the century after a migration of Chibcha origin, about whose origins there are different theories,[4] that they would have mixed with the previous population. The territory occupied by the Muisca confederation extended, during the Spanish colonization of America, from the 4th to the 6th boreal latitude, with a length of 45 leagues and a width of 13 leagues on average. Its surface, therefore, was close to 14,000 km². The cold region, with an altitude of 2000 to 3000 m, was in the vicinity of the bordering warm regions of Fusagasugá, Pacho and Cáqueza.[5].
Santafé brickyard
Introduction
The history of Bogotá covers two periods. Before the founding of the Spanish city, and after it. The first goes from 800 BC. C., with the first human settlements, to August 6, 1538, when Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada founded it. The second goes from that moment to the present. Today it is the most extensive, populated and active city in Colombia. But during the Colony it competed with Cartagena and Tunja for the first place in importance in the New Kingdom of Granada. It was one of the main stages of the fight for Independence. The century was marked by El Bogotazo and its consequences, as well as by strong growth and poorly regulated urban development, with high levels of real estate speculation and a clear growth trend towards the north and west of the savannah. In the 1950s, the Special District was formed.[1] Its development was marked at the beginning of the century by water supply and sewage problems,[2] which have been replaced by notable mobility difficulties. It is the main economy of Colombia, and the fourth in Latin America "Annex: Cities of Latin America by GDP (PPP)"). Currently, its metropolitan area is the largest in the country and the eighth in America.[3].
Pre-Hispanic era
Contenido
Desde el 10 500 a. C., la cultura abriense se desarrolló el altiplano cundiboyacence. Su sustento dependía de la caza y recolección, de lo que quedan vestigios en El Abra. Desde el 3500 a. C. se registran actividades hortícolas, de alfarería[4] y la domesticación del curí por grupos que aún dependían de la caza y la recolección. En el 500 a. C. estaba difundido el cultivo del maíz y la papa "Papa (tubérculo)").
Muisca period
The Muiscas arrived in the century after a migration of Chibcha origin, about whose origins there are different theories,[4] that they would have mixed with the previous population. The territory occupied by the Muisca confederation extended, during the Spanish colonization of America, from the 4th to the 6th boreal latitude, with a length of 45 leagues and a width of 13 leagues on average. Its surface, therefore, was close to 14,000 km². The cold region, with an altitude of 2000 to 3000 m, was in the vicinity of the bordering warm regions of Fusagasugá, Pacho and Cáqueza.[5].
The Muisca culture lacked writing.[4] Therefore, the stories reconstructed by European chroniclers are based on compilations of oral stories dating back to the 1470s, when the Saguanmachica zipa ruled.[6].
At the top of the Muisca social stratification was the zipa, followed by the chyquy, that is, the priests, whom the Spanish called sheikhs, and the uzaques), who were minor chiefs. Then there were the güechas (warriors), followed by the artisans, merchants, peasants, etc. They had a precise lunar calendar and a complex legal structure,[6] known as the Nemequene Code.[7].
In its territory there were about two million inhabitants, divided into five independent federations, enemies of each other, located in the current departments of Boyacá and Cundinamarca.[8] The strongest was the Bacatá, which occupied 40% of the territory. It covered the Bogotá savannah and was made up of tribes that were located in territories that today make up the District, or with those that it borders, such as Simijaca, Guachetá, Ubaté, Chocontá, Nemocón, Zipaquirá, Guatavita, Suba, Ubaque, Tibacuy, Fusagasugá, Pasca, Subachoque, Cáqueza, Teusacá "La Calera (Cundinamarca)"), Tosca&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tosca (Colombia) (not yet written)"), Guasca "Guasca (Colombia)") and Pacho.[8].
The remaining four federations that made up the Muisca territory were the Hunza, which gave its name to the city of Tunja, the capital of Boyacá; the Iraca or Sugamuxi; the Tundama, which extended north to the Chicamocha; and Guanentá.[8].
When the Spanish arrived, three independent rulers reigned over the Muiscas: the zipa in Funza, the zaque in Hunza and the chief of Iraca, who had a priestly character as successor to Bochica, the civilizer.[5].
Conquest and foundation
On April 6, 1536 Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada left the newly founded coastal city of Santa Marta "Santa Marta (Colombia)") towards the interior of the country. He was at the head of 500 infantrymen, among them Gonzalo Suárez Rendón, the founder of Tunja, and with 80 horses, in order to explore the mountains on the banks of the Magdalena River.[9] The first settlement they reached was Tora de las Barrancas Bermejas, current Barrancabermeja, where they had news of a civilization that caught their attention due to the discovery of vessels with salt and blankets of cotton.[9][10] After a year, 166 men and a few horses arrived at the lands inhabited by the Muisca people.
In February 1537 the Spanish left the vicinity of Vélez "Vélez (Santander)"). They marched south through the Muisca towns of Ubazá"), Turca&action=edit&redlink=1 "Turca (Cundinamarca) (not yet written)") or Becerrilandia"), Moniquirá, Susa "Susa (Cundinamarca)"), Tinjacá and Guachetá, where they arrived on March 12, 1537, and then through Lenguazaque, Cucunubá, Suesuca, Nemocón and Busongote.[11] On April 5, they arrived in Chía "Chía (Cundinamarca)") and camped in the hills of Suba "Suba (Bogotá)"). From there they saw a savanna with numerous huts and columns of smoke. Quesada called it Valley of the Alcázares.[10].
Two commissions were sent to look for a place to settle the troops.[9] The first went to the west of Muyquytá, current Funza, originally called "Facatá", headquarters of the zipazgo. The second, towards the east, commanded by Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela, who found a hamlet called Thybzaquillo, through which a stream passed that would later be called San Bruno, a tributary of the Vicachá river, called San Francisco by the Spanish.[9].
There are three moments in the founding of Santafé de Bogotá.[12][13] The first happened when the first Spanish settlement was created, on the current Carrera Segunda with Calle Trece, not far from Chorro de Quevedo, which was later called Pueblo Viejo, then known as Teusaquillo.[12].
The historian Fray Pedro Pablo Villamor") wrote in 1723, referring to the origin of Santafé: "Its first foundation was named after a town and was made in the fortresses where the delightful recreational place of the Kings of Bogotá, called Thybzaquillo, was founded."
The second moment occurred on August 6, 1538. On that date Jiménez de Quesada held a ceremony where he chose the name and place where the city would be developed, a process that took place in the Plaza de las Yerbas, current Santander Park "Parque Santander (Bogotá)"). The first mass, according to the version of Juan de Castellanos, was celebrated that same day by Brother Domingo de las Casas.[13].
In March 1539, Quesada had news of Spanish troops coming from Venezuela commanded by Nicolás Federmann and from the south by Sebastián de Belalcázar, who camped in the Alcázares valley. Quesada organized a celebration for the new arrivals. This meeting between conquerors was crucial for the official founding ceremonies to take place.
Thus, in a third and final moment, the "legal foundation" of Bogotá was carried out on April 27, 1539 together with Nicolás Federmann and Sebastián de Belalcázar in what would be the Plaza Mayor, which currently corresponds to Plaza de Bolívar. On that date, the places were designated for the main church, the government house, the prison, as well as the lots for the first neighbors. Captains Juan de Arevalo and Jerónimo de La Inza were appointed as the first mayors.
The first expeditionaries who arrived in the Bogotá savanna were not accompanied by any Spanish women. Quesada brought the horses, Federmann the chickens and Belalcázar the pigs.[14] On the other hand, Brother Pedro Simón, in the Second Historical News, chapter 36, after referring to how the twelve huts or cabins were built, says:
Although the founding plan has been lost, it is known that the division of the properties was made by assigning plots of different sizes: those with 800 paces in front and 1600 in depth were called caballerías majores, those with 600 paces in front and 1200 in depth were known as caballerías minors, and the smaller units as peonías.[15].
Viceregal era
Durante el virreinato, Bogotá rivalizó con Cartagena de Indias y Tunja por el primer puesto en importancia del Nuevo Reino de Granada.
Por Real Cédula del rey Carlos I de España se elevó a Santa Fe a la categoría de ciudad el 27 de julio de 1540.[16] El cabildo de Santa Fe ya había sido establecido en 1539. En 1548 el rey otorgó las armas y divisas para los estandartes, banderas, sellos y el escudo,[17] que son: águila negra, rampante y coronada, en campo de oro, con una granada abierta en cada garra y por orla algunos ramos de oro en campo azul.
En 1549, por Real Cédula, fechada en Valladolid el 17 de julio, se dispuso la manera como se debía recibir en Santafé el real sello. El 7 de abril de 1550 se estableció la Real Audiencia y la Silla Arzobispal, con potestades que le dieron a Bogotá el rango de capital, en donde se centralizarían los poderes administrativos, judiciales, políticos y eclesiásticos para el territorio del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Ese mismo año se fundaron la iglesia de Santo Domingo "Convento de Santo Domingo (Bogotá)") y la de San Francisco "Iglesia de San Francisco (Bogotá)"), y en 1554 la de Veracruz "Iglesia de la Veracruz (Bogotá)"). El 27 de agosto de 1565 se le otorgó a Santafé el título de muy noble y muy leal.[18].
La plaza mayor "Plaza de Bolívar (Bogotá)") fue desde un principio el lugar de congregación tanto del poder civil como del eclesiástico, y epicentro urbano. Era un espacio público donde se realizaban las fiestas y celebraciones santas y en el que también se instalaba el mercado público.
Por otro lado, como consecuencia del proceso de fundación y del repartimiento de los ejidos de la ciudad, la plaza de las Yerbas, que luego se llamó de San Francisco y finalmente parque de Santander "Parque Santander (Bogotá)"), fue donde se realizaron las primeras construcciones residenciales para los personajes distinguidos. De hecho, en vez de ubicarse en la plaza mayor, el fundador Jiménez de Quesada tuvo su residencia en la plaza de las Yerbas.
Los primeros alcaldes fueron Juan de Arévalo y Jerónimo de Lainza. Los primeros sacerdotes, el presbítero Juan Verdejo y Vicente de Requesada, fraile agustino, y el primer escribano, Juan Rodríguez de Benavides.[18].
Entre las primeras órdenes religiosas que se instalaron están la de San Francisco y Santo Domingo. Ambas lo hicieron en el entorno de la plaza de las Yerbas "Parque Santander (Bogotá)"). El convento de Santo Domingo "Convento de Santo Domingo (Bogotá)") tuvo una corta permanencia en ese lugar, pues en 1557 se trasladó a la calle Real (actual carrera Séptima "Carrera Séptima (Bogotá)")), entre las calles Doce y Trece y las carreras Séptima y Octava. Las obras de este enorme convento terminaron en 1619.[9] Fue demolido en el siglo para las celebraciones del cuarto centenario de fundación de Bogotá, y en su lugar se construyó el edificio Manuel Murillo Toro.[9].
También en 1557 se inició la construcción de la iglesia de San Francisco "Iglesia de San Francisco (Bogotá)"), que se terminó en 1557.[19] En 1566 Juan de los Barrios la bendijo.[19].
En 1563 los frailes dominicos crearon la primera cátedra de Gramática que hubo en Santafé, y pocos años después la de Filosofía. Fray Juan de Mendoza solicitó licencia para fundar en su convento una universidad pública con todas las concesiones y privilegios de que gozaba la Real Universidad de San Marcos de Lima, solicitud que fue apoyada por el poder civil.[20].
El 11 de abril de 1553, el papa Pío IV, por solicitud del rey Felipe II, expidió una bula por la cual dispuso que la iglesia catedral de Santa Marta "Santa Marta (Colombia)"), con su prelado Juan de los Barrios y Toledo, y los capitulares, el tesorero, el chantre y un canónigo, se trasladasen a Santafé, que tres años después, en diciembre de 1556, se erigió en obispado.[20].
A mediados de 1578 se desarrolló el sector de San Victorino, cuya plaza se convirtió en el límite oeste de la ciudad, lo mismo que el paso obligado de los viajeros que entraban a Bogotá, o que de ella salían con rumbo a Honda "Honda (Tolima)"), el mayor puerto sobre el río Magdalena, que comunicada con la costa Caribe "Región Caribe (Colombia)") y de ahí al resto del mundo.[9] En 1583 se inició la edificación de la iglesia de La Concepción "Iglesia de la Concepción (Bogotá)"), el primer convento de religiosas que tuvo la ciudad cuya construcción solo se terminó en 1595.[21].
17th century
The first half of this century was the time of greatest construction activity in colonial Santafé, which during this time was consolidated urbanly.[22] In total eighteen religious works were developed, including three schools, and six civil works, including four bridges.[22].
Local labor was essential, with eighty-eight indigenous people registering in 1602 in various public works, among which were the construction of the town hall, the fountain in the main square, the royal audience, the butcher shop, the paving of the streets, the prison, the San Miguel bridge that crossed the San Francisco River "Río San Francisco (Bogotá)"), and the Lesmes and San Agustín bridges over the San River Augustine.[22][23].
During this period there was important artistic and intellectual activity. The painters Antonio Acero de la Cruz and Baltasar de Vargas stood out, the writers Lucas Fernández, fray Andrés de San Nicolás), Fernando Fernández and his brother Pedro de Solís y Valenzuela, author of The prodigious desert and the desert prodigy, which has been considered the first novel written in Latin America.[24] At the beginning of the century, the monopoly on indigenous labor was eliminated, which It was controlled by the encomenderos, which favored urban development.[25].
In this century, the Franciscan, Augustinian, Dominican, and Jesuit religious communities arrived, which favored the urbanization of the incipient city.[25] On August 10, 1606, the first building built outside the urban perimeter opened its doors, the church of San Diego "Iglesia de San Diego (Bogotá)"), in the far north.[26] That same year the church of Carmen "Santuario Nuestra" was inaugurated. Señora del Carmen (Bogotá)"), to which fifty years later the small chapel called Camarín del Carmen would be added in the adjacent lot to the north.[26] In 1609, the first hermitages were built on the Monserrate hill, then known as Las Nieves "Las Nieves (Bogotá)"), as it was the tutelary hill of the neighborhood of the same name.[25].
In 1610 the fathers of the Company of Jesus began the construction of the church of San Ignacio "Iglesia de San Ignacio (Bogotá)"), of baroque type, which was completed in 1635. the House of the Ecclesiastical Chapter, in the eastern area of the Plaza de Bolívar "Plaza de Bolívar (Bogotá)"), which has had several functions.[28] In 1627 the first tower of the San Francisco "Iglesia de San Francisco (Bogotá)") was built.[19].
In 1642, the first Bogotá inn or inn was inaugurated on the south side of the Plaza de San Francisco "Parque Santander (Bogotá)". the same as in the lower part of the Eastern Hills "Cerros Orientales (Bogotá)."
In the second half of the century the activity declined. The number of constructions was thirteen religious buildings, of which seven churches, and three civil works, including two bridges.[22] In the map prepared by Domingo Esquiaqui") the bridges of San Francisco, San Victorino, San Agustín, Lesmes, Santa Catalina, Espinazo and la Giralda can be seen.[15].
18th century
After 40 years of construction, the Chapel of the Tabernacle of the Cathedral of Bogotá was completed, it was opened and blessed by Brother Ignacio de Urbina on January 17, 1700.[34][32].
During the first part of the century, construction reached its lowest point due to adverse economic conditions.[35] Among the few works that were carried out is the replacement of the San Pedro hospital with that of San Juan de Dios, whose construction began in 1723 and was completed towards the middle of the century,[36] and the construction of the La Peña chapel.[35] In 1740, a clock by the Frenchman M. Antoine was installed in the only tower of the cathedral. Primate.[37].
In the middle of the century, councilor José Groot" ordered some streets to be paved, including the one on the eastern side of the Plaza Mayor. This process is related to the improvement of the paving of San Juan de Dios Street (current Doce Street) and in general with the rest of the road network during the administration of José Manuel de Ezpeleta.[37].
On October 18, 1743, an earthquake[38] was recorded that affected most of the houses and churches in the city, including the hermitages of Monserrate and Guadalupe, whose bell detached and rolled down the side of the hill.[39].
Other earthquakes also affected the city, among them the one in 1763, which destroyed the dome of the church of San Ignacio "Iglesia de San Ignacio (Bogotá)"), later rebuilt,[27][27] and the one on July 12,[38] which also destroyed or seriously affected religious buildings such as the Primada cathedral or the churches of Santo Domingo "Convento de Santo Domingo (Bogotá)"), San Francisco "Church of San Francisco (Bogotá)") and La Enseñanza.[37][40].
During the second half of the century, the reforms brought about by the dynastic change in Spain from the Hapsburgs to the Bourbons were reflected, as the first census was carried out, an official nomenclature was assigned to the streets, and an administrative division different from the ecclesiastical division was carried out, establishing in 1774 eight barracks made up of eight neighborhoods.[41].
The city experienced a process similar to that of other urban centers in Latin America, which consisted of a marked increase in public investment. The number of civil constructions thus surpassed those of a religious nature.[41] Of the twenty-one works that were carried out, sixteen were secular.[35].
Among these infrastructure works, the Común, Sopó and Aranda bridges, and those of San Antonio") and Bosa "Bosa (Bogotá)") over the Tunjuelito River stand out.[35] In 1776, the construction of the La Enseñanza convent was authorized, one block east of the Plaza Mayor, which was completed in 1799.[40].
From the second half of the century is also the church of the Third Order, built on the western side of Carrera Séptima between 1761 and 1780. It was characterized by the semicircular arch that connected it with the church of Veracruz "Iglesia de la Veracruz (Bogotá)"), which gave its name to the 17th street on which it passed, as well as the extensive ornamentation made in cedar and walnut wood carving, which was not painted gold, as was usual in the other temples of the city.[42].
19th century
Una devastadora epidemia de viruela se registró entre 1801 y 1802,[47] en la que murieron unos 5000 habitantes, es decir un 13,7 % de la población bogotana,[48] tan solo treinta años después de otra epidemia de menores proporciones.[49].
En 1803 se inauguraron el acueducto y la pila de San Victorino, cuya primera petición se había realizado en 1680. La obra la diseñó el arquitecto capuchino Domingo de Petrés y tomaba sus aguas del río Arzobispo, canalizado hasta el sector de San Diego "San Diego (Bogotá)").[50].
El mismo año se concluyó la construcción del Observatorio Astronómico, el cual fue el primero en América, y que contó con el patrocinio de José Celestino Mutis, quien además diseñó los planos y asumió el costo de la obra.[51] De Petrés realizó a su vez en esa época importantes trabajos de ampliación del hospital y de la iglesia de San Juan de Dios "Iglesia de San Juan de Dios (Bogotá)"), entre ellos su sacristía.[36].
El 16 de junio de 1805 se produjo un terremoto que destruyó el 25 % de la ciudad. En este entonces Bogotá estaba dividida en ocho barrios, cada uno con su alcalde, así: La Catedral, del Príncipe, del Palacio, San Jorge, Las Nieves "Las Nieves (Bogotá)") Oriental, Las Nieves Occidental, San Victorino y Santa Bárbara; con el tiempo, los dos primeros tomaron el nombre de La Candelaria. Con el tiempo, se amplió el perímetro urbano debido a las olas migratorias.
Asimismo, a principios de este siglo el geógrafo y naturalista alemán Alexander von Humboldt visitó Bogotá, atraído entre otras cosas por sus instituciones culturales y científicas, entre las cuales destaca el primer observatorio astronómico de América, que había sido promovido y desarrollado por el sabio Mutis, quien dirigió la Expedición Botánica [52] y disponía de una nutrida biblioteca.[53].
Los barrios tradicionales se mantuvieron como núcleos principales de habitación en Bogotá, pero surgieron otros como Las Aguas, Las Cruces, Egipto, La Perseverancia "La Perseverancia (Bogotá)"), San Cristóbal y Chapinero, este último como zona en la que clase alta bogotana, que construyó quintas de recreo para alejarse del núcleo urbano. En su constitución la madera reemplazó a la piedra y el adobe a la tapia pisada "Tapia (construcción)").
En 1810, Bogotá que tenía unas 200 manzanas en las que abundaban los perros, y en la que no había acueducto ni alcantarillado. El vehículo de movilización era el caballo; la biblioteca pública contaba con más de 20 000 volúmenes, muchos de ellos incunables producto del decomiso a los jesuitas.[54] A su vez, contaba entre 25 000 y 30 000 habitantes.
La bañaban cuatro ríos: Fucha, San Francisco "Río San Francisco (Bogotá)"), Arzobispo y San Agustín; dos quebradas, Las Delicias y La Vieja; y los cuatro chorros de Belén, Fiscal, Botellas y Padilla. La gente de algún dinero se concentraba en la calle Real, la única con construcciones de dos pisos.[54].
En la plaza principal había una fuente con una figura que se pretendió fuera san Juan Bautista, pero que la gente llamó el “Mono de la pila”, quitada años más tarde para colocar la estatua de Bolívar y llevada al hoy Museo de Arte Colonial.
La unidad monetaria era el castellano de oro y el peso dividido en ocho reales. Además, había onzas, escudos y doblones. La Ley Fundamental del 17 de diciembre de 1819, denominó a la capital del nuevo país como Bogotá, eliminando el "Santafé".[9].
Independence
In 1810, Colombia's independence began, a period that would last almost a decade, with fighting in some regions until 1824. The period that lasted until 1816 is known as the Boba Homeland, as it was marked by political instability and regional and civil wars.
In Bogotá, the armed confrontation between the State of Cundinamarca and the United Provinces of New Granada was reflected in the siege of Bogotá by Brigadier Antonio Baraya, leader of the federal army, with the aim of capitulating the centralist government of Antonio Nariño, in what has been considered the first civil war of New Granada.[55][56] After the battle of San Victorino, the skirmish ended with the victory of the second. The victims of the conflict were buried in the atrium of the San Diego church "Iglesia de San Diego (Bogotá)").[55].
In turn, the capital was the scene of the Reconquista "Reconquista (Colombia)"), that is, the regime of terror established by the Spanish, whose leader Pablo Morillo arrived in the savannah in 1816 after the battle of Cartagena "Spanish Siege of Cartagena de Indias (1815)"), organizing summary trials and scaffolds to execute the independentists, such as the Huerta de Jaime, where an obelisk was raised in his memory "Monument to the Mártires (Bogotá)") and the town was named Los Mártires.[55].
Among the victims of this period are a good number of the participants of the Botanical Expedition, as well as a large number of educated Creoles who graduated from the University of Rosario, as well as some presidents of the First Republic, among which the names of Policarpa Salavarrieta, José María Carbonell, Mercedes Abrego, Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Camilo Torres Tenorio and Francisco José de Caldas stand out.[55].
On August 10, 1819, Simón Bolívar entered the city. Shortly before, the Spanish elite had fled and abandoned their properties and possessions for fear of the reprisals that would follow.[57] Among them, the viceroy Juan de Sámano, who fled disguised as an indigenous person with a ruana and a dirty hat but left the gold of the viceregal government on the viceregal palace table.[58].
In the mid-1820s, intense telluric activity took place, with one of the strongest in the history of Bogotá being recorded on June 17, 1826, during which a large number of properties were severely affected.[39][59]
On the 22nd, another movement of shorter duration occurred, with aftershocks that lasted six months, until November 16, 1827, one of the most intense movements recorded in Bogotá,[38] which destroyed several buildings and other structures.[39][59].
On the 22nd, another movement of shorter duration occurred, with aftershocks that lasted six months, until November 16, 1827, one of the most intense movements recorded in Bogotá,[38] which destroyed several buildings and other structures.[39][59]Resulting in the Tabernacle Chapel of the Cathedral of Bogotá being seriously damaged and therefore having to be restored. The Vergara family, as descendants of the founder and stewards of the family, undertake the reconstruction of the tabernacle.[60].
Military coup of 1854
The public disorders registered in Las Nieves between May and June 1854 produced on April 16 of that year the military coup of José María Melo, whose democratic-artisan dictatorship was presided over by Tomás Herrera and José de Obaldía, against the government of José María Obando.[63] These conspirators were, however, rejected by the constitutional armies led by the former presidents Pedro Alcántara Herrán, Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera and José Hilario López.[63].
Among the architectural constructions that were carried out during the century, the most notable is perhaps that of the National Capitol, a project by Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera that had the participation of the architect Thomas Reed, who in 1851 also designed the aforementioned monument to the Martyrs in the square of the same name, which was only inaugurated thirty years later.
At the same time, on July 20, 1846, the statue of Simón Bolívar was erected in the center of the main square, which replaced the fountain for the water supply – the Mono de la Pila – and became the first public monument in the city. The Teatro Colón would later be built, inaugurated at the end of the century – the former Teatro Coliseo – which was the cultural center of Santa Fe society.
The Federal District was created at the end of 1861, so that Bogotá would be the seat of the federal government. For this purpose, the Cundinamarca municipalities of Engativá, Fontibón, Suba "Suba (Bogotá)"), Usme, Usaquén and Bosa "Bosa (Bogotá)") were annexed to it, in order to guarantee a certain order to the district territory, but it was suppressed and its territory returned to the then Sovereign State of Cundinamarca.
That same year, Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera issued the decree on “Disentailment of Assets of Dead Hands”, by which ecclesiastical assets were expropriated and sold. A year later, the church of San Agustín "Iglesia de San Agustín (Bogotá)") was the scene of the Battle of San Agustín"), between the conservative troops close to the president, Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, and those of De Mosquera.
A city without lighting or sewage
In 1865 the telegraph service was inaugurated in Bogotá. In 1876 the City Council established a new nomenclature for the streets and streets, which consisted of changing the traditional names for serial numbers, following a system of Cartesian coordinates starting from the corner of the Cathedral,[64][65] a starting point for the numbering that was however changed ten years later for another in the Las Cruces neighborhood "Las Cruces (Bogotá)"), already in the foothills of the Eastern hills. "Eastern Hills (Bogotá)").[66].
During the existence of the United States of Colombia between 1863 and 1886, Bogotá received the title of Federal Capital and its few neighborhoods were elevated to the category of cantons.
In 1884 the city had about 90,000 inhabitants, just over 3,000 houses and about 35 country houses. The water distribution network was precarious, it did not use pressure and only reached about three hundred houses. The other inhabitants had to resort to water carriers who collected water from the sources in clay jars. The lighting depended on a gas company that also had major deficiencies, especially in public lighting. The streets were swept by the inmates, under the surveillance of soldiers.
The underground sewage was almost non-existent and the ditches and pipes hindered the eventual transportation service provided by horse- and mule-drawn carriages. So much so that, to avoid damage to the cobblestones and aqueduct networks, from 1844 to 1877 the transit of carriages through the streets was prohibited, which could only reach the squares of San Diego, San Victorino, Las Cruces and San Agustín and from there they walked or used wheelbarrows to transport loads.[67].
Since the beginning of the Republic there were some transportation agencies using carts and in 1851 intermunicipal collective transportation with carriages was established. In 1876, the British Henry Alford and the Frenchman Jean Gilide") created the Franco-English Alford and Gilide Carriage Company whose horse-drawn carriages, with capacity for ten passengers, were called omnibuses and covered the route between Bogotá and the hamlet of Chapinero. This company was later sold to two natives of Engativá, Antonio Caipa and Timoteo Tibaquirá, who gave it the name Compañía Franco-English Caipa and Tibaquirá Carriages.[68].
1880s and 1890s
In 1883, the Centenario Park "Parque Centenario (Bogotá)") was inaugurated in the vicinity of the church of San Diego "Iglesia de San Diego (Bogotá)"), in order to commemorate the first centenary of the birth of Simón Bolívar.[69] In 1887 the first aqueduct was installed through iron pipes, giving rise to an incipient home system. The aim was to partially stop the serious problems of sanitation that caused illnesses among users due to the contamination of water for human consumption due to the same waste in the drains.
In 1888, the Bogotá Aqueduct Company was created, a private initiative led by Ramón B. Jimeno. A year later, the Ferrocarril de la Sabana de Bogotá company was founded and its first line from San Victorino to Facatativá was launched,[9] which, by the end of the century, already had more than 100 km of railway tracks. Through the junctions, it allowed us to reach different areas of the country and even to the Caribbean Sea.
The same year, the German businessman Leo Kopp founded the Bavaria brewery, one of the first to industrialize consumer goods, in the current San Diego neighborhood "San Diego (Bogotá)").[70].
In the cultural sphere, the publication of Critical notes on the Bogota language, by the philologist Rufino José Cuervo, is relevant, as is the development of the works of the poets José Asunción Silva and Rafael Pombo and the portrait painter Epifanio Garay, who are relevant figures of Bogota culture and art of this period.
In transportation, it is worth noting that in 1884 the mule tram service began to operate,[71] from Plaza de Bolívar to Chapinero, and in 1910 the electric tram system did the same, which until the 1940s extended into multiple lines. Along with the train, these means of transportation were the pillars of the modernization and development of Bogotá, which in 1912 had a population that barely exceeded 120,000 inhabitants.[72].
Thanks to the improvement in communications by tram and train, as well as due to the dynamics unleashed by the construction of the Lourdes basilica "Basilica de Nuestra Señora de Lourdes (Bogotá)") in 1875, in these decades the Chapinero sector was already considered another neighborhood of the capital.[73] At the same time, between 1888 and 1890 the dome of the church of Santo Domingo "Convento de Santo" was built. Domingo (Bogotá)").[27].
Also in 1884, the first section of the San Francisco River "Río San Francisco (Bogotá)") was channeled, between the current Carreras Séptima and Octava, due largely to the serious state of contamination that its channel presented.[74] That same year, Higinio Cualla from Cartagena took office as mayor, who remained in charge of the city for 16 years and developed public works of great importance at the time such as the construction of the Teatro Colón, the hospital of the Misericordia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hospital de la Misericordia (Bogotá) (not yet written)") and the exterior gallery of the Central Cemetery, the expansion of the coverage of the transportation service and public services, and the improvement of the infrastructure of various streets and bridges.[75].
20th century
La entrada de Bogotá al siglo estuvo marcada por la guerra de los Mil Días, que tuvo entre sus consecuencias la separación de Panamá en 1903, lo mismo que notables cambios demográficos que favorecieron la urbanización del país. Los 25 millones de dólares recibidos de Estados Unidos como indemnización por la pérdida de ese territorio, constituyeron unos ingresos extra que dieron lugar al periodo conocido como de la "Danza de los millones" o de la "Prosperidad al debe", que pese a la corrupción y el despilfarro, sirvió para aportar algunas soluciones a ciertos de los atrasos en infraestructura urbana.[76] Paulatinamente, a principios de este periodo Bogotá accedió al contexto internacional, consolidándose como centro financiero, político, económico y demográfico del país.[77].
En 1900 el área urbana de Bogotá era de 326 ha.[78] Su límite sur lo constituía el barrio Las Cruces "Las Cruces (Bogotá)"), y en sectores más occidentales lo marcaba la quebrada La Galera, que fluía por la actual calle Primera.[79] El Panóptico o cárcel departamental, que junto al convento de María Auxiliadora y la fábrica Bavaria marcaba en estos tiempos el septentrional,[80] fue asimismo lugar de reclusión para muchos presos políticos del conflicto de este periodo. Años después ese espacio se convertiría en el museo Nacional, al norte del sector de San Diego "San Diego (Bogotá)").
En 1905 el número de habitantes se acercaba a los 100 000, favorecido por el desplazamiento las guerras nacionales ocurridas en este periodo, desencadenando asimismo un marcado crecimiento demográfico urbano.[1][81].
Por otro lado, del ámbito local pero de impacto nacional fueron los hechos del 20 de mayo de 1900, cuando se incendiaron las galerías Arrubla"), pues se destruyó en la catástrofe la totalidad el archivo municipal.[82] El accidente llevó a que en ese lugar se levantara una nueva construcción en 1902, el palacio Liévano, inaugurado en 1908 y que en la actualidad es la sede de la Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá. Su diseño fue del arquitecto Gastón Lelarge y se construyó por iniciativa de Indalecio Liévano.[83].
En 1905 se construyó la carretera Central del Norte,[84] y un poco después se inició la basílica del Voto Nacional "Basílica Menor del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús (Bogotá)") en el costado occidental del parque de Los Mártires, antigua “Huerta de Jaime”, donde murieron varias figuras de la Independencia en los años 1810.
Lelarge asumió en 1909 la dirección de las obras del Capitolio Nacional, donde ya habían intervenido sus colegas Thomas Reed y Mariano Santamaría, y que fue inaugurado en 1926.
Ese año se llevó a cabo la demolición del convento e iglesia de La Enseñanza"), en la calle Once entre carreras Quinta y Sexta, y en el mismo lugar se construyó el palacio de Justicia, que sería destruido treinta años más tarde durante el Bogotazo.[40].
En cuanto a las condiciones geográficas y demográficas, el área que ocupaba el casco urbano de Bogotá en 1797 era de 203 ha, pero en 1905 superaba las 300 y en 1912 las 530.[85] Bogotá pasó de tener 21 394 habitantes en 1801 a 100 000 en 1905, es decir, cinco veces más.[86].
En 1917 sucede un fuerte templor que nuevamente afecta a la Capilla del Sagrario de Bogotá.
Entre 1918 y 1928 los arriendos subieron en un 350 %. Según los datos de 1928, los 235 702 habitantes requerían 29 963 casas (tomando como base una casa para ocho personas) pero solo había 17 767, lo que arrojaba un déficit de 11 969 viviendas. Esta situación propició la aparición de barrios periféricos que rápidamente modificaron el mapa de Bogotá, que poco había cambiado hasta iniciar el siglo .[87] En este contexto, se presentaron fenómenos de especulación inmobiliaria "Especulación (economía)"), que habrían de ser un lastre para el desarrollo de la capital.[88].
Sin embargo, el mayor problema de Bogotá durante este periodo era la ausencia de un acueducto, así como la mezcla de aguas servidas con las de consumo humano, lo mismo que con algunas fuentes de abastecimiento alimentario, pues por ejemplo el Matadero Municipal") se encontraba en la margen del río San Francisco "Río San Francisco (Bogotá)"), que funcionaba como alcantarilla.[2].
En 1906 y en 1910 el porcentaje de muertes por disentería, enterocolitis, enteritis y gastroenteritis, es decir por enfermedades gastrointestinales producidas directamente por bacterias patógenas del agua llegó a ser del 16 %. Las pésimas condiciones de vida de los habitantes de Bogotá también determinaron que en 1904 el porcentaje de decesos por enfermedades respiratorias correspondiese al 34 % del total en 1906.[2].
1910s and 1920s
The year 1910 is a milestone in the urban history of Bogotá.[79] The Independence Park "Parque de la Independencia (Bogotá)") was inaugurated that year on the eastern side of the town of Santa Fe "Santa Fe (Bogotá)") in order to commemorate the first centenary of national independence, on July 20, 1810. The project included several buildings, such as the kiosks of the Machines, the Egyptian, the Fine Arts, the Industry and the Light, by the Italian architect Pietro Cantini, which is the only one that remains standing today.[89].
Most of the works by French sculptor Charles Raoul Verlet installed in the capital were inaugurated during this period.[90] Within the framework of the same celebrations, which had a notable participation of Bogotá residents, large military parades were held, among them the one at the La Magdalena field&action=edit&redlink=1 "La Magdalena (Bogotá) (not yet written)"), near the hippodrome.[91] That year and in honor To the founder of the city, the Spanish Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, the Quesada neighborhood "Quesada (Bogotá)") was founded, north of Santa Fe but west of Chapinero.[92].
In the first decade of the century, in 1909, the Echeverry palace, also by Lelarge, was built on the grounds of the former convent of Santa Clara "Iglesia de Santa Clara (Bogotá)"). Mártires.[94] In 1917, the Beautification and Ornament Society, currently the Bogotá Improvement and Ornament Society, was created, which had as its specific purpose the improvement of public space.[95].
The same year the Lourdes basilica "Basilica de Nuestra Señora de Lourdes (Bogotá)"), which until then lacked a central tower, was completed,[80] and the Sabana station was inaugurated, headquarters of the central station of the Ferrocarril de la Sabana de Bogotá, and later also of the National Railways of Colombia. The building was declared a national monument in 1984.[96].
Regarding urban changes, in 1910 the aforementioned Quesada neighborhood was built, which was in fact the first to be developed to the west by the railroad, which follows the same course as the current Caracas Avenue, located between it and Carrera Diecisiete, and between streets Forty-eighth and Fifty-three.[97] In terms of roads, the construction of Chile Avenue "Avenida Chile (Bogotá)") or 72nd Street is worth highlighting in 1919, which in a few years became one of the main ones in Bogotá.[95].
In the center, the canalization in the 1920s of the San Francisco "Río San Francisco (Bogotá)") and San Agustín rivers stands out, the first becoming known as Avenida Jiménez de Quesada and the second Calle Séptima. It was the first work of art nouveau architecture in Colombia and one of the most representative of this style on a South American scale.[100].
In the La Catedral neighborhood, a year later the Plaza de Bolívar was intervened according to the model of some squares in Europe, and on a lot to the west of the center the American company, Casa Ulen, began the construction of a slaughterhouse that would follow modern indications of hygiene and circulation.[101].
1930s
In the 1930s, important urban events took place, largely framed in the dynamics of the liberal Republic "Liberal Republic (Colombia)"), whose governments sought to re-found the nation, which implied greater interventions by the State.[110] From the administrative point, the mayorship of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, who took office in May 1936, was notable, who insisted on modernization and hygiene, starting with the clothing of public servants. Gaitán failed in his attempt and was forced by various sectors of the elite to resign a year later.[111] However, he would continue to be one of the figures of national liberalism, with his name being fundamentally linked to the history of Bogotá just a decade later.
Among others, it was celebrated for the first time on May 1st which was attended by 70,000 protesters; The Santamaría bullring, the Colombia theater, today called the Jorge Eliécer Gaitán theater, and the University City, the new headquarters of the National University, were inaugurated. In 1942, however, by order of then-president Eduardo Santos, the church of Santo Domingo "Convento de Santo Domingo (Bogotá)") was demolished, one of the greatest heritage losses in Bogotá.[112].
Founded in 1867, the National University was, however, dispersed in various buildings, some of which were too old and inadequate for the functions that the State wanted to assign to this educational entity. Indeed, the liberal government of former President Alfonso López Pumarejo expressed, through the reforms that gave rise to the constitution of its campus, the spirit of renewal that sought to bring education to more and more sectors of society.
For this purpose, the advisor Fritz Karsen was hired to draw up the conceptual guidelines of this academic space, whose physical plant would be designed by the German architect Leopoldo Rother, its layout being characterized by zoning by sectors, and the creation of two circular rings for the vehicular circulation of the campus.[113].
The lot was chosen for its proximity to the center and to correct the growth of the city, since this area was actually a large vacant lot belonging to the El Salitre hacienda. Also, due to their large proportions, they were thought of as land reserves that in the future could guarantee the support of the educational center through the sale of lots for farms or urbanizations.
In 1932 the company Scadta, later Avianca, built and inaugurated the Techo aerodrome in the western area of Bogotá, which operated for twenty-seven years. Construction began in 1933 and ended in 1938. This was the first aqueduct proper that the Colombian capital had.[110][115].
The improvements in this service would have important repercussions, among them the demographic increase that occurred a few decades later.[116] The development of this work required that a road be laid out to move the machinery used, which connected Usme with Bogotá. This favored the emergence of the neighborhoods of Santa Lucía&action=edit&redlink=1 "Santa Lucía (Bogotá) (not yet drafted)"), San Jorge&action=edit&redlink=1 "San Jorge (Bogotá) (not yet drafted)"), San Carlos&action=edit&redlink=1 "San Carlos (Bogotá) (not yet drafted)") and Tunjuelo.[110].
1940s
In this period, major urban interventions were carried out. Between 1944 and 1946, for example, the Avenida de Las Américas "Avenida de Las Américas (Bogotá)") was built, which runs through Bogotá from east to west, to the Techo Airport. In 1945, Caracas Avenue was completed [127] and construction of Carrera Décima began, which meant the division of the center, which brought important social and urban repercussions, particularly in the sectors of Las Nieves "Las Nieves (Bogotá)"), San Victorino and Santa Inés "Santa Inés (Bogotá)").[128][129] In 1946, the prisoners of the Panopticon, which is the current National Museum, to La Picota, which until then had been an experimental agricultural field.[130].
Of relevance in the development of the south of the city was the discovery in 1945, at the La María hacienda, of rich deposits of gravel, whose extraction by the newly founded Central de Mixes was highly profitable, due to its proximity to Bogotá and the growing demand by construction companies.[130] The clay deposits led to the founding of the Santa Fe brickyard, which was also dedicated to intensive exploitation.[130] The ecological impact on the Tunjuelo River valley, which had also become urbanizable due to the works in Vitelma and Chisacá, was devastating.[130].
In demographic terms, in 1946 Bogotá had 565,978 inhabitants, with a migratory population of 63.43% and an urban area of 8,600 hectares.[131] From an industrial point of view, it concentrated 13.9% of establishments and 16.7% of national assets, contributing 20.8% of the added value of production.[131].
Also in the southern sector, in 1947 the tram was extended to the neighborhood Santander&action=edit&redlink=1 "Santander (Bogotá) (not yet written)") of the current town of San Cristóbal "San Cristóbal (Bogotá)") [132] and the same year the San Cristóbal neighborhood was inaugurated, which was the first in the region, which would have a disorderly settlement, promoted with frequently by "pirate" developers, who took advantage of the economic difficulties of the population, but also the housing deficit of the city[133] and its legal and administrative loopholes favorable to these practices.[134] Also the neighborhoods San Carlos&action=edit&redlink=1 "San Carlos (Bogotá) (not yet written)") and El Carmen&action=edit&redlink=1 "El Carmen (Bogotá) (not yet written)"), Located in the current town of Tunjuelito, they were developed during this period, also presenting deficiencies in health and other services.[135].
In 1948, the El Tiempo building was inaugurated, headquarters of the newspaper El Tiempo "El Tiempo (Colombia)"), designed by architect Bruno Violi and located on the corner of Carrera Séptima and the Environmental Axis, the San Carlos hospital&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hospital de San Carlos (Bogotá) (not yet written)") to the south,[110] and the Palermo clinic") were inaugurated in its neighborhood. name,[136] and was founded in the Las Aguas neighborhood&action=edit&redlink=1 "Las Aguas (Bogotá) (not yet written)") of the current town of La Candelaria, the Universidad de los Andes "Universidad de los Andes (Colombia)").[137] That year the Francisco José de Caldas District University was also inaugurated[131] That same year the Military Hospital, the David Clinic were inaugurated Restrepo, the same as a section of Los Comuneros avenue.[131].
1950s
In the previous decade, Bogotá had continued its strong demographic growth. In 1950 its population corresponded to 6.2% of the national total, while in 1928 that proportion was only 3%.[140] Likewise, a growth rate of 5.4% was recorded between 1938 and 1951, with 715,520 inhabitants in that year,[1] in a Colombia that already had 11,548,772. inhabitants,[131] with the capital reaching one million in 1956.[141] It is noteworthy that in that year the possibility of converting Bogotá into a Special District") was examined, which would take place in 1954.[1].
At the beginning of the decade, the Tequendama hotel was built in the San Diego neighborhood "San Diego (Bogotá)", at the intersection between Carrera Décima and Avenida El Dorado, which was excavated in 1953.[131] The hotel was once located in front of the Centenario Park "Parque Centenario (Bogotá)"), which was destroyed to make way for said road network. In 1951, according to his own testimony,[142] the then mayor Fernando Mazuera Villegas eliminated the local tram system, favoring bus transportation, including the importation of a fleet of vehicles from the United States.[143] Another protagonist of the changes of this time was the government of Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, who on June 13, 1955 sent from the San Carlos palace "Palacio de San Carlos (Bogotá)") live the first message on Colombian television.[144].
From the urban planning point of view, during this period the architects Le Corbusier, Paul Lester Wiener and Josep Lluís Sert created the Regulatory Plan and the Pilot Plan, which sought to provide Bogotá with an urban navigation chart for the coming decades.[145][146].
Some of the projects that were carried out based on those guidelines are the Antonio Nariño Center, built in 1953 and made up of 960 apartments,[131] or the National Administrative Center, which began in 1956 and was completed in 1962, which however had smaller proportions and relevance than anticipated by its original design.[147].
However, due to the modernizing and propaganda emphasis of the works carried out during the government of Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, the intention of the plan and the urban recommendation to densify the center had no effect, since the limits drawn at the height of Cundinamarca Avenue[9] and Primero de Mayo were exceeded with government connivance.[146][148].
In its expansion towards the north, the change of headquarters in 1950 of the El Country club to the land it currently occupies between avenues 127 and 134 is a milestone.[149] A year later, the owner of the El Chicó hacienda and the firm Ospinas y cía. They constitute a society to design what will be the El Chicó neighborhood, near 100th Street.[146].
In turn, at the height of 170th Street, neighborhoods such as San Cristóbal Norte"), La Estrella&action=edit&redlink=1 "La Estrella (Bogotá) (not yet drafted)"), San Antonio&action=edit&redlink=1 "San Antonio (Bogotá) (not yet drafted)") and La Cita&action=edit&redlink=1 "La Cita (Bogotá) (not yet redacted)").[141] Towards the south, in 1953 the subdivision of the La Laguna hacienda began, which in the middle of the decade would give rise to the neighborhoods of Venecia "Venecia (Bogotá)") and Muzú").[131][150].
1960s
At the beginning of the 1960s, the Ciudad Kennedy "Kennedy (Bogotá)" urbanization was undertaken, initially called Ciudad Techo,[91] thanks to the credits of the Alliance for Progress, a program of the president of the United States John F. Kennedy, who visited Bogotá in 1961.[166] In 1964 and in 1967 the minor mayoralties of Puente were founded. Aranda and Kennedy "Kennedy (Bogotá)").
The main mayors of this period were Jorge Gaitán Cortés, between 1961 and 1966, and Virgilio Barco Vargas, who governed between 1966 and 1969. Both had an idea of the future Bogotá, and planned its development for five decades, also aware of the demographic growth that it was experiencing then,[9] which in a few years had registered a strong urban extension, reaching 14,165 in 1964. ha.[78].
In 1960, construction of Carrera Décima was completed, at whose intersection with Jiménez Avenue the Banco de Bogotá building had stood since 1959. That year, the new building of the Colombian Academy of Language, by the Spanish architect Alfredo Rodríguez Ordaz, was also inaugurated on Carrera Tercera and Calle Dieciocho.
As part of the same modernizing spirit that had characterized the interventions for decades, in 1966 the expansion of 19th Street was completed, which was renamed Ciudad de Lima Avenue.[168].
In Chapinero, on Carrera 13 and Calle 63, the Seguros Bolívar building was inaugurated in 1965, the first large private office building in Bogotá.[169] Two years later, on Carrera 7 at the height of the National Museum, the twenty-six-story Bavaria building was built.
The year 1968 was of urban relevance. For example, the current headquarters of the Gold Museum was inaugurated, by architect Germán Samper Gnecco, but above all it was the time in which the city appropriated a 400-hectare plot of land located to the west of Treinta Avenue, in which a temple was erected where Pope Paul VI led a Eucharist during his visit to the capital, which was the first visit by a pope to a Latin American country.[171] Said temple would be the cornerstone of the Simón Bolívar metropolitan park, which over time would become the largest and most important park in Bogotá.[172].
That year, the International Eucharistic Congress was also held, for which Sixty-Eighth Avenue "Avenida 68 (Bogotá)" was also built.[173] Two years earlier, in 1966, the Pablo VI urbanization was built on Fifty-Third Street, west of Teusaquillo.[174] In turn, in the center "Santa Fe (Bogotá)"), in In 1969, the District Planetarium opened its doors in the vicinity of the Independence Park "Parque de la Independencia (Bogotá)").[175].
From the social point of view, during this decade the Colombian capital showed structural changes determined by the events of Bogotazo, but also La Violencia, which particularly hit Colombian rural areas between 1948 and 1953.[116] The center, and particularly the western area, suffered strong demographic and social changes, of which the transformation of the Santa Inés neighborhood "Santa Inés (Bogotá)") and Liévano&action=edit&redlink=1 "Liévano (Bogotá) (not yet written)"), which went from being major areas of the capital to becoming the El Cartucho sector.[176].
1970s
In 1972 the district was divided into 16 minor municipalities, including the annexed municipalities, among them Tunjuelito. San Cristóbal "San Cristóbal (Bogotá)") and Tunjuelito, segregated from Usme.
During this period, the levels of informality in housing were enormous, since 38.4% of the city had developed outside official standards, and housed 59% of the population.[178].
Meanwhile, the Bogotá population continued to show a strong growth rate, largely due to migration, which is an example of the fact that in 1973 the population born in Bogotá was 49.03%, while that born outside was 50.97%.[141] That year the capital of Colombia covered 18,985 hectares, much more than double the area covered fifteen years before,[78] and in In 1974 it reached three million inhabitants.[141].
Since the late 1960s and during the 1970s, architecture with a modern influence was developed, with Bogotá being one of the first Latin American cities to build skyscrapers that exceeded 160 m in height, among which the Avianca building, inaugurated in 1969, and the Colpatria tower in 1979, stood out.
At the end of this decade, several large residential towers were also built, including the towers of El Parque, the White Towers "Torres Blancas (Bogotá)"), those of Fenicia and the Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada towers. In the same context, in 1973 the El Campín Covered Coliseum was built.
On the other hand, in 1976 the Unicentro shopping center was inaugurated, which marks the development towards the north of the Bogotá savannah; That same year, the Chicó Museum opened its doors, later declared an asset of cultural interest, which gives its name to the El Chicó neighborhood, where it is located. That same year, the Banco Cafetero building "International Commerce Center (Bogotá)" was inaugurated in the center.[168].
In 1977 the minor mayor's office of La Candelaria was created and the recovery plan for the historic center began. In 1978, the District Institute of Recreation and Sports was founded,[179] which has, among other responsibilities, the administration of the city's parks.
Based on a road plan that already dated back to the early 1960s, between 1973 and 1976 the improvement of the road network was carried out.[168] In 1978, Primero de Mayo Avenue was inaugurated, which runs through the city from east to west at the height of Calle Veintidós Sur (22 south).
During this decade, Bogotá witnessed the birth of the M-19 guerrilla group, which would star in several events, including the theft of weapons from the North Canton and the theft of Bolívar's sword.
1980s
In 1980 the embassy of the Dominican Republic was seized. In 1983, due to the chaos generated by the invasions to the south, the Government established the Ciudad Bolívar plan "Ciudad Bolívar (Bogotá)") and this became another town in Bogotá.
At the beginning of the decade, in 1982, the National University Newspaper Archive was inaugurated in the University City of the National University. From an urban planning point of view, in 1983 the Simón Bolívar Park events plaza was inaugurated. In the area of infrastructure, the completion in 1984 of Circunvalar Avenue is relevant, which intensified urbanization in the Eastern hills "Cerros Orientales (Bogotá)") and traffic between the city and the municipality of La Calera "La Calera (Cundinamarca)"), which is currently intense.[180] That year, the then Minister of Justice Rodrigo Lara Bonilla was also murdered by hitmen. This action began the confrontation of the state against the main drug trafficking cartels in the country.
On November 6, 1985, the M-19 took over the Palace of Justice. On the night of the 13th, the crater of the Nevado del Ruiz erupted, causing the melting of a part of the latter, which caused the water level of the Lagunilla River to rise), causing the Armero tragedy. Bogotá welcomed several of the victims from this population. That year the urban area exceeded 24,000 hectares.[78].
At the end of this decade and the beginning of the next, several terrorist attacks were recorded in Bogotá and other urban centers in the country. Several explosive devices are installed in commercial sectors, on an airplane and even in the headquarters of the DAS (Colombia's intelligence agency).
The situation resulted in several hundred civilian victims and the intensification of the war against drug trafficking promoted by the DEA. This decade closes with the death of drug trafficking leader José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha.
In the cultural field, in 1985 the Museum of Modern Art inaugurated its headquarters in the city center in a building designed by architect Rogelio Salmona. The Children's Museum and the Terraza Pasteur shopping center opened their doors in 1987. The same year, the Ciudad Salitre sector began to form on the land of the old El Salitre hacienda, which has been one of the areas where strong development has been recorded.[181].
At the same time, in 1988 the Ibero-American Theater Festival of Bogotá was founded [182] and the Bogotá International Book Fair.[183] On September 16 and 17, 1988, the musical event Concert of Concerts was held at the Nemesio Camacho El Campín Stadium,[184] in which numerous rock groups in Spanish from Latin America and Latin America performed. which is estimated to have been attended by around 70,000 spectators.[185].
The Bulevar Niza shopping center opened its doors on December 11, 1988[186] and the Hacienda Santa Bárbara Shopping Center on December 16, 1989,[187] establishing themselves as hubs of urban and commercial development in the towns of Suba and Usaquén respectively, both located north of the city.
1990s
With the Constitution of 1991, the Special District became the Capital District;[189] the zones were elevated to localities, dividing the district into twenty localities, now including that of Rafael Uribe Uribe "Rafael Uribe Uribe (Bogotá)"), separated from Antonio Nariño "Antonio Nariño (Bogotá)"), and the remaining part of Sumapaz.
Political violence continued during this decade, and on March 22, 1990, Bernardo Jaramillo Ossa, who was the presidential candidate of the Patriotic Union "Patriotic Union (Colombia)"), was murdered at the Terminal Puente Aéreo in Bogotá. After signing the demobilization of the M-19, its leader Carlos Pizarro Leongómez in turn presented himself as a presidential candidate, and was also murdered inside a plane in Bogotá on April 26, 1990.[190] Likewise, crimes such as the attack of January 30, 1993 were presented.
From an economic point of view, this decade represents a change in the trend that Bogotá had been presenting. Despite being "the most populated, the most urbanized, the least poor and, economically, the most dynamic",[191] its structure showed signs of stagnation at the beginning of the decade, with a notable loss of vitality in the tertiary sector and with an industrial sector with a strong emphasis on light consumer goods, which have little effect as an economic driving factor.[191].
Among other factors, the reactivation of dynamism during this period can be attributed to the fact that the opening that began in the last decade and deepened since 1991, favored the capital more than the other regions, reinforcing its tendency to function as a national dry port.[191] At the same time, urban violence increased to reach extreme levels. In 1993, there were 80 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.[192].
From this time on, Bogotá experienced important changes during the administrations of mayors Jaime Castro Castro, Antanas Mockus and Enrique Peñalosa. Construction of the TransMilenio transportation system begins, which has since expanded its network in what is known as phases II and III of its construction. Also notable in the same year is the appearance of Rock al Parque, a free, open-air festival that has brought together musicians and artists from three continents.[193][194][195].
A relevant building from an architectural point of view is that of the General Archive of the Nation "Archivo General de la Nación (Colombia)") by Rogelio Salmona, inaugurated in 1992.[196] Regarding the urban changes, it is worth highlighting the recovery and inauguration of the 93 park in 1995, which developed an area of bars, restaurants and meeting places in its surroundings.[197] In 1993 it was inaugurated. time El Virrey park, south of the El Chicó neighborhood.
The city exceeded 5 million inhabitants in 1993,[141] and in 1996 its urban area covered an area of 29,308 hectares.[78] Three years later, that area would increase until it reached 30,401 hectares.[78].
Year 2000
In 2000 Antanas Mockus was elected for a new period as head of the city. That same year, the El Tunal Library was completed, in the El Tunal metropolitan park in the southeast of the city, and the Botero Museum opened its doors in the town of La Candelaria, in the southern block of the Luis Ángel Arango Library. The Bogotá Half Marathon also began running
And finally, on December 18, 2000, the transmilenio transportation system was inaugurated.[198].
21st century
En 2001 abrió sus puertas la Biblioteca Virgilio Barco en el parque Simón Bolívar, se inauguró el parque Tercer Milenio en los antiguos terrenos de El Cartucho en el barrio Santa Inés "Santa Inés (Bogotá)"), y el Estadio Nemesio Camacho El Campín albergó la final de la Copa América 2001, en la cual la selección de fútbol de Colombia se coronó campeona venciendo a la de México por un gol a cero.[199].
En 2002 abrió su puertas la Biblioteca El Tintal[200] del arquitecto Daniel Bermúdez, y se terminaron las obras del Eje Ambiental, de los arquitectos Luis Kopec") y Rogelio Salmona, quien también diseñó el Centro Cultural Gabriel García Márquez, inaugurado en 2008 en la localidad de La Candelaria.[201].
En 2003 Luis Eduardo Garzón gana las elecciones para el periodo 2004-2007 y forma la primera administración de tendencia cercana a la socialista que ha conocido la ciudad en toda su historia.
El 7 de febrero se registra el atentado al Club El Nogal, con un saldo de 36 personas muertas y más de 200 heridas.[202] En ese mismo año se inauguró el Archivo de Bogotá, el cual es un centro de documentación histórica y de información urbana en el distrito capital.[203].
El 28 de abril de 2004, 23 personas, entre ellas 21 estudiantes del Colegio Agustiniano Norte, fallecen debido a un accidente en la Avenida Suba durante la construcción de la Fase II del sistema TransMilenio.
El mismo año y con motivo de los Juegos Nacionales, de los que la ciudad fue sede, se inauguró el Complejo Acuático Simón Bolívar.
En 2007 la UNESCO proclamó a Bogotá la Capital Mundial del Libro del año.[204] Durante esta década se desarrollaron e inauguraron otras obras de infraestructura cultural en el centro de la ciudad, con las cuales se conformó la red de bibliotecas BibloRed, que se ve complementada con bibliotecas locales y de barrio.[205].
Durante este periodo también se construyó el parque El Renacimiento, y se remodelaron el Museo del Oro, el Museo Nacional de Colombia y el Museo del 20 de julio.
2010s
Samuel Moreno Rojas took office as mayor in 2008 after raising the need to build a metro line in his campaign. By a decision of the Attorney General's Office, Moreno Rojas was suspended from his position for three months starting on May 3, 2011, within the framework of the contracting scandal for phase III of TransMilenio.[206].
He was replaced by María Fernanda Campo, who held the position on an interim basis while serving as Minister of Education, between May 3 and June 8, 2011, and from then until December 31 of that year by Clara López Obregón.
In 2010, the attack was perpetrated on the Caracol Radio building, at that station's headquarters on Carrera Séptima and Calle Sixty-seven.[207] At the beginning of the decade, the Julio Mario Santodomingo Library was inaugurated, which together with the other open centers makes up its network of libraries.[205].
In 2011, Bogotá was one of the venues for the 2011 U-20 Soccer World Cup, which was played between July 29 and August 20 in several Colombian stadiums.[208] The final was played at the Nemesio Camacho El Campín stadium and crowned the Brazilian soccer team champion.[209] On October 30, 2011, he was elected mayor. Major Gustavo Petro, whose mandate began on January 1, 2012.[210][211] In March of that year, UNESCO declared Bogotá as a City of Music within the organization's Network of Creative Cities.[212].
On December 18, 2012, Mayor Gustavo Petro began a new cleanup scheme in the city,[213] which triggered his dismissal a year later by the Attorney General's Office "Attorney General of the Nation (Colombia)"), generating indignation and mobilizations of support from some sector of the population.[214] Despite the precautionary measures granted by the IACHR, the March 19, 2014, the president, Juan Manuel Santos, rejected them and carried out the dismissal of Petro, appointing Rafael Pardo as mayor in charge. However, this measure lasted only a month since Petro appealed in law for the restitution of his political rights, thus returning to the mayor's office and completing his term of government.[215].
In 2016, Enrique Peñalosa returned to the mayor's office with 32% of the vote.[216] Within the urban context, the eviction and subsequent demolition of the sector known as The Bronx "El Bronx (Bogotá)"), as well as the construction of the bicentennial park of Independence "Parque de la Independencia (Bogotá)"), the depressed area of 94th Street and 9th Street, the TransMiCable stand out. in Ciudad Bolívar "Ciudad Bolívar (Bogotá)") and the Movistar Arena stage "Movistar Arena (Bogotá)"). Likewise, among the major recent events we can mention the Visit of Pope Francis from September 6 to 10, 2017.[217].
2020s
On January 1, 2020, Claudia López took office, as the first openly homosexual mayor of Bogotá elected by popular vote.[218] Two and a half months later, the COVID-19 Pandemic began and confinement measures were decreed in the city, which marked a good part of her management.[219][220]
He faced a series of protests in 2021, also known as the social outbreak.[221][222] Under his administration, the construction of the subway began,[223] as well as the extension of the TransMilenio system along Carrera 68 "Avenida Carrera 68 (Bogotá)") and Calle 100 "Calle 100 (Bogotá)").[224] In 2024, the administration of Carlos Fernando Galán, after obtaining more than 1.4 million votes.[225].
• - Annex: Chronology of Bogotá.
• - VV. AA., director Fabio Puyo Vasco, History of Bogotá 3 volumes: Volume I - "Conquest and Colony", by Julián Vargas Lesmes, Volume II - "siglo", by Eugenio Gutiérrez Cely, and Volume III - "siglo", by Fabio Zambrano Pantoja, Bogotá, 2007. ISBN 978-958-8293-31-8.
• - Hernández Molina, Rubén and Fernando Carrasco Zaldúa. Las Nieves, the city on the other side. Bogotá: City government: Mayor's Office of Bogotá, 2010.
• - Alberto Escovar, Guía Bogotá Centro, Elarca Architecture Guides - Volumes III and IV, Gamma, Bogotá, 2010.
• - Saldarriaga Roa, Alberto (and others), "Architecture and landscape guide of Bogotá and the Sabana Archived February 20, 2018 at the Wayback Machine." National University of Colombia. 387 pages.
• - New history of Colombia (1990).
• - Bogotá Museum Archived May 16, 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
• - Abella, Arturo. When was the true founding of Bogotá? In Diners Magazine No. 220, June 1988.
• - National University of Colombia. Cartographies of Bogotá. Compilation of aerial photography maps from different periods of the city. Accessed November 17, 2019.
References
[1] ↑ a b c d e f Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 89.
[2] ↑ a b c Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, págs. 93-95.
[17] ↑ «Escudo de Bogotá». bogota.gov.co. Consultado el 23 de junio de 2009. (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última).: http://www.bogota.gov.co/histo.php?patron=1&idh=394
[18] ↑ a b Adaptado de: Ibáñez, Pedro María. Crónicas de Bogotá. Tomo I, Capítulo II.
[19] ↑ a b c d Fray Domingo de Petrés en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, "Iglesia San Francisco" pág. 96-99.
[20] ↑ a b Adaptado de: Ibáñez, Pedro María. Crónicas de Bogotá. Tomo I, Capítulo III.
[21] ↑ Fray Domingo de Petrés en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, "Iglesia de La Concepción" pp. 63-65.".
[22] ↑ a b c d Historia de Bogotá — Conquista y Colonia, pág. 27-98.
[32] ↑ a b La Capilla del Sagrario de Bogotá : homenaje a la memoria del Sargento Mayor D. Gabriel Gómez de Sandoval. Por Eladio Vergara. 1886.
[33] ↑ Moreno Cardonas, Freddy (2008). «Traducción del reporte original del ruido escuchado en Santafé de Bogotá el domingo 9 de marzo de 1687» (PDF). El Astrolabio. Consultado el 30 de junio de 2012. (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última). - [http://astrolabio.phipages.com/storage/.instance_2302/Astrolabio%20vol7%20No2%20(84-90).pdf](http://astrolabio.phipages.com/storage/.instance_2302/Astrolabio%20vol7%20No2%20(84-90).pdf)
[34] ↑ Sanz de Santamaría, Bernardo (1968). Guía de la Capilla del Sagrario de Bogotá. Bogotá: Italgraf.
[35] ↑ a b c d Historia de Bogotá — Conquista y Colonia, págs. 98-99.
[36] ↑ a b Fray Domingo de Petrés en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, "Hospital de San Juan de Dios e iglesia de San Juan de Dios", pp. 60-62.
[37] ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Fray Domingo de Petrés en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, "Santafé en el siglo XVIII. aires de transformación", por Germán Mejía pp. 29-37.
[40] ↑ a b c Fray Domingo de Petrés en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, "Convento e iglesia de La Enseñanza. 79-81.".
[41] ↑ a b c d e Las Nieves la ciudad al otro lado, "La ciudad virreinal e ilustrada" págs. 33-34.
[42] ↑ a b Las Nieves la ciudad al otro lado, "Los barrios de las Nieves oriental y occidental" págs. 34-37.
[43] ↑ Fray Domingo de Petrés en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, "Iglesia la Capuchina" pág. 55.
[44] ↑ a b c d Las Nieves la ciudad al otro lado, "El censo de 1793 y la población marginada" págs. 37-40.
[45] ↑ Museo de Desarrollo Urbano. Hitos arquitectónicos de Bogotá en el período comprendido entre 1538 y 1990. 1999.
[46] ↑ «Breve historia del Hospital San Juan X de Dios en el siglo XIX» Archivado el 26 de septiembre de 2007 en Wayback Machine., artículo del Dr. Adolfo de Francisco Zea, Revista Colombiana de Cardiología, volumen 7, número 7, 1999.: http://www.scc.org.co/revista.cfm?do=detalle&idarticulo=354&idpublicacion=59
[75] ↑ «Higinio Cualla, un cartagenero que gobernó a Bogotá durante 16 años (1884-1900)». El Tiempo. 24 de noviembre de 2007. Consultado el 24 de enero de 2012.: http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-3830873
[76] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 31 y 82.
[77] ↑ a b Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 17.
[138] ↑ Aprile-Gniset, Jacques. El impacto del 9 de abril sobre el centro de Bogotá. Bogotá. Centro Cultural Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, 1983.
[139] ↑ Aprile-Gniset, Jacques. El impacto del 9 de abril… Pág. 155.
[140] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 153.
[141] ↑ a b c d e f g Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 186.
[142] ↑ Museovintage.com Archivado el 31 de julio de 2011 en Wayback Machine. "También un poco dictatorialmente me impuse y acabé con la circulación del tranvía de Bogotá".: http://www.museovintage.com/transporte/1949.htm
[143] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 126.
[144] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 63.
[145] ↑ Sert José Luis y Wiener Lester Paul. Plan Regulador Bogotá. Memoria Descriptiva: I-Descripción general. 1953. PLW SC UO.
[146] ↑ a b c Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, págs. 186.
[147] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, págs. 70 y 74 a 75.
[148] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 170.
[149] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 228.
[150] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 190.
[151] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 107-108.
[152] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 41.
[153] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 23.
[154] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 19.
[155] ↑ Bogotá Turismo, Bandera de Bogotá (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última)., último acceso el 24/10/2009.: http://www.bogotaturismo.gov.co/ciudad/simbolos/
[193] ↑ «Rockalparque.gov.co». (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última).: http://www.rockalparque.gov.co/2011.php
The Muisca culture lacked writing.[4] Therefore, the stories reconstructed by European chroniclers are based on compilations of oral stories dating back to the 1470s, when the Saguanmachica zipa ruled.[6].
At the top of the Muisca social stratification was the zipa, followed by the chyquy, that is, the priests, whom the Spanish called sheikhs, and the uzaques), who were minor chiefs. Then there were the güechas (warriors), followed by the artisans, merchants, peasants, etc. They had a precise lunar calendar and a complex legal structure,[6] known as the Nemequene Code.[7].
In its territory there were about two million inhabitants, divided into five independent federations, enemies of each other, located in the current departments of Boyacá and Cundinamarca.[8] The strongest was the Bacatá, which occupied 40% of the territory. It covered the Bogotá savannah and was made up of tribes that were located in territories that today make up the District, or with those that it borders, such as Simijaca, Guachetá, Ubaté, Chocontá, Nemocón, Zipaquirá, Guatavita, Suba, Ubaque, Tibacuy, Fusagasugá, Pasca, Subachoque, Cáqueza, Teusacá "La Calera (Cundinamarca)"), Tosca&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tosca (Colombia) (not yet written)"), Guasca "Guasca (Colombia)") and Pacho.[8].
The remaining four federations that made up the Muisca territory were the Hunza, which gave its name to the city of Tunja, the capital of Boyacá; the Iraca or Sugamuxi; the Tundama, which extended north to the Chicamocha; and Guanentá.[8].
When the Spanish arrived, three independent rulers reigned over the Muiscas: the zipa in Funza, the zaque in Hunza and the chief of Iraca, who had a priestly character as successor to Bochica, the civilizer.[5].
Conquest and foundation
On April 6, 1536 Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada left the newly founded coastal city of Santa Marta "Santa Marta (Colombia)") towards the interior of the country. He was at the head of 500 infantrymen, among them Gonzalo Suárez Rendón, the founder of Tunja, and with 80 horses, in order to explore the mountains on the banks of the Magdalena River.[9] The first settlement they reached was Tora de las Barrancas Bermejas, current Barrancabermeja, where they had news of a civilization that caught their attention due to the discovery of vessels with salt and blankets of cotton.[9][10] After a year, 166 men and a few horses arrived at the lands inhabited by the Muisca people.
In February 1537 the Spanish left the vicinity of Vélez "Vélez (Santander)"). They marched south through the Muisca towns of Ubazá"), Turca&action=edit&redlink=1 "Turca (Cundinamarca) (not yet written)") or Becerrilandia"), Moniquirá, Susa "Susa (Cundinamarca)"), Tinjacá and Guachetá, where they arrived on March 12, 1537, and then through Lenguazaque, Cucunubá, Suesuca, Nemocón and Busongote.[11] On April 5, they arrived in Chía "Chía (Cundinamarca)") and camped in the hills of Suba "Suba (Bogotá)"). From there they saw a savanna with numerous huts and columns of smoke. Quesada called it Valley of the Alcázares.[10].
Two commissions were sent to look for a place to settle the troops.[9] The first went to the west of Muyquytá, current Funza, originally called "Facatá", headquarters of the zipazgo. The second, towards the east, commanded by Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela, who found a hamlet called Thybzaquillo, through which a stream passed that would later be called San Bruno, a tributary of the Vicachá river, called San Francisco by the Spanish.[9].
There are three moments in the founding of Santafé de Bogotá.[12][13] The first happened when the first Spanish settlement was created, on the current Carrera Segunda with Calle Trece, not far from Chorro de Quevedo, which was later called Pueblo Viejo, then known as Teusaquillo.[12].
The historian Fray Pedro Pablo Villamor") wrote in 1723, referring to the origin of Santafé: "Its first foundation was named after a town and was made in the fortresses where the delightful recreational place of the Kings of Bogotá, called Thybzaquillo, was founded."
The second moment occurred on August 6, 1538. On that date Jiménez de Quesada held a ceremony where he chose the name and place where the city would be developed, a process that took place in the Plaza de las Yerbas, current Santander Park "Parque Santander (Bogotá)"). The first mass, according to the version of Juan de Castellanos, was celebrated that same day by Brother Domingo de las Casas.[13].
In March 1539, Quesada had news of Spanish troops coming from Venezuela commanded by Nicolás Federmann and from the south by Sebastián de Belalcázar, who camped in the Alcázares valley. Quesada organized a celebration for the new arrivals. This meeting between conquerors was crucial for the official founding ceremonies to take place.
Thus, in a third and final moment, the "legal foundation" of Bogotá was carried out on April 27, 1539 together with Nicolás Federmann and Sebastián de Belalcázar in what would be the Plaza Mayor, which currently corresponds to Plaza de Bolívar. On that date, the places were designated for the main church, the government house, the prison, as well as the lots for the first neighbors. Captains Juan de Arevalo and Jerónimo de La Inza were appointed as the first mayors.
The first expeditionaries who arrived in the Bogotá savanna were not accompanied by any Spanish women. Quesada brought the horses, Federmann the chickens and Belalcázar the pigs.[14] On the other hand, Brother Pedro Simón, in the Second Historical News, chapter 36, after referring to how the twelve huts or cabins were built, says:
Although the founding plan has been lost, it is known that the division of the properties was made by assigning plots of different sizes: those with 800 paces in front and 1600 in depth were called caballerías majores, those with 600 paces in front and 1200 in depth were known as caballerías minors, and the smaller units as peonías.[15].
Viceregal era
Durante el virreinato, Bogotá rivalizó con Cartagena de Indias y Tunja por el primer puesto en importancia del Nuevo Reino de Granada.
Por Real Cédula del rey Carlos I de España se elevó a Santa Fe a la categoría de ciudad el 27 de julio de 1540.[16] El cabildo de Santa Fe ya había sido establecido en 1539. En 1548 el rey otorgó las armas y divisas para los estandartes, banderas, sellos y el escudo,[17] que son: águila negra, rampante y coronada, en campo de oro, con una granada abierta en cada garra y por orla algunos ramos de oro en campo azul.
En 1549, por Real Cédula, fechada en Valladolid el 17 de julio, se dispuso la manera como se debía recibir en Santafé el real sello. El 7 de abril de 1550 se estableció la Real Audiencia y la Silla Arzobispal, con potestades que le dieron a Bogotá el rango de capital, en donde se centralizarían los poderes administrativos, judiciales, políticos y eclesiásticos para el territorio del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Ese mismo año se fundaron la iglesia de Santo Domingo "Convento de Santo Domingo (Bogotá)") y la de San Francisco "Iglesia de San Francisco (Bogotá)"), y en 1554 la de Veracruz "Iglesia de la Veracruz (Bogotá)"). El 27 de agosto de 1565 se le otorgó a Santafé el título de muy noble y muy leal.[18].
La plaza mayor "Plaza de Bolívar (Bogotá)") fue desde un principio el lugar de congregación tanto del poder civil como del eclesiástico, y epicentro urbano. Era un espacio público donde se realizaban las fiestas y celebraciones santas y en el que también se instalaba el mercado público.
Por otro lado, como consecuencia del proceso de fundación y del repartimiento de los ejidos de la ciudad, la plaza de las Yerbas, que luego se llamó de San Francisco y finalmente parque de Santander "Parque Santander (Bogotá)"), fue donde se realizaron las primeras construcciones residenciales para los personajes distinguidos. De hecho, en vez de ubicarse en la plaza mayor, el fundador Jiménez de Quesada tuvo su residencia en la plaza de las Yerbas.
Los primeros alcaldes fueron Juan de Arévalo y Jerónimo de Lainza. Los primeros sacerdotes, el presbítero Juan Verdejo y Vicente de Requesada, fraile agustino, y el primer escribano, Juan Rodríguez de Benavides.[18].
Entre las primeras órdenes religiosas que se instalaron están la de San Francisco y Santo Domingo. Ambas lo hicieron en el entorno de la plaza de las Yerbas "Parque Santander (Bogotá)"). El convento de Santo Domingo "Convento de Santo Domingo (Bogotá)") tuvo una corta permanencia en ese lugar, pues en 1557 se trasladó a la calle Real (actual carrera Séptima "Carrera Séptima (Bogotá)")), entre las calles Doce y Trece y las carreras Séptima y Octava. Las obras de este enorme convento terminaron en 1619.[9] Fue demolido en el siglo para las celebraciones del cuarto centenario de fundación de Bogotá, y en su lugar se construyó el edificio Manuel Murillo Toro.[9].
También en 1557 se inició la construcción de la iglesia de San Francisco "Iglesia de San Francisco (Bogotá)"), que se terminó en 1557.[19] En 1566 Juan de los Barrios la bendijo.[19].
En 1563 los frailes dominicos crearon la primera cátedra de Gramática que hubo en Santafé, y pocos años después la de Filosofía. Fray Juan de Mendoza solicitó licencia para fundar en su convento una universidad pública con todas las concesiones y privilegios de que gozaba la Real Universidad de San Marcos de Lima, solicitud que fue apoyada por el poder civil.[20].
El 11 de abril de 1553, el papa Pío IV, por solicitud del rey Felipe II, expidió una bula por la cual dispuso que la iglesia catedral de Santa Marta "Santa Marta (Colombia)"), con su prelado Juan de los Barrios y Toledo, y los capitulares, el tesorero, el chantre y un canónigo, se trasladasen a Santafé, que tres años después, en diciembre de 1556, se erigió en obispado.[20].
A mediados de 1578 se desarrolló el sector de San Victorino, cuya plaza se convirtió en el límite oeste de la ciudad, lo mismo que el paso obligado de los viajeros que entraban a Bogotá, o que de ella salían con rumbo a Honda "Honda (Tolima)"), el mayor puerto sobre el río Magdalena, que comunicada con la costa Caribe "Región Caribe (Colombia)") y de ahí al resto del mundo.[9] En 1583 se inició la edificación de la iglesia de La Concepción "Iglesia de la Concepción (Bogotá)"), el primer convento de religiosas que tuvo la ciudad cuya construcción solo se terminó en 1595.[21].
17th century
The first half of this century was the time of greatest construction activity in colonial Santafé, which during this time was consolidated urbanly.[22] In total eighteen religious works were developed, including three schools, and six civil works, including four bridges.[22].
Local labor was essential, with eighty-eight indigenous people registering in 1602 in various public works, among which were the construction of the town hall, the fountain in the main square, the royal audience, the butcher shop, the paving of the streets, the prison, the San Miguel bridge that crossed the San Francisco River "Río San Francisco (Bogotá)"), and the Lesmes and San Agustín bridges over the San River Augustine.[22][23].
During this period there was important artistic and intellectual activity. The painters Antonio Acero de la Cruz and Baltasar de Vargas stood out, the writers Lucas Fernández, fray Andrés de San Nicolás), Fernando Fernández and his brother Pedro de Solís y Valenzuela, author of The prodigious desert and the desert prodigy, which has been considered the first novel written in Latin America.[24] At the beginning of the century, the monopoly on indigenous labor was eliminated, which It was controlled by the encomenderos, which favored urban development.[25].
In this century, the Franciscan, Augustinian, Dominican, and Jesuit religious communities arrived, which favored the urbanization of the incipient city.[25] On August 10, 1606, the first building built outside the urban perimeter opened its doors, the church of San Diego "Iglesia de San Diego (Bogotá)"), in the far north.[26] That same year the church of Carmen "Santuario Nuestra" was inaugurated. Señora del Carmen (Bogotá)"), to which fifty years later the small chapel called Camarín del Carmen would be added in the adjacent lot to the north.[26] In 1609, the first hermitages were built on the Monserrate hill, then known as Las Nieves "Las Nieves (Bogotá)"), as it was the tutelary hill of the neighborhood of the same name.[25].
In 1610 the fathers of the Company of Jesus began the construction of the church of San Ignacio "Iglesia de San Ignacio (Bogotá)"), of baroque type, which was completed in 1635. the House of the Ecclesiastical Chapter, in the eastern area of the Plaza de Bolívar "Plaza de Bolívar (Bogotá)"), which has had several functions.[28] In 1627 the first tower of the San Francisco "Iglesia de San Francisco (Bogotá)") was built.[19].
In 1642, the first Bogotá inn or inn was inaugurated on the south side of the Plaza de San Francisco "Parque Santander (Bogotá)". the same as in the lower part of the Eastern Hills "Cerros Orientales (Bogotá)."
In the second half of the century the activity declined. The number of constructions was thirteen religious buildings, of which seven churches, and three civil works, including two bridges.[22] In the map prepared by Domingo Esquiaqui") the bridges of San Francisco, San Victorino, San Agustín, Lesmes, Santa Catalina, Espinazo and la Giralda can be seen.[15].
18th century
After 40 years of construction, the Chapel of the Tabernacle of the Cathedral of Bogotá was completed, it was opened and blessed by Brother Ignacio de Urbina on January 17, 1700.[34][32].
During the first part of the century, construction reached its lowest point due to adverse economic conditions.[35] Among the few works that were carried out is the replacement of the San Pedro hospital with that of San Juan de Dios, whose construction began in 1723 and was completed towards the middle of the century,[36] and the construction of the La Peña chapel.[35] In 1740, a clock by the Frenchman M. Antoine was installed in the only tower of the cathedral. Primate.[37].
In the middle of the century, councilor José Groot" ordered some streets to be paved, including the one on the eastern side of the Plaza Mayor. This process is related to the improvement of the paving of San Juan de Dios Street (current Doce Street) and in general with the rest of the road network during the administration of José Manuel de Ezpeleta.[37].
On October 18, 1743, an earthquake[38] was recorded that affected most of the houses and churches in the city, including the hermitages of Monserrate and Guadalupe, whose bell detached and rolled down the side of the hill.[39].
Other earthquakes also affected the city, among them the one in 1763, which destroyed the dome of the church of San Ignacio "Iglesia de San Ignacio (Bogotá)"), later rebuilt,[27][27] and the one on July 12,[38] which also destroyed or seriously affected religious buildings such as the Primada cathedral or the churches of Santo Domingo "Convento de Santo Domingo (Bogotá)"), San Francisco "Church of San Francisco (Bogotá)") and La Enseñanza.[37][40].
During the second half of the century, the reforms brought about by the dynastic change in Spain from the Hapsburgs to the Bourbons were reflected, as the first census was carried out, an official nomenclature was assigned to the streets, and an administrative division different from the ecclesiastical division was carried out, establishing in 1774 eight barracks made up of eight neighborhoods.[41].
The city experienced a process similar to that of other urban centers in Latin America, which consisted of a marked increase in public investment. The number of civil constructions thus surpassed those of a religious nature.[41] Of the twenty-one works that were carried out, sixteen were secular.[35].
Among these infrastructure works, the Común, Sopó and Aranda bridges, and those of San Antonio") and Bosa "Bosa (Bogotá)") over the Tunjuelito River stand out.[35] In 1776, the construction of the La Enseñanza convent was authorized, one block east of the Plaza Mayor, which was completed in 1799.[40].
From the second half of the century is also the church of the Third Order, built on the western side of Carrera Séptima between 1761 and 1780. It was characterized by the semicircular arch that connected it with the church of Veracruz "Iglesia de la Veracruz (Bogotá)"), which gave its name to the 17th street on which it passed, as well as the extensive ornamentation made in cedar and walnut wood carving, which was not painted gold, as was usual in the other temples of the city.[42].
19th century
Una devastadora epidemia de viruela se registró entre 1801 y 1802,[47] en la que murieron unos 5000 habitantes, es decir un 13,7 % de la población bogotana,[48] tan solo treinta años después de otra epidemia de menores proporciones.[49].
En 1803 se inauguraron el acueducto y la pila de San Victorino, cuya primera petición se había realizado en 1680. La obra la diseñó el arquitecto capuchino Domingo de Petrés y tomaba sus aguas del río Arzobispo, canalizado hasta el sector de San Diego "San Diego (Bogotá)").[50].
El mismo año se concluyó la construcción del Observatorio Astronómico, el cual fue el primero en América, y que contó con el patrocinio de José Celestino Mutis, quien además diseñó los planos y asumió el costo de la obra.[51] De Petrés realizó a su vez en esa época importantes trabajos de ampliación del hospital y de la iglesia de San Juan de Dios "Iglesia de San Juan de Dios (Bogotá)"), entre ellos su sacristía.[36].
El 16 de junio de 1805 se produjo un terremoto que destruyó el 25 % de la ciudad. En este entonces Bogotá estaba dividida en ocho barrios, cada uno con su alcalde, así: La Catedral, del Príncipe, del Palacio, San Jorge, Las Nieves "Las Nieves (Bogotá)") Oriental, Las Nieves Occidental, San Victorino y Santa Bárbara; con el tiempo, los dos primeros tomaron el nombre de La Candelaria. Con el tiempo, se amplió el perímetro urbano debido a las olas migratorias.
Asimismo, a principios de este siglo el geógrafo y naturalista alemán Alexander von Humboldt visitó Bogotá, atraído entre otras cosas por sus instituciones culturales y científicas, entre las cuales destaca el primer observatorio astronómico de América, que había sido promovido y desarrollado por el sabio Mutis, quien dirigió la Expedición Botánica [52] y disponía de una nutrida biblioteca.[53].
Los barrios tradicionales se mantuvieron como núcleos principales de habitación en Bogotá, pero surgieron otros como Las Aguas, Las Cruces, Egipto, La Perseverancia "La Perseverancia (Bogotá)"), San Cristóbal y Chapinero, este último como zona en la que clase alta bogotana, que construyó quintas de recreo para alejarse del núcleo urbano. En su constitución la madera reemplazó a la piedra y el adobe a la tapia pisada "Tapia (construcción)").
En 1810, Bogotá que tenía unas 200 manzanas en las que abundaban los perros, y en la que no había acueducto ni alcantarillado. El vehículo de movilización era el caballo; la biblioteca pública contaba con más de 20 000 volúmenes, muchos de ellos incunables producto del decomiso a los jesuitas.[54] A su vez, contaba entre 25 000 y 30 000 habitantes.
La bañaban cuatro ríos: Fucha, San Francisco "Río San Francisco (Bogotá)"), Arzobispo y San Agustín; dos quebradas, Las Delicias y La Vieja; y los cuatro chorros de Belén, Fiscal, Botellas y Padilla. La gente de algún dinero se concentraba en la calle Real, la única con construcciones de dos pisos.[54].
En la plaza principal había una fuente con una figura que se pretendió fuera san Juan Bautista, pero que la gente llamó el “Mono de la pila”, quitada años más tarde para colocar la estatua de Bolívar y llevada al hoy Museo de Arte Colonial.
La unidad monetaria era el castellano de oro y el peso dividido en ocho reales. Además, había onzas, escudos y doblones. La Ley Fundamental del 17 de diciembre de 1819, denominó a la capital del nuevo país como Bogotá, eliminando el "Santafé".[9].
Independence
In 1810, Colombia's independence began, a period that would last almost a decade, with fighting in some regions until 1824. The period that lasted until 1816 is known as the Boba Homeland, as it was marked by political instability and regional and civil wars.
In Bogotá, the armed confrontation between the State of Cundinamarca and the United Provinces of New Granada was reflected in the siege of Bogotá by Brigadier Antonio Baraya, leader of the federal army, with the aim of capitulating the centralist government of Antonio Nariño, in what has been considered the first civil war of New Granada.[55][56] After the battle of San Victorino, the skirmish ended with the victory of the second. The victims of the conflict were buried in the atrium of the San Diego church "Iglesia de San Diego (Bogotá)").[55].
In turn, the capital was the scene of the Reconquista "Reconquista (Colombia)"), that is, the regime of terror established by the Spanish, whose leader Pablo Morillo arrived in the savannah in 1816 after the battle of Cartagena "Spanish Siege of Cartagena de Indias (1815)"), organizing summary trials and scaffolds to execute the independentists, such as the Huerta de Jaime, where an obelisk was raised in his memory "Monument to the Mártires (Bogotá)") and the town was named Los Mártires.[55].
Among the victims of this period are a good number of the participants of the Botanical Expedition, as well as a large number of educated Creoles who graduated from the University of Rosario, as well as some presidents of the First Republic, among which the names of Policarpa Salavarrieta, José María Carbonell, Mercedes Abrego, Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Camilo Torres Tenorio and Francisco José de Caldas stand out.[55].
On August 10, 1819, Simón Bolívar entered the city. Shortly before, the Spanish elite had fled and abandoned their properties and possessions for fear of the reprisals that would follow.[57] Among them, the viceroy Juan de Sámano, who fled disguised as an indigenous person with a ruana and a dirty hat but left the gold of the viceregal government on the viceregal palace table.[58].
In the mid-1820s, intense telluric activity took place, with one of the strongest in the history of Bogotá being recorded on June 17, 1826, during which a large number of properties were severely affected.[39][59]
On the 22nd, another movement of shorter duration occurred, with aftershocks that lasted six months, until November 16, 1827, one of the most intense movements recorded in Bogotá,[38] which destroyed several buildings and other structures.[39][59].
On the 22nd, another movement of shorter duration occurred, with aftershocks that lasted six months, until November 16, 1827, one of the most intense movements recorded in Bogotá,[38] which destroyed several buildings and other structures.[39][59]Resulting in the Tabernacle Chapel of the Cathedral of Bogotá being seriously damaged and therefore having to be restored. The Vergara family, as descendants of the founder and stewards of the family, undertake the reconstruction of the tabernacle.[60].
Military coup of 1854
The public disorders registered in Las Nieves between May and June 1854 produced on April 16 of that year the military coup of José María Melo, whose democratic-artisan dictatorship was presided over by Tomás Herrera and José de Obaldía, against the government of José María Obando.[63] These conspirators were, however, rejected by the constitutional armies led by the former presidents Pedro Alcántara Herrán, Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera and José Hilario López.[63].
Among the architectural constructions that were carried out during the century, the most notable is perhaps that of the National Capitol, a project by Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera that had the participation of the architect Thomas Reed, who in 1851 also designed the aforementioned monument to the Martyrs in the square of the same name, which was only inaugurated thirty years later.
At the same time, on July 20, 1846, the statue of Simón Bolívar was erected in the center of the main square, which replaced the fountain for the water supply – the Mono de la Pila – and became the first public monument in the city. The Teatro Colón would later be built, inaugurated at the end of the century – the former Teatro Coliseo – which was the cultural center of Santa Fe society.
The Federal District was created at the end of 1861, so that Bogotá would be the seat of the federal government. For this purpose, the Cundinamarca municipalities of Engativá, Fontibón, Suba "Suba (Bogotá)"), Usme, Usaquén and Bosa "Bosa (Bogotá)") were annexed to it, in order to guarantee a certain order to the district territory, but it was suppressed and its territory returned to the then Sovereign State of Cundinamarca.
That same year, Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera issued the decree on “Disentailment of Assets of Dead Hands”, by which ecclesiastical assets were expropriated and sold. A year later, the church of San Agustín "Iglesia de San Agustín (Bogotá)") was the scene of the Battle of San Agustín"), between the conservative troops close to the president, Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, and those of De Mosquera.
A city without lighting or sewage
In 1865 the telegraph service was inaugurated in Bogotá. In 1876 the City Council established a new nomenclature for the streets and streets, which consisted of changing the traditional names for serial numbers, following a system of Cartesian coordinates starting from the corner of the Cathedral,[64][65] a starting point for the numbering that was however changed ten years later for another in the Las Cruces neighborhood "Las Cruces (Bogotá)"), already in the foothills of the Eastern hills. "Eastern Hills (Bogotá)").[66].
During the existence of the United States of Colombia between 1863 and 1886, Bogotá received the title of Federal Capital and its few neighborhoods were elevated to the category of cantons.
In 1884 the city had about 90,000 inhabitants, just over 3,000 houses and about 35 country houses. The water distribution network was precarious, it did not use pressure and only reached about three hundred houses. The other inhabitants had to resort to water carriers who collected water from the sources in clay jars. The lighting depended on a gas company that also had major deficiencies, especially in public lighting. The streets were swept by the inmates, under the surveillance of soldiers.
The underground sewage was almost non-existent and the ditches and pipes hindered the eventual transportation service provided by horse- and mule-drawn carriages. So much so that, to avoid damage to the cobblestones and aqueduct networks, from 1844 to 1877 the transit of carriages through the streets was prohibited, which could only reach the squares of San Diego, San Victorino, Las Cruces and San Agustín and from there they walked or used wheelbarrows to transport loads.[67].
Since the beginning of the Republic there were some transportation agencies using carts and in 1851 intermunicipal collective transportation with carriages was established. In 1876, the British Henry Alford and the Frenchman Jean Gilide") created the Franco-English Alford and Gilide Carriage Company whose horse-drawn carriages, with capacity for ten passengers, were called omnibuses and covered the route between Bogotá and the hamlet of Chapinero. This company was later sold to two natives of Engativá, Antonio Caipa and Timoteo Tibaquirá, who gave it the name Compañía Franco-English Caipa and Tibaquirá Carriages.[68].
1880s and 1890s
In 1883, the Centenario Park "Parque Centenario (Bogotá)") was inaugurated in the vicinity of the church of San Diego "Iglesia de San Diego (Bogotá)"), in order to commemorate the first centenary of the birth of Simón Bolívar.[69] In 1887 the first aqueduct was installed through iron pipes, giving rise to an incipient home system. The aim was to partially stop the serious problems of sanitation that caused illnesses among users due to the contamination of water for human consumption due to the same waste in the drains.
In 1888, the Bogotá Aqueduct Company was created, a private initiative led by Ramón B. Jimeno. A year later, the Ferrocarril de la Sabana de Bogotá company was founded and its first line from San Victorino to Facatativá was launched,[9] which, by the end of the century, already had more than 100 km of railway tracks. Through the junctions, it allowed us to reach different areas of the country and even to the Caribbean Sea.
The same year, the German businessman Leo Kopp founded the Bavaria brewery, one of the first to industrialize consumer goods, in the current San Diego neighborhood "San Diego (Bogotá)").[70].
In the cultural sphere, the publication of Critical notes on the Bogota language, by the philologist Rufino José Cuervo, is relevant, as is the development of the works of the poets José Asunción Silva and Rafael Pombo and the portrait painter Epifanio Garay, who are relevant figures of Bogota culture and art of this period.
In transportation, it is worth noting that in 1884 the mule tram service began to operate,[71] from Plaza de Bolívar to Chapinero, and in 1910 the electric tram system did the same, which until the 1940s extended into multiple lines. Along with the train, these means of transportation were the pillars of the modernization and development of Bogotá, which in 1912 had a population that barely exceeded 120,000 inhabitants.[72].
Thanks to the improvement in communications by tram and train, as well as due to the dynamics unleashed by the construction of the Lourdes basilica "Basilica de Nuestra Señora de Lourdes (Bogotá)") in 1875, in these decades the Chapinero sector was already considered another neighborhood of the capital.[73] At the same time, between 1888 and 1890 the dome of the church of Santo Domingo "Convento de Santo" was built. Domingo (Bogotá)").[27].
Also in 1884, the first section of the San Francisco River "Río San Francisco (Bogotá)") was channeled, between the current Carreras Séptima and Octava, due largely to the serious state of contamination that its channel presented.[74] That same year, Higinio Cualla from Cartagena took office as mayor, who remained in charge of the city for 16 years and developed public works of great importance at the time such as the construction of the Teatro Colón, the hospital of the Misericordia&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hospital de la Misericordia (Bogotá) (not yet written)") and the exterior gallery of the Central Cemetery, the expansion of the coverage of the transportation service and public services, and the improvement of the infrastructure of various streets and bridges.[75].
20th century
La entrada de Bogotá al siglo estuvo marcada por la guerra de los Mil Días, que tuvo entre sus consecuencias la separación de Panamá en 1903, lo mismo que notables cambios demográficos que favorecieron la urbanización del país. Los 25 millones de dólares recibidos de Estados Unidos como indemnización por la pérdida de ese territorio, constituyeron unos ingresos extra que dieron lugar al periodo conocido como de la "Danza de los millones" o de la "Prosperidad al debe", que pese a la corrupción y el despilfarro, sirvió para aportar algunas soluciones a ciertos de los atrasos en infraestructura urbana.[76] Paulatinamente, a principios de este periodo Bogotá accedió al contexto internacional, consolidándose como centro financiero, político, económico y demográfico del país.[77].
En 1900 el área urbana de Bogotá era de 326 ha.[78] Su límite sur lo constituía el barrio Las Cruces "Las Cruces (Bogotá)"), y en sectores más occidentales lo marcaba la quebrada La Galera, que fluía por la actual calle Primera.[79] El Panóptico o cárcel departamental, que junto al convento de María Auxiliadora y la fábrica Bavaria marcaba en estos tiempos el septentrional,[80] fue asimismo lugar de reclusión para muchos presos políticos del conflicto de este periodo. Años después ese espacio se convertiría en el museo Nacional, al norte del sector de San Diego "San Diego (Bogotá)").
En 1905 el número de habitantes se acercaba a los 100 000, favorecido por el desplazamiento las guerras nacionales ocurridas en este periodo, desencadenando asimismo un marcado crecimiento demográfico urbano.[1][81].
Por otro lado, del ámbito local pero de impacto nacional fueron los hechos del 20 de mayo de 1900, cuando se incendiaron las galerías Arrubla"), pues se destruyó en la catástrofe la totalidad el archivo municipal.[82] El accidente llevó a que en ese lugar se levantara una nueva construcción en 1902, el palacio Liévano, inaugurado en 1908 y que en la actualidad es la sede de la Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá. Su diseño fue del arquitecto Gastón Lelarge y se construyó por iniciativa de Indalecio Liévano.[83].
En 1905 se construyó la carretera Central del Norte,[84] y un poco después se inició la basílica del Voto Nacional "Basílica Menor del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús (Bogotá)") en el costado occidental del parque de Los Mártires, antigua “Huerta de Jaime”, donde murieron varias figuras de la Independencia en los años 1810.
Lelarge asumió en 1909 la dirección de las obras del Capitolio Nacional, donde ya habían intervenido sus colegas Thomas Reed y Mariano Santamaría, y que fue inaugurado en 1926.
Ese año se llevó a cabo la demolición del convento e iglesia de La Enseñanza"), en la calle Once entre carreras Quinta y Sexta, y en el mismo lugar se construyó el palacio de Justicia, que sería destruido treinta años más tarde durante el Bogotazo.[40].
En cuanto a las condiciones geográficas y demográficas, el área que ocupaba el casco urbano de Bogotá en 1797 era de 203 ha, pero en 1905 superaba las 300 y en 1912 las 530.[85] Bogotá pasó de tener 21 394 habitantes en 1801 a 100 000 en 1905, es decir, cinco veces más.[86].
En 1917 sucede un fuerte templor que nuevamente afecta a la Capilla del Sagrario de Bogotá.
Entre 1918 y 1928 los arriendos subieron en un 350 %. Según los datos de 1928, los 235 702 habitantes requerían 29 963 casas (tomando como base una casa para ocho personas) pero solo había 17 767, lo que arrojaba un déficit de 11 969 viviendas. Esta situación propició la aparición de barrios periféricos que rápidamente modificaron el mapa de Bogotá, que poco había cambiado hasta iniciar el siglo .[87] En este contexto, se presentaron fenómenos de especulación inmobiliaria "Especulación (economía)"), que habrían de ser un lastre para el desarrollo de la capital.[88].
Sin embargo, el mayor problema de Bogotá durante este periodo era la ausencia de un acueducto, así como la mezcla de aguas servidas con las de consumo humano, lo mismo que con algunas fuentes de abastecimiento alimentario, pues por ejemplo el Matadero Municipal") se encontraba en la margen del río San Francisco "Río San Francisco (Bogotá)"), que funcionaba como alcantarilla.[2].
En 1906 y en 1910 el porcentaje de muertes por disentería, enterocolitis, enteritis y gastroenteritis, es decir por enfermedades gastrointestinales producidas directamente por bacterias patógenas del agua llegó a ser del 16 %. Las pésimas condiciones de vida de los habitantes de Bogotá también determinaron que en 1904 el porcentaje de decesos por enfermedades respiratorias correspondiese al 34 % del total en 1906.[2].
1910s and 1920s
The year 1910 is a milestone in the urban history of Bogotá.[79] The Independence Park "Parque de la Independencia (Bogotá)") was inaugurated that year on the eastern side of the town of Santa Fe "Santa Fe (Bogotá)") in order to commemorate the first centenary of national independence, on July 20, 1810. The project included several buildings, such as the kiosks of the Machines, the Egyptian, the Fine Arts, the Industry and the Light, by the Italian architect Pietro Cantini, which is the only one that remains standing today.[89].
Most of the works by French sculptor Charles Raoul Verlet installed in the capital were inaugurated during this period.[90] Within the framework of the same celebrations, which had a notable participation of Bogotá residents, large military parades were held, among them the one at the La Magdalena field&action=edit&redlink=1 "La Magdalena (Bogotá) (not yet written)"), near the hippodrome.[91] That year and in honor To the founder of the city, the Spanish Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, the Quesada neighborhood "Quesada (Bogotá)") was founded, north of Santa Fe but west of Chapinero.[92].
In the first decade of the century, in 1909, the Echeverry palace, also by Lelarge, was built on the grounds of the former convent of Santa Clara "Iglesia de Santa Clara (Bogotá)"). Mártires.[94] In 1917, the Beautification and Ornament Society, currently the Bogotá Improvement and Ornament Society, was created, which had as its specific purpose the improvement of public space.[95].
The same year the Lourdes basilica "Basilica de Nuestra Señora de Lourdes (Bogotá)"), which until then lacked a central tower, was completed,[80] and the Sabana station was inaugurated, headquarters of the central station of the Ferrocarril de la Sabana de Bogotá, and later also of the National Railways of Colombia. The building was declared a national monument in 1984.[96].
Regarding urban changes, in 1910 the aforementioned Quesada neighborhood was built, which was in fact the first to be developed to the west by the railroad, which follows the same course as the current Caracas Avenue, located between it and Carrera Diecisiete, and between streets Forty-eighth and Fifty-three.[97] In terms of roads, the construction of Chile Avenue "Avenida Chile (Bogotá)") or 72nd Street is worth highlighting in 1919, which in a few years became one of the main ones in Bogotá.[95].
In the center, the canalization in the 1920s of the San Francisco "Río San Francisco (Bogotá)") and San Agustín rivers stands out, the first becoming known as Avenida Jiménez de Quesada and the second Calle Séptima. It was the first work of art nouveau architecture in Colombia and one of the most representative of this style on a South American scale.[100].
In the La Catedral neighborhood, a year later the Plaza de Bolívar was intervened according to the model of some squares in Europe, and on a lot to the west of the center the American company, Casa Ulen, began the construction of a slaughterhouse that would follow modern indications of hygiene and circulation.[101].
1930s
In the 1930s, important urban events took place, largely framed in the dynamics of the liberal Republic "Liberal Republic (Colombia)"), whose governments sought to re-found the nation, which implied greater interventions by the State.[110] From the administrative point, the mayorship of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, who took office in May 1936, was notable, who insisted on modernization and hygiene, starting with the clothing of public servants. Gaitán failed in his attempt and was forced by various sectors of the elite to resign a year later.[111] However, he would continue to be one of the figures of national liberalism, with his name being fundamentally linked to the history of Bogotá just a decade later.
Among others, it was celebrated for the first time on May 1st which was attended by 70,000 protesters; The Santamaría bullring, the Colombia theater, today called the Jorge Eliécer Gaitán theater, and the University City, the new headquarters of the National University, were inaugurated. In 1942, however, by order of then-president Eduardo Santos, the church of Santo Domingo "Convento de Santo Domingo (Bogotá)") was demolished, one of the greatest heritage losses in Bogotá.[112].
Founded in 1867, the National University was, however, dispersed in various buildings, some of which were too old and inadequate for the functions that the State wanted to assign to this educational entity. Indeed, the liberal government of former President Alfonso López Pumarejo expressed, through the reforms that gave rise to the constitution of its campus, the spirit of renewal that sought to bring education to more and more sectors of society.
For this purpose, the advisor Fritz Karsen was hired to draw up the conceptual guidelines of this academic space, whose physical plant would be designed by the German architect Leopoldo Rother, its layout being characterized by zoning by sectors, and the creation of two circular rings for the vehicular circulation of the campus.[113].
The lot was chosen for its proximity to the center and to correct the growth of the city, since this area was actually a large vacant lot belonging to the El Salitre hacienda. Also, due to their large proportions, they were thought of as land reserves that in the future could guarantee the support of the educational center through the sale of lots for farms or urbanizations.
In 1932 the company Scadta, later Avianca, built and inaugurated the Techo aerodrome in the western area of Bogotá, which operated for twenty-seven years. Construction began in 1933 and ended in 1938. This was the first aqueduct proper that the Colombian capital had.[110][115].
The improvements in this service would have important repercussions, among them the demographic increase that occurred a few decades later.[116] The development of this work required that a road be laid out to move the machinery used, which connected Usme with Bogotá. This favored the emergence of the neighborhoods of Santa Lucía&action=edit&redlink=1 "Santa Lucía (Bogotá) (not yet drafted)"), San Jorge&action=edit&redlink=1 "San Jorge (Bogotá) (not yet drafted)"), San Carlos&action=edit&redlink=1 "San Carlos (Bogotá) (not yet drafted)") and Tunjuelo.[110].
1940s
In this period, major urban interventions were carried out. Between 1944 and 1946, for example, the Avenida de Las Américas "Avenida de Las Américas (Bogotá)") was built, which runs through Bogotá from east to west, to the Techo Airport. In 1945, Caracas Avenue was completed [127] and construction of Carrera Décima began, which meant the division of the center, which brought important social and urban repercussions, particularly in the sectors of Las Nieves "Las Nieves (Bogotá)"), San Victorino and Santa Inés "Santa Inés (Bogotá)").[128][129] In 1946, the prisoners of the Panopticon, which is the current National Museum, to La Picota, which until then had been an experimental agricultural field.[130].
Of relevance in the development of the south of the city was the discovery in 1945, at the La María hacienda, of rich deposits of gravel, whose extraction by the newly founded Central de Mixes was highly profitable, due to its proximity to Bogotá and the growing demand by construction companies.[130] The clay deposits led to the founding of the Santa Fe brickyard, which was also dedicated to intensive exploitation.[130] The ecological impact on the Tunjuelo River valley, which had also become urbanizable due to the works in Vitelma and Chisacá, was devastating.[130].
In demographic terms, in 1946 Bogotá had 565,978 inhabitants, with a migratory population of 63.43% and an urban area of 8,600 hectares.[131] From an industrial point of view, it concentrated 13.9% of establishments and 16.7% of national assets, contributing 20.8% of the added value of production.[131].
Also in the southern sector, in 1947 the tram was extended to the neighborhood Santander&action=edit&redlink=1 "Santander (Bogotá) (not yet written)") of the current town of San Cristóbal "San Cristóbal (Bogotá)") [132] and the same year the San Cristóbal neighborhood was inaugurated, which was the first in the region, which would have a disorderly settlement, promoted with frequently by "pirate" developers, who took advantage of the economic difficulties of the population, but also the housing deficit of the city[133] and its legal and administrative loopholes favorable to these practices.[134] Also the neighborhoods San Carlos&action=edit&redlink=1 "San Carlos (Bogotá) (not yet written)") and El Carmen&action=edit&redlink=1 "El Carmen (Bogotá) (not yet written)"), Located in the current town of Tunjuelito, they were developed during this period, also presenting deficiencies in health and other services.[135].
In 1948, the El Tiempo building was inaugurated, headquarters of the newspaper El Tiempo "El Tiempo (Colombia)"), designed by architect Bruno Violi and located on the corner of Carrera Séptima and the Environmental Axis, the San Carlos hospital&action=edit&redlink=1 "Hospital de San Carlos (Bogotá) (not yet written)") to the south,[110] and the Palermo clinic") were inaugurated in its neighborhood. name,[136] and was founded in the Las Aguas neighborhood&action=edit&redlink=1 "Las Aguas (Bogotá) (not yet written)") of the current town of La Candelaria, the Universidad de los Andes "Universidad de los Andes (Colombia)").[137] That year the Francisco José de Caldas District University was also inaugurated[131] That same year the Military Hospital, the David Clinic were inaugurated Restrepo, the same as a section of Los Comuneros avenue.[131].
1950s
In the previous decade, Bogotá had continued its strong demographic growth. In 1950 its population corresponded to 6.2% of the national total, while in 1928 that proportion was only 3%.[140] Likewise, a growth rate of 5.4% was recorded between 1938 and 1951, with 715,520 inhabitants in that year,[1] in a Colombia that already had 11,548,772. inhabitants,[131] with the capital reaching one million in 1956.[141] It is noteworthy that in that year the possibility of converting Bogotá into a Special District") was examined, which would take place in 1954.[1].
At the beginning of the decade, the Tequendama hotel was built in the San Diego neighborhood "San Diego (Bogotá)", at the intersection between Carrera Décima and Avenida El Dorado, which was excavated in 1953.[131] The hotel was once located in front of the Centenario Park "Parque Centenario (Bogotá)"), which was destroyed to make way for said road network. In 1951, according to his own testimony,[142] the then mayor Fernando Mazuera Villegas eliminated the local tram system, favoring bus transportation, including the importation of a fleet of vehicles from the United States.[143] Another protagonist of the changes of this time was the government of Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, who on June 13, 1955 sent from the San Carlos palace "Palacio de San Carlos (Bogotá)") live the first message on Colombian television.[144].
From the urban planning point of view, during this period the architects Le Corbusier, Paul Lester Wiener and Josep Lluís Sert created the Regulatory Plan and the Pilot Plan, which sought to provide Bogotá with an urban navigation chart for the coming decades.[145][146].
Some of the projects that were carried out based on those guidelines are the Antonio Nariño Center, built in 1953 and made up of 960 apartments,[131] or the National Administrative Center, which began in 1956 and was completed in 1962, which however had smaller proportions and relevance than anticipated by its original design.[147].
However, due to the modernizing and propaganda emphasis of the works carried out during the government of Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, the intention of the plan and the urban recommendation to densify the center had no effect, since the limits drawn at the height of Cundinamarca Avenue[9] and Primero de Mayo were exceeded with government connivance.[146][148].
In its expansion towards the north, the change of headquarters in 1950 of the El Country club to the land it currently occupies between avenues 127 and 134 is a milestone.[149] A year later, the owner of the El Chicó hacienda and the firm Ospinas y cía. They constitute a society to design what will be the El Chicó neighborhood, near 100th Street.[146].
In turn, at the height of 170th Street, neighborhoods such as San Cristóbal Norte"), La Estrella&action=edit&redlink=1 "La Estrella (Bogotá) (not yet drafted)"), San Antonio&action=edit&redlink=1 "San Antonio (Bogotá) (not yet drafted)") and La Cita&action=edit&redlink=1 "La Cita (Bogotá) (not yet redacted)").[141] Towards the south, in 1953 the subdivision of the La Laguna hacienda began, which in the middle of the decade would give rise to the neighborhoods of Venecia "Venecia (Bogotá)") and Muzú").[131][150].
1960s
At the beginning of the 1960s, the Ciudad Kennedy "Kennedy (Bogotá)" urbanization was undertaken, initially called Ciudad Techo,[91] thanks to the credits of the Alliance for Progress, a program of the president of the United States John F. Kennedy, who visited Bogotá in 1961.[166] In 1964 and in 1967 the minor mayoralties of Puente were founded. Aranda and Kennedy "Kennedy (Bogotá)").
The main mayors of this period were Jorge Gaitán Cortés, between 1961 and 1966, and Virgilio Barco Vargas, who governed between 1966 and 1969. Both had an idea of the future Bogotá, and planned its development for five decades, also aware of the demographic growth that it was experiencing then,[9] which in a few years had registered a strong urban extension, reaching 14,165 in 1964. ha.[78].
In 1960, construction of Carrera Décima was completed, at whose intersection with Jiménez Avenue the Banco de Bogotá building had stood since 1959. That year, the new building of the Colombian Academy of Language, by the Spanish architect Alfredo Rodríguez Ordaz, was also inaugurated on Carrera Tercera and Calle Dieciocho.
As part of the same modernizing spirit that had characterized the interventions for decades, in 1966 the expansion of 19th Street was completed, which was renamed Ciudad de Lima Avenue.[168].
In Chapinero, on Carrera 13 and Calle 63, the Seguros Bolívar building was inaugurated in 1965, the first large private office building in Bogotá.[169] Two years later, on Carrera 7 at the height of the National Museum, the twenty-six-story Bavaria building was built.
The year 1968 was of urban relevance. For example, the current headquarters of the Gold Museum was inaugurated, by architect Germán Samper Gnecco, but above all it was the time in which the city appropriated a 400-hectare plot of land located to the west of Treinta Avenue, in which a temple was erected where Pope Paul VI led a Eucharist during his visit to the capital, which was the first visit by a pope to a Latin American country.[171] Said temple would be the cornerstone of the Simón Bolívar metropolitan park, which over time would become the largest and most important park in Bogotá.[172].
That year, the International Eucharistic Congress was also held, for which Sixty-Eighth Avenue "Avenida 68 (Bogotá)" was also built.[173] Two years earlier, in 1966, the Pablo VI urbanization was built on Fifty-Third Street, west of Teusaquillo.[174] In turn, in the center "Santa Fe (Bogotá)"), in In 1969, the District Planetarium opened its doors in the vicinity of the Independence Park "Parque de la Independencia (Bogotá)").[175].
From the social point of view, during this decade the Colombian capital showed structural changes determined by the events of Bogotazo, but also La Violencia, which particularly hit Colombian rural areas between 1948 and 1953.[116] The center, and particularly the western area, suffered strong demographic and social changes, of which the transformation of the Santa Inés neighborhood "Santa Inés (Bogotá)") and Liévano&action=edit&redlink=1 "Liévano (Bogotá) (not yet written)"), which went from being major areas of the capital to becoming the El Cartucho sector.[176].
1970s
In 1972 the district was divided into 16 minor municipalities, including the annexed municipalities, among them Tunjuelito. San Cristóbal "San Cristóbal (Bogotá)") and Tunjuelito, segregated from Usme.
During this period, the levels of informality in housing were enormous, since 38.4% of the city had developed outside official standards, and housed 59% of the population.[178].
Meanwhile, the Bogotá population continued to show a strong growth rate, largely due to migration, which is an example of the fact that in 1973 the population born in Bogotá was 49.03%, while that born outside was 50.97%.[141] That year the capital of Colombia covered 18,985 hectares, much more than double the area covered fifteen years before,[78] and in In 1974 it reached three million inhabitants.[141].
Since the late 1960s and during the 1970s, architecture with a modern influence was developed, with Bogotá being one of the first Latin American cities to build skyscrapers that exceeded 160 m in height, among which the Avianca building, inaugurated in 1969, and the Colpatria tower in 1979, stood out.
At the end of this decade, several large residential towers were also built, including the towers of El Parque, the White Towers "Torres Blancas (Bogotá)"), those of Fenicia and the Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada towers. In the same context, in 1973 the El Campín Covered Coliseum was built.
On the other hand, in 1976 the Unicentro shopping center was inaugurated, which marks the development towards the north of the Bogotá savannah; That same year, the Chicó Museum opened its doors, later declared an asset of cultural interest, which gives its name to the El Chicó neighborhood, where it is located. That same year, the Banco Cafetero building "International Commerce Center (Bogotá)" was inaugurated in the center.[168].
In 1977 the minor mayor's office of La Candelaria was created and the recovery plan for the historic center began. In 1978, the District Institute of Recreation and Sports was founded,[179] which has, among other responsibilities, the administration of the city's parks.
Based on a road plan that already dated back to the early 1960s, between 1973 and 1976 the improvement of the road network was carried out.[168] In 1978, Primero de Mayo Avenue was inaugurated, which runs through the city from east to west at the height of Calle Veintidós Sur (22 south).
During this decade, Bogotá witnessed the birth of the M-19 guerrilla group, which would star in several events, including the theft of weapons from the North Canton and the theft of Bolívar's sword.
1980s
In 1980 the embassy of the Dominican Republic was seized. In 1983, due to the chaos generated by the invasions to the south, the Government established the Ciudad Bolívar plan "Ciudad Bolívar (Bogotá)") and this became another town in Bogotá.
At the beginning of the decade, in 1982, the National University Newspaper Archive was inaugurated in the University City of the National University. From an urban planning point of view, in 1983 the Simón Bolívar Park events plaza was inaugurated. In the area of infrastructure, the completion in 1984 of Circunvalar Avenue is relevant, which intensified urbanization in the Eastern hills "Cerros Orientales (Bogotá)") and traffic between the city and the municipality of La Calera "La Calera (Cundinamarca)"), which is currently intense.[180] That year, the then Minister of Justice Rodrigo Lara Bonilla was also murdered by hitmen. This action began the confrontation of the state against the main drug trafficking cartels in the country.
On November 6, 1985, the M-19 took over the Palace of Justice. On the night of the 13th, the crater of the Nevado del Ruiz erupted, causing the melting of a part of the latter, which caused the water level of the Lagunilla River to rise), causing the Armero tragedy. Bogotá welcomed several of the victims from this population. That year the urban area exceeded 24,000 hectares.[78].
At the end of this decade and the beginning of the next, several terrorist attacks were recorded in Bogotá and other urban centers in the country. Several explosive devices are installed in commercial sectors, on an airplane and even in the headquarters of the DAS (Colombia's intelligence agency).
The situation resulted in several hundred civilian victims and the intensification of the war against drug trafficking promoted by the DEA. This decade closes with the death of drug trafficking leader José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha.
In the cultural field, in 1985 the Museum of Modern Art inaugurated its headquarters in the city center in a building designed by architect Rogelio Salmona. The Children's Museum and the Terraza Pasteur shopping center opened their doors in 1987. The same year, the Ciudad Salitre sector began to form on the land of the old El Salitre hacienda, which has been one of the areas where strong development has been recorded.[181].
At the same time, in 1988 the Ibero-American Theater Festival of Bogotá was founded [182] and the Bogotá International Book Fair.[183] On September 16 and 17, 1988, the musical event Concert of Concerts was held at the Nemesio Camacho El Campín Stadium,[184] in which numerous rock groups in Spanish from Latin America and Latin America performed. which is estimated to have been attended by around 70,000 spectators.[185].
The Bulevar Niza shopping center opened its doors on December 11, 1988[186] and the Hacienda Santa Bárbara Shopping Center on December 16, 1989,[187] establishing themselves as hubs of urban and commercial development in the towns of Suba and Usaquén respectively, both located north of the city.
1990s
With the Constitution of 1991, the Special District became the Capital District;[189] the zones were elevated to localities, dividing the district into twenty localities, now including that of Rafael Uribe Uribe "Rafael Uribe Uribe (Bogotá)"), separated from Antonio Nariño "Antonio Nariño (Bogotá)"), and the remaining part of Sumapaz.
Political violence continued during this decade, and on March 22, 1990, Bernardo Jaramillo Ossa, who was the presidential candidate of the Patriotic Union "Patriotic Union (Colombia)"), was murdered at the Terminal Puente Aéreo in Bogotá. After signing the demobilization of the M-19, its leader Carlos Pizarro Leongómez in turn presented himself as a presidential candidate, and was also murdered inside a plane in Bogotá on April 26, 1990.[190] Likewise, crimes such as the attack of January 30, 1993 were presented.
From an economic point of view, this decade represents a change in the trend that Bogotá had been presenting. Despite being "the most populated, the most urbanized, the least poor and, economically, the most dynamic",[191] its structure showed signs of stagnation at the beginning of the decade, with a notable loss of vitality in the tertiary sector and with an industrial sector with a strong emphasis on light consumer goods, which have little effect as an economic driving factor.[191].
Among other factors, the reactivation of dynamism during this period can be attributed to the fact that the opening that began in the last decade and deepened since 1991, favored the capital more than the other regions, reinforcing its tendency to function as a national dry port.[191] At the same time, urban violence increased to reach extreme levels. In 1993, there were 80 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.[192].
From this time on, Bogotá experienced important changes during the administrations of mayors Jaime Castro Castro, Antanas Mockus and Enrique Peñalosa. Construction of the TransMilenio transportation system begins, which has since expanded its network in what is known as phases II and III of its construction. Also notable in the same year is the appearance of Rock al Parque, a free, open-air festival that has brought together musicians and artists from three continents.[193][194][195].
A relevant building from an architectural point of view is that of the General Archive of the Nation "Archivo General de la Nación (Colombia)") by Rogelio Salmona, inaugurated in 1992.[196] Regarding the urban changes, it is worth highlighting the recovery and inauguration of the 93 park in 1995, which developed an area of bars, restaurants and meeting places in its surroundings.[197] In 1993 it was inaugurated. time El Virrey park, south of the El Chicó neighborhood.
The city exceeded 5 million inhabitants in 1993,[141] and in 1996 its urban area covered an area of 29,308 hectares.[78] Three years later, that area would increase until it reached 30,401 hectares.[78].
Year 2000
In 2000 Antanas Mockus was elected for a new period as head of the city. That same year, the El Tunal Library was completed, in the El Tunal metropolitan park in the southeast of the city, and the Botero Museum opened its doors in the town of La Candelaria, in the southern block of the Luis Ángel Arango Library. The Bogotá Half Marathon also began running
And finally, on December 18, 2000, the transmilenio transportation system was inaugurated.[198].
21st century
En 2001 abrió sus puertas la Biblioteca Virgilio Barco en el parque Simón Bolívar, se inauguró el parque Tercer Milenio en los antiguos terrenos de El Cartucho en el barrio Santa Inés "Santa Inés (Bogotá)"), y el Estadio Nemesio Camacho El Campín albergó la final de la Copa América 2001, en la cual la selección de fútbol de Colombia se coronó campeona venciendo a la de México por un gol a cero.[199].
En 2002 abrió su puertas la Biblioteca El Tintal[200] del arquitecto Daniel Bermúdez, y se terminaron las obras del Eje Ambiental, de los arquitectos Luis Kopec") y Rogelio Salmona, quien también diseñó el Centro Cultural Gabriel García Márquez, inaugurado en 2008 en la localidad de La Candelaria.[201].
En 2003 Luis Eduardo Garzón gana las elecciones para el periodo 2004-2007 y forma la primera administración de tendencia cercana a la socialista que ha conocido la ciudad en toda su historia.
El 7 de febrero se registra el atentado al Club El Nogal, con un saldo de 36 personas muertas y más de 200 heridas.[202] En ese mismo año se inauguró el Archivo de Bogotá, el cual es un centro de documentación histórica y de información urbana en el distrito capital.[203].
El 28 de abril de 2004, 23 personas, entre ellas 21 estudiantes del Colegio Agustiniano Norte, fallecen debido a un accidente en la Avenida Suba durante la construcción de la Fase II del sistema TransMilenio.
El mismo año y con motivo de los Juegos Nacionales, de los que la ciudad fue sede, se inauguró el Complejo Acuático Simón Bolívar.
En 2007 la UNESCO proclamó a Bogotá la Capital Mundial del Libro del año.[204] Durante esta década se desarrollaron e inauguraron otras obras de infraestructura cultural en el centro de la ciudad, con las cuales se conformó la red de bibliotecas BibloRed, que se ve complementada con bibliotecas locales y de barrio.[205].
Durante este periodo también se construyó el parque El Renacimiento, y se remodelaron el Museo del Oro, el Museo Nacional de Colombia y el Museo del 20 de julio.
2010s
Samuel Moreno Rojas took office as mayor in 2008 after raising the need to build a metro line in his campaign. By a decision of the Attorney General's Office, Moreno Rojas was suspended from his position for three months starting on May 3, 2011, within the framework of the contracting scandal for phase III of TransMilenio.[206].
He was replaced by María Fernanda Campo, who held the position on an interim basis while serving as Minister of Education, between May 3 and June 8, 2011, and from then until December 31 of that year by Clara López Obregón.
In 2010, the attack was perpetrated on the Caracol Radio building, at that station's headquarters on Carrera Séptima and Calle Sixty-seven.[207] At the beginning of the decade, the Julio Mario Santodomingo Library was inaugurated, which together with the other open centers makes up its network of libraries.[205].
In 2011, Bogotá was one of the venues for the 2011 U-20 Soccer World Cup, which was played between July 29 and August 20 in several Colombian stadiums.[208] The final was played at the Nemesio Camacho El Campín stadium and crowned the Brazilian soccer team champion.[209] On October 30, 2011, he was elected mayor. Major Gustavo Petro, whose mandate began on January 1, 2012.[210][211] In March of that year, UNESCO declared Bogotá as a City of Music within the organization's Network of Creative Cities.[212].
On December 18, 2012, Mayor Gustavo Petro began a new cleanup scheme in the city,[213] which triggered his dismissal a year later by the Attorney General's Office "Attorney General of the Nation (Colombia)"), generating indignation and mobilizations of support from some sector of the population.[214] Despite the precautionary measures granted by the IACHR, the March 19, 2014, the president, Juan Manuel Santos, rejected them and carried out the dismissal of Petro, appointing Rafael Pardo as mayor in charge. However, this measure lasted only a month since Petro appealed in law for the restitution of his political rights, thus returning to the mayor's office and completing his term of government.[215].
In 2016, Enrique Peñalosa returned to the mayor's office with 32% of the vote.[216] Within the urban context, the eviction and subsequent demolition of the sector known as The Bronx "El Bronx (Bogotá)"), as well as the construction of the bicentennial park of Independence "Parque de la Independencia (Bogotá)"), the depressed area of 94th Street and 9th Street, the TransMiCable stand out. in Ciudad Bolívar "Ciudad Bolívar (Bogotá)") and the Movistar Arena stage "Movistar Arena (Bogotá)"). Likewise, among the major recent events we can mention the Visit of Pope Francis from September 6 to 10, 2017.[217].
2020s
On January 1, 2020, Claudia López took office, as the first openly homosexual mayor of Bogotá elected by popular vote.[218] Two and a half months later, the COVID-19 Pandemic began and confinement measures were decreed in the city, which marked a good part of her management.[219][220]
He faced a series of protests in 2021, also known as the social outbreak.[221][222] Under his administration, the construction of the subway began,[223] as well as the extension of the TransMilenio system along Carrera 68 "Avenida Carrera 68 (Bogotá)") and Calle 100 "Calle 100 (Bogotá)").[224] In 2024, the administration of Carlos Fernando Galán, after obtaining more than 1.4 million votes.[225].
• - Annex: Chronology of Bogotá.
• - VV. AA., director Fabio Puyo Vasco, History of Bogotá 3 volumes: Volume I - "Conquest and Colony", by Julián Vargas Lesmes, Volume II - "siglo", by Eugenio Gutiérrez Cely, and Volume III - "siglo", by Fabio Zambrano Pantoja, Bogotá, 2007. ISBN 978-958-8293-31-8.
• - Hernández Molina, Rubén and Fernando Carrasco Zaldúa. Las Nieves, the city on the other side. Bogotá: City government: Mayor's Office of Bogotá, 2010.
• - Alberto Escovar, Guía Bogotá Centro, Elarca Architecture Guides - Volumes III and IV, Gamma, Bogotá, 2010.
• - Saldarriaga Roa, Alberto (and others), "Architecture and landscape guide of Bogotá and the Sabana Archived February 20, 2018 at the Wayback Machine." National University of Colombia. 387 pages.
• - New history of Colombia (1990).
• - Bogotá Museum Archived May 16, 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
• - Abella, Arturo. When was the true founding of Bogotá? In Diners Magazine No. 220, June 1988.
• - National University of Colombia. Cartographies of Bogotá. Compilation of aerial photography maps from different periods of the city. Accessed November 17, 2019.
References
[1] ↑ a b c d e f Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 89.
[2] ↑ a b c Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, págs. 93-95.
[17] ↑ «Escudo de Bogotá». bogota.gov.co. Consultado el 23 de junio de 2009. (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última).: http://www.bogota.gov.co/histo.php?patron=1&idh=394
[18] ↑ a b Adaptado de: Ibáñez, Pedro María. Crónicas de Bogotá. Tomo I, Capítulo II.
[19] ↑ a b c d Fray Domingo de Petrés en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, "Iglesia San Francisco" pág. 96-99.
[20] ↑ a b Adaptado de: Ibáñez, Pedro María. Crónicas de Bogotá. Tomo I, Capítulo III.
[21] ↑ Fray Domingo de Petrés en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, "Iglesia de La Concepción" pp. 63-65.".
[22] ↑ a b c d Historia de Bogotá — Conquista y Colonia, pág. 27-98.
[32] ↑ a b La Capilla del Sagrario de Bogotá : homenaje a la memoria del Sargento Mayor D. Gabriel Gómez de Sandoval. Por Eladio Vergara. 1886.
[33] ↑ Moreno Cardonas, Freddy (2008). «Traducción del reporte original del ruido escuchado en Santafé de Bogotá el domingo 9 de marzo de 1687» (PDF). El Astrolabio. Consultado el 30 de junio de 2012. (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última). - [http://astrolabio.phipages.com/storage/.instance_2302/Astrolabio%20vol7%20No2%20(84-90).pdf](http://astrolabio.phipages.com/storage/.instance_2302/Astrolabio%20vol7%20No2%20(84-90).pdf)
[34] ↑ Sanz de Santamaría, Bernardo (1968). Guía de la Capilla del Sagrario de Bogotá. Bogotá: Italgraf.
[35] ↑ a b c d Historia de Bogotá — Conquista y Colonia, págs. 98-99.
[36] ↑ a b Fray Domingo de Petrés en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, "Hospital de San Juan de Dios e iglesia de San Juan de Dios", pp. 60-62.
[37] ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Fray Domingo de Petrés en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, "Santafé en el siglo XVIII. aires de transformación", por Germán Mejía pp. 29-37.
[40] ↑ a b c Fray Domingo de Petrés en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, "Convento e iglesia de La Enseñanza. 79-81.".
[41] ↑ a b c d e Las Nieves la ciudad al otro lado, "La ciudad virreinal e ilustrada" págs. 33-34.
[42] ↑ a b Las Nieves la ciudad al otro lado, "Los barrios de las Nieves oriental y occidental" págs. 34-37.
[43] ↑ Fray Domingo de Petrés en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, "Iglesia la Capuchina" pág. 55.
[44] ↑ a b c d Las Nieves la ciudad al otro lado, "El censo de 1793 y la población marginada" págs. 37-40.
[45] ↑ Museo de Desarrollo Urbano. Hitos arquitectónicos de Bogotá en el período comprendido entre 1538 y 1990. 1999.
[46] ↑ «Breve historia del Hospital San Juan X de Dios en el siglo XIX» Archivado el 26 de septiembre de 2007 en Wayback Machine., artículo del Dr. Adolfo de Francisco Zea, Revista Colombiana de Cardiología, volumen 7, número 7, 1999.: http://www.scc.org.co/revista.cfm?do=detalle&idarticulo=354&idpublicacion=59
[75] ↑ «Higinio Cualla, un cartagenero que gobernó a Bogotá durante 16 años (1884-1900)». El Tiempo. 24 de noviembre de 2007. Consultado el 24 de enero de 2012.: http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-3830873
[76] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 31 y 82.
[77] ↑ a b Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 17.
[138] ↑ Aprile-Gniset, Jacques. El impacto del 9 de abril sobre el centro de Bogotá. Bogotá. Centro Cultural Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, 1983.
[139] ↑ Aprile-Gniset, Jacques. El impacto del 9 de abril… Pág. 155.
[140] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 153.
[141] ↑ a b c d e f g Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 186.
[142] ↑ Museovintage.com Archivado el 31 de julio de 2011 en Wayback Machine. "También un poco dictatorialmente me impuse y acabé con la circulación del tranvía de Bogotá".: http://www.museovintage.com/transporte/1949.htm
[143] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 126.
[144] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 63.
[145] ↑ Sert José Luis y Wiener Lester Paul. Plan Regulador Bogotá. Memoria Descriptiva: I-Descripción general. 1953. PLW SC UO.
[146] ↑ a b c Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, págs. 186.
[147] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, págs. 70 y 74 a 75.
[148] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 170.
[149] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 228.
[150] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 190.
[151] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 107-108.
[152] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 41.
[153] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 23.
[154] ↑ Historia de Bogotá — siglo XX, pág. 19.
[155] ↑ Bogotá Turismo, Bandera de Bogotá (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última)., último acceso el 24/10/2009.: http://www.bogotaturismo.gov.co/ciudad/simbolos/
[193] ↑ «Rockalparque.gov.co». (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última).: http://www.rockalparque.gov.co/2011.php
At the end of this period, Bogotá consolidated what would be its urban center until the end of the century. Its urban area was divided into three parts defined by the San Francisco River "Río San Francisco (Bogotá)") and the Burburata ravine in its northern area, and the San Agustín River and the San Juan ravine in the southern sector. That defined the four parishes and neighborhoods: La Catedral&action=edit&redlink=1 "La Catedral (Bogotá) (not yet written)"), Las Nieves "Las Nieves (Bogotá)"), Santa Bárbara&action=edit&redlink=1 "Santa Bárbara (Bogotá) (not yet written)") and San Victorino.[30].
On October 20, 1660, the first stone of the Chapel of the Sagrario of the Cathedral of Bogotá was laid, today a national monument located in Plaza Bolívar "Plaza de Bolívar (Bogotá)"), a temple conceived by Gabriel Gómez de Sandoval.[31][32].
On March 9, 1687, a loud noise was heard during the night followed by sulfur emanations that continued for several days. This caused panic among the city's inhabitants who sought refuge in the chapels, the phenomenon became known as Time of Noise and remained unexplained by history.[33].
In the nearby church of San Francisco "Iglesia de San Francisco (Bogotá)") a clock was also placed on December 7, 1761.[37] Also in the 1760s, a gunpowder factory and another china factory were opened in the southern part of the city.[37].
In 1777 the Royal Public Library was founded,[41] with the 4,128 that were suppressed from the Jesuit community, who had been expelled from the viceroyalty.[37] In 1778 the Capuchins arrived in Santa Fe, and in 1791 they inaugurated the church of La Capuchina in the San Victorino sector.[43].
In the census of that year it was found that the city had 16,002 inhabitants, of which 51% were white, 35% free, 10% Indian and 4% slaves.[37].
The ideas of the Enlightenment reached certain sectors of the viceroyalty of New Granada towards the end of the century,[37] mainly with the creation of scientific projects such as the Botanical Expedition. This period was also characterized by economic, educational and social reforms that generated great tensions in society, and which led to events such as the Communards' Insurrection.
The expedition was organized by José Celestino Mutis and brought together intellectuals such as Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Francisco Antonio Zea and Francisco José de Caldas in the capital.[9] It began in 1783 sponsored by Viceroy Antonio Caballero y Góngora to explore the riches of the viceroyalty.[9].
Also under the influence of new ideas, particularly from the anti-clerical and free-thinking encyclopedists of France as well as the first Masonic lodges, literary circles developed throughout Santafé and particularly in the Las Nieves sector, led by personalities such as the journalist Manuel del Socorro Rodríguez, Mutis himself, Manuela Sanz de Santamaría and Antonio Nariño, whose group, called Arcano Sublime de la Filantropía, met in his house and bookstore in the Plaza de San Francisco "Parque Santander (Bogotá)"), had a revolutionary spirit.[44].
The printing press was also introduced and with it journalism emerged. The Earthquake Notice, printed in the Royal Printing Press, gave information[41] about the damage caused by the earthquake of 1785.[38] It is considered the first news printed in the viceroyalty. The Papel Periódico de Santafé also appeared, in February 1791, directed by Manuel del Socorro Rodríguez.
Around 1791, the maps of the engineers Domingo Esquiaqui") and Francisco Cabrer") are dated, which are the oldest of those currently available.[42] They show a small urban center in extension, with about 150 urbanized blocks, with a regular and orderly layout, with the Plaza de Bolívar in its center.[41] Only at the beginning of the century can you see engravings and drawings by foreign visitors, whose fidelity is partial.[45].
A year later, a Capuchin friar, Domingo de Petrés, arrived in the city, the first trained architect the city had,[29] who designed and restored several churches and buildings or sections of these, and who followed a neoclassical style.
In Bogotá, De Petrés worked on the façade and dome of the Primada Cathedral, the dome of the Santo Domingo church as well as the façade and interior of the church of San Francisco "Iglesia de San Francisco (Bogotá)"), and designed the Astronomical Observatory and the old San Juan de Dios hospital,[37][46] who is attributed a great influence on the image of the city due to the new languages he promoted.[29].
Also in 1792, the first theater in the city was inaugurated, El Coliseo, located on the current Carrera Octava and Calle Novena, whose construction was directed by Esquiaqui following the plans of the La Cruz theater in Madrid.[37].
Likewise, the 1793 census showed a total of 16,172 inhabitants, among which religious people were not included, nor those considered vagrants and without a fixed address, as well as visitors and travelers.[44] Of the total, 9,351 were mestizos, 5,745 white, 585 slaves, and 491 indigenous.[44].
In terms of ethnic composition, 55% of its population corresponded to free people, 38% to white people, 4% to Indians and 3% to slaves, which implied a strong change with respect to the 1778 census, in which more than half of the population was white, the free were just over a third of the total and one in ten Bogota residents was indigenous.[37] The parish with the largest number of inhabitants was La Catedral&action=edit&redlink=1 "La Catedral (Bogotá) (not yet written)"), but those with the highest density were Las Nieves "Las Nieves (Bogotá)") and Santa Bárbara&action=edit&redlink=1 "Santa Bárbara (Bogotá) (not yet written)"), with almost double that registered in the most affluent sectors of the center.[44].
The century concludes with the construction of the cemetery to the west of San Victorino, as well as with the improvement of some of the roads built on flood-prone lands.[15].
The city became the capital of Gran Colombia until 1830,[61] when this state was dissolved, giving rise to the current states of Ecuador, Venezuela and Colombia, since Panama would separate until 1903. Also in this decade, in 1836, the Central Cemetery was inaugurated.[62].
By 1840 the works on the tabernacle chapel were completed and the restoration due to the earthquakes of previous years was completed.
Also in 1925, Jiménez Avenue was inaugurated, which was the first in the city, thirty meters wide, and which connected the Plaza de San Victorino with the Sabana station, which soon became the east-west axis of Bogotá, and helped consolidate the commercial preeminence of the Plaza de San Victorino.[102].
Its construction also favored a process of urban renewal, with works such as the Cubillos building by architect Alberto Manrique Martín. That same year, the San José Hospital "Hospital San José (Bogotá)") opened its doors on the south side of Plaza España "Plaza España (Bogotá)").
During this period, a whole series of villas were also developed in Chapinero around the Las Delicias ravine and other water courses, which however began to give in to strong real estate pressure in the early 1920s.[85].
In the 1910s, in the extreme northeast, the La Perseverancia neighborhood "La Perseverancia (Bogotá)") began to form in the heights of San Diego "San Diego (Bogotá)") with the support of Mr. Leo Kopp, a German businessman who founded the Bavaria brewery. a work of architectural value that, due to the environmental deterioration of the sector, nevertheless did not fulfill its tourist purpose.[103].
On the south side, Bogotá also showed significant growth. The city reached the sector of Las Brisas&action=edit&redlink=1 "Las Brisas (Bogotá) (not yet written)") of San Cristóbal "San Cristóbal (Bogotá)"), towards Second South Street, where informal neighborhoods had developed and on the 1913 map the San José asylum, the asylum for homeless men, the asylum for the elderly, the asylum for insane women, the Jesús, María and the orphanage appeared. José.[79].
From a demographic point of view, Bogotá suffered notable growth in this decade, going from 121,257 inhabitants in 1912 to 235,421 in 1928, registering growth rates of around 5% in the 1920s.[1] At the same time, between 1905 and 1927 the urbanized space multiplied by 3.6, presenting a tentacular development that followed the border of the avenues that began to be laid out, which reduced the strong density that was occurring.[85].
For a good part of the century, Bogotá moved in a linear direction between the south and the north, along the Northern Central Highway, Carrera Trece, the railroad line, which together with the road to Usme would serve as the route for Caracas Avenue.[104][105].
Although the development towards the south also marks the elongated character of the urban map, an imbalance of state intervention with respect to the north is already evident, since in this sector its eighteen working-class neighborhoods, hospitals, chircales and nursing homes are located, with few roads being built or maintained, except for the roads to Tunjuelo, Bosa "Bosa (Bogotá)") and Soacha.[104] These neighborhoods were characterized by their living conditions. unhealthiness, lack of water, toilets, sewage and cleaning and surveillance services, which were severely affected by the flu epidemic of 1918.[106].
Also of relevance at the beginning of the century was the great earthquake of 1917,[38] which was actually a period of a few days between the end of August and the beginning of September, in which several tremors and shocks of varying intensity were recorded.[59] The main movement was recorded on August 31, the day on which it shook four times, causing damage to almost all buildings in Santa Fe and Chapinero, whose cathedral lost the main tower, which killed six in its fall. women.[39].
From the point of view of economic management, Bogotá hosted the Kemmerer Mission, chaired by the economist Edwin Walter Kemmerer, who arrived in the country in 1923 after passing through the Philippines, Mexico and Guatemala, in order to reorganize national monetary management, the bank of the Republic and the Banking Superintendence.[107].
Despite the loans that were requested taking advantage of the good conditions of the international market, the corruption and rapacity of the interest circles known as the "rosca" ruined the opportunity that arose in the decade, leaving serious debts and fiscal deficiencies.[108] The crisis of 1929 left the city deprived, and had a serious impact on garbage collection and public lighting.[109].
In the center, in 1938 the National Library by architect Alberto Wills Ferro opened its doors. In 1934 the Enrique Olaya Herrera National Park was inaugurated, and in 1937 the La Salle E.T. Central Technical Institute opened its doors. located on Centenario Avenue "Avenida Centenario (Bogotá)"). A year later, the San Jorge theater was inaugurated, with an interesting art nouveau façade, new in Bogotá. In 1939, the Vengoechea building was inaugurated in the La Candelaria sector, and is currently located at the northwestern end of the Luis Ángel Arango library.
Also of great relevance was the donation in 1936 of the land of the El Salitre hacienda, whose owner died without heirs, which occupied 2,200 bushels to the north of the Quinta Paredes" and El memoria neighborhoods), and to the east of the El Campín estate, where the El Campín stadium is currently located.[117] In administrative terms, the land covers a considerable sector of the eastern sectors of the towns of Teusaquillo and Barrios Unidos "Barrios Unidos (Bogotá)").
In fact, since the beginning of the decade, the Teusaquillo neighborhood had been formed, located in the southeastern area of the town, which was developed in the old Las Quintas hacienda. In urban terms, the sector constituted an urban and architectural effort of great relevance, as it was composed of large and regular lots, with individual public services, intended for the ruling classes of the city and the country, who built country houses there in French, Spanish or English styles.[92].
During the same period, the neighborhoods of Palermo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Palermo (Bogotá) (not yet written)"), La Merced "La Merced (Bogotá)") and La Magdalena&action=edit&redlink=1 "La Magdalena (Bogotá) (not yet written)") were developed, which share stylistic and urban characteristics with Teusaquillo. Also from the same period are the Alfonso López&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfonso López (Bogotá) (not yet written)"), El memoria"), the Armenia urbanization "Armenia (Bogotá)") and El Campín&action=edit&redlink=1 "El Campín (Bogotá) (not yet written)").[118]
In 1938, an extensive works plan was developed with which a stage of urban modernization began, which was drawn up to mark the four hundred years of its foundation.[77][110] This celebration motivated the birth of the Bolivarian Games and with it the construction of the Nemesio Camacho El Campín stadium.[119].
Other new public entertainment spaces built at the time were the Media Torta") and the basements of Jiménez Avenue, and military installations such as the General Santander Police Cadet School, which in turn was one of the factors of urban extension to the south.[110] The urban area of Bogotá was already 2,514 ha.[78].
Between 1934 and 1939, the Austrian architect Karl Brunner directed the newly created[110] Bogotá Urban Planning Department, who contributed new architectural and urban planning concepts, and in turn created a regulatory plan for the layout of several avenues and neighborhoods, which already included the need to plant trees and care for the aforementioned hills, in which he intervened through the sanitation works of the promenade. Bolívar.[120].
Based on his designs, Caracas Avenue was laid out, which encouraged growth towards the northeast,[121] and some of his recommendations were followed, such as the management of the Eastern Hills "Cerros Orientales (Bogotá)"). Other architects who participated in this period in the conception and urban planning of Bogotá were the Germans Leopoldo Rother and Erich Lange), the Colombians Alberto Manrique Martín and Alberto Wills Ferro, the Italian Bruno Violi, and the American Harland Bartholomew").[122]
At this time, the trend continued whereby most of the modernizing works and interventions were carried out in the north, as had been done for some decades, with a consequent deterioration of its southern sectors.[123] In a general sense, the relative urban modernization of Bogotá was not accompanied by the development of a modern urban culture, largely due to the concentration of powers and capital, with the frequent occurrence of conflicts of interest between the public and the private.[124].
At the end of the decade, in 1938, Bogotá had 355,502 inhabitants,[1] and had an annual growth rate of 5.5%, which is the second highest recorded by the city.[110].
In the sports field, it is worth highlighting the founding on June 18, 1936 of the Los Millonarios sports club,[125] and five years later, in 1941, of the Independiente Santa Fe,[126] which are the two traditional soccer teams in Bogotá.
Before April 9, 1948, Bogotá was preparing to celebrate the IX Pan American Conference. For this reason, and just like what happened ten years ago on the occasion of the fourth centenary, several urban planning works were carried out. The construction of the Avenida de Las Américas was in turn of great importance because it contributed to the expansion towards the west. The Monument to the Flags "Monumento a las Banderas (Bogotá)"), in the vicinity of the Techo airport, was a landscape landmark of the time.
The murder of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, on April 9, 1948, was a tragic moment of change in Colombian society that was evident with greater emphasis in Bogotá than in the rest of the country. Not in vain is the date remembered as “El Bogotazo”. The country's political process took a new course. The city also underwent notable changes. With the events unleashed on that date, some buildings in the center such as the Ministry of Government, the Apostolic Nunciature, the Archbishop's Palace, the Palace of Justice, the Governor's Office and the Regina Hotel were consumed by flames.[138] There was also intense looting of commercial premises and the IX Pan American Conference had to be moved to the Gimnasio Moderno in the north of Bogotá.
The toll left by this event was hundreds of deaths, many of them scattered throughout the streets. Some historians claim that these events marked the end of the republican city and the birth of the so-called modern city.[139] In any case, its urban and social repercussions were profound and long-lasting, involving in particular the displacement to the north of the wealthy classes of the capital.[9][128].
Also at the beginning of the decade, other infrastructure developments took place and relevant properties were created from a cultural and architectural point of view. Regarding water supply, in 1952 the Neusa Reservoir was inaugurated[131] and three years later the first stage of the Tibitó aqueduct was inaugurated, also establishing the Bogotá Aqueduct and Sewer Company.[151].
Also at the beginning of the decade, for example, construction of the Northern Highway "Autopista Norte (Bogotá)") began, which was completed in this five-year period during the military government of Rojas Pinilla,[131][152] as was the construction of Corferias, to the west of the current Treinta Avenue.[153] That same year the Hotel Granada "Hotel Granada (Bogotá)"), by the Bogotá architect Alberto, was demolished. Manrique Martín, which had been sold to the national government by its owner company five years ago. In its place, the current headquarters of the Bank of the Republic "Banco de la República (Colombia)" was built at the end of the decade.[154].
In 1952, an official flag was adopted, made up of a yellow and a red horizontal stripe.[155] In 1954, Legislative Decree 3640 of December 17 of the same year, created the Special District or Bogotá D. E. approved by Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, annexing to Bogotá the Cundinamarca municipalities of Bosa "Bosa (Bogotá)"), Engativá, Fontibón, Suba "Suba (Bogotá)"), Usme and Usaquén,[156] as well as part of the Agricultural Colony of Sumapaz "Sumapaz (Bogotá)"), and over the following years local mayors' offices were born, starting with Chapinero.[157].
The same year, the Las Américas urbanization was developed, which borders the La Soledad neighborhood "La Soledad (Bogotá)"), also from this period,[131] and with El Dorado Avenue. In 1955, the municipality of Usaquén was annexed,[158] which between 1938 and 1951 had gone from 4,617 inhabitants to 11,207, seeing in the 1950s the emergence of neighborhoods of another social level, such as those already named La Cita and San Cristóbal Norte, but also middle class like Cedritos") or upper class like Santa Ana&action=edit&redlink=1 "Santa Ana (Bogotá) (not yet written)").[159].
In 1953, the Chapel of the Sagrario of Bogotá was restored, the façade was dismantled stone by stone to rebuild it plumb, since it threatened to fall. Between 1958 and 1960 its restoration was carried out and in 1964 the interior of the tabernacle was intervened. During the first half of the 1950s, a whole series of high-rise buildings were also built on Avenida Carrera Décima, several of them with more than 10 floors, such as the El Parque residences and the Seguros Bolívar building. city.[161].
On August 6, 1955, the Bogotá Botanical Garden was inaugurated, dedicated to the memory of José Celestino Mutis.[162] In 1958, the current headquarters of the Luis Ángel Arango library was inaugurated in the La Candelaria neighborhood. A year later, the El Dorado International Airport and El Dorado Avenue "Avenida El Dorado (Bogotá)") opened their doors, with which development was further projected towards the west of the savanna. That same year, the Jorge Tadeo Lozano University was founded in the Las Nieves neighborhood "Las Nieves (Bogotá)") of the current town of Santa Fe "Santa Fe (Bogotá)"). Further south, in the southeastern area of the Plaza de Bolívar, on Friday, March 7, 1958, the Archbishop's Palace "Palacio Arzobispal" was inaugurated. (Bogotá)").[164] At this time, Bogotá covered an urban area of 8084 hectares.[78].
In 1959, the Veintisirse bridges were inaugurated, with which the Centenario Park "Parque Centenario (Bogotá)") disappeared and the Independencia Park "Parque de la Independencia (Bogotá)") lost its entire southern area.[165].
In demographic terms, the period between 1950 and 1964 was the period of greatest growth, with the population increasing in that period by 6.8%,[116] to reach 2 million inhabitants in 1966.[141] To a large extent, the process was due to health improvements and, above all, to immigration triggered by the conditions of extreme violence that spread through Colombian rural areas, which triggered an exodus towards Colombia. urban centers. In 1964, the population born in Bogotá was 48.61%, while the immigrant population represented 51.39%.[141].
From the administrative point of view, during this decade large rural sectors of southern Cundinamarca, located especially in the Sumapaz moor, were integrated into Bogotá and a few years later they would become the town of the same name "Sumapaz (Bogotá)").
Added to the long seismological history of Bogotá in 1966 was an earthquake of magnitude seven in the current town of Usme, which left six people dead, thirty injured and two hundred buildings destroyed.[39].
In 1989, the candidate for the Presidency of the Republic Luis Carlos Galán Sarmiento was murdered in the municipality of Soacha, a suburb of the capital, in a murder in which former congressman Alberto Santofimio has been linked.[188] The same year, the leftist leader José Antequera was murdered at the El Dorado airport.
At the end of this period, Bogotá consolidated what would be its urban center until the end of the century. Its urban area was divided into three parts defined by the San Francisco River "Río San Francisco (Bogotá)") and the Burburata ravine in its northern area, and the San Agustín River and the San Juan ravine in the southern sector. That defined the four parishes and neighborhoods: La Catedral&action=edit&redlink=1 "La Catedral (Bogotá) (not yet written)"), Las Nieves "Las Nieves (Bogotá)"), Santa Bárbara&action=edit&redlink=1 "Santa Bárbara (Bogotá) (not yet written)") and San Victorino.[30].
On October 20, 1660, the first stone of the Chapel of the Sagrario of the Cathedral of Bogotá was laid, today a national monument located in Plaza Bolívar "Plaza de Bolívar (Bogotá)"), a temple conceived by Gabriel Gómez de Sandoval.[31][32].
On March 9, 1687, a loud noise was heard during the night followed by sulfur emanations that continued for several days. This caused panic among the city's inhabitants who sought refuge in the chapels, the phenomenon became known as Time of Noise and remained unexplained by history.[33].
In the nearby church of San Francisco "Iglesia de San Francisco (Bogotá)") a clock was also placed on December 7, 1761.[37] Also in the 1760s, a gunpowder factory and another china factory were opened in the southern part of the city.[37].
In 1777 the Royal Public Library was founded,[41] with the 4,128 that were suppressed from the Jesuit community, who had been expelled from the viceroyalty.[37] In 1778 the Capuchins arrived in Santa Fe, and in 1791 they inaugurated the church of La Capuchina in the San Victorino sector.[43].
In the census of that year it was found that the city had 16,002 inhabitants, of which 51% were white, 35% free, 10% Indian and 4% slaves.[37].
The ideas of the Enlightenment reached certain sectors of the viceroyalty of New Granada towards the end of the century,[37] mainly with the creation of scientific projects such as the Botanical Expedition. This period was also characterized by economic, educational and social reforms that generated great tensions in society, and which led to events such as the Communards' Insurrection.
The expedition was organized by José Celestino Mutis and brought together intellectuals such as Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Francisco Antonio Zea and Francisco José de Caldas in the capital.[9] It began in 1783 sponsored by Viceroy Antonio Caballero y Góngora to explore the riches of the viceroyalty.[9].
Also under the influence of new ideas, particularly from the anti-clerical and free-thinking encyclopedists of France as well as the first Masonic lodges, literary circles developed throughout Santafé and particularly in the Las Nieves sector, led by personalities such as the journalist Manuel del Socorro Rodríguez, Mutis himself, Manuela Sanz de Santamaría and Antonio Nariño, whose group, called Arcano Sublime de la Filantropía, met in his house and bookstore in the Plaza de San Francisco "Parque Santander (Bogotá)"), had a revolutionary spirit.[44].
The printing press was also introduced and with it journalism emerged. The Earthquake Notice, printed in the Royal Printing Press, gave information[41] about the damage caused by the earthquake of 1785.[38] It is considered the first news printed in the viceroyalty. The Papel Periódico de Santafé also appeared, in February 1791, directed by Manuel del Socorro Rodríguez.
Around 1791, the maps of the engineers Domingo Esquiaqui") and Francisco Cabrer") are dated, which are the oldest of those currently available.[42] They show a small urban center in extension, with about 150 urbanized blocks, with a regular and orderly layout, with the Plaza de Bolívar in its center.[41] Only at the beginning of the century can you see engravings and drawings by foreign visitors, whose fidelity is partial.[45].
A year later, a Capuchin friar, Domingo de Petrés, arrived in the city, the first trained architect the city had,[29] who designed and restored several churches and buildings or sections of these, and who followed a neoclassical style.
In Bogotá, De Petrés worked on the façade and dome of the Primada Cathedral, the dome of the Santo Domingo church as well as the façade and interior of the church of San Francisco "Iglesia de San Francisco (Bogotá)"), and designed the Astronomical Observatory and the old San Juan de Dios hospital,[37][46] who is attributed a great influence on the image of the city due to the new languages he promoted.[29].
Also in 1792, the first theater in the city was inaugurated, El Coliseo, located on the current Carrera Octava and Calle Novena, whose construction was directed by Esquiaqui following the plans of the La Cruz theater in Madrid.[37].
Likewise, the 1793 census showed a total of 16,172 inhabitants, among which religious people were not included, nor those considered vagrants and without a fixed address, as well as visitors and travelers.[44] Of the total, 9,351 were mestizos, 5,745 white, 585 slaves, and 491 indigenous.[44].
In terms of ethnic composition, 55% of its population corresponded to free people, 38% to white people, 4% to Indians and 3% to slaves, which implied a strong change with respect to the 1778 census, in which more than half of the population was white, the free were just over a third of the total and one in ten Bogota residents was indigenous.[37] The parish with the largest number of inhabitants was La Catedral&action=edit&redlink=1 "La Catedral (Bogotá) (not yet written)"), but those with the highest density were Las Nieves "Las Nieves (Bogotá)") and Santa Bárbara&action=edit&redlink=1 "Santa Bárbara (Bogotá) (not yet written)"), with almost double that registered in the most affluent sectors of the center.[44].
The century concludes with the construction of the cemetery to the west of San Victorino, as well as with the improvement of some of the roads built on flood-prone lands.[15].
The city became the capital of Gran Colombia until 1830,[61] when this state was dissolved, giving rise to the current states of Ecuador, Venezuela and Colombia, since Panama would separate until 1903. Also in this decade, in 1836, the Central Cemetery was inaugurated.[62].
By 1840 the works on the tabernacle chapel were completed and the restoration due to the earthquakes of previous years was completed.
Also in 1925, Jiménez Avenue was inaugurated, which was the first in the city, thirty meters wide, and which connected the Plaza de San Victorino with the Sabana station, which soon became the east-west axis of Bogotá, and helped consolidate the commercial preeminence of the Plaza de San Victorino.[102].
Its construction also favored a process of urban renewal, with works such as the Cubillos building by architect Alberto Manrique Martín. That same year, the San José Hospital "Hospital San José (Bogotá)") opened its doors on the south side of Plaza España "Plaza España (Bogotá)").
During this period, a whole series of villas were also developed in Chapinero around the Las Delicias ravine and other water courses, which however began to give in to strong real estate pressure in the early 1920s.[85].
In the 1910s, in the extreme northeast, the La Perseverancia neighborhood "La Perseverancia (Bogotá)") began to form in the heights of San Diego "San Diego (Bogotá)") with the support of Mr. Leo Kopp, a German businessman who founded the Bavaria brewery. a work of architectural value that, due to the environmental deterioration of the sector, nevertheless did not fulfill its tourist purpose.[103].
On the south side, Bogotá also showed significant growth. The city reached the sector of Las Brisas&action=edit&redlink=1 "Las Brisas (Bogotá) (not yet written)") of San Cristóbal "San Cristóbal (Bogotá)"), towards Second South Street, where informal neighborhoods had developed and on the 1913 map the San José asylum, the asylum for homeless men, the asylum for the elderly, the asylum for insane women, the Jesús, María and the orphanage appeared. José.[79].
From a demographic point of view, Bogotá suffered notable growth in this decade, going from 121,257 inhabitants in 1912 to 235,421 in 1928, registering growth rates of around 5% in the 1920s.[1] At the same time, between 1905 and 1927 the urbanized space multiplied by 3.6, presenting a tentacular development that followed the border of the avenues that began to be laid out, which reduced the strong density that was occurring.[85].
For a good part of the century, Bogotá moved in a linear direction between the south and the north, along the Northern Central Highway, Carrera Trece, the railroad line, which together with the road to Usme would serve as the route for Caracas Avenue.[104][105].
Although the development towards the south also marks the elongated character of the urban map, an imbalance of state intervention with respect to the north is already evident, since in this sector its eighteen working-class neighborhoods, hospitals, chircales and nursing homes are located, with few roads being built or maintained, except for the roads to Tunjuelo, Bosa "Bosa (Bogotá)") and Soacha.[104] These neighborhoods were characterized by their living conditions. unhealthiness, lack of water, toilets, sewage and cleaning and surveillance services, which were severely affected by the flu epidemic of 1918.[106].
Also of relevance at the beginning of the century was the great earthquake of 1917,[38] which was actually a period of a few days between the end of August and the beginning of September, in which several tremors and shocks of varying intensity were recorded.[59] The main movement was recorded on August 31, the day on which it shook four times, causing damage to almost all buildings in Santa Fe and Chapinero, whose cathedral lost the main tower, which killed six in its fall. women.[39].
From the point of view of economic management, Bogotá hosted the Kemmerer Mission, chaired by the economist Edwin Walter Kemmerer, who arrived in the country in 1923 after passing through the Philippines, Mexico and Guatemala, in order to reorganize national monetary management, the bank of the Republic and the Banking Superintendence.[107].
Despite the loans that were requested taking advantage of the good conditions of the international market, the corruption and rapacity of the interest circles known as the "rosca" ruined the opportunity that arose in the decade, leaving serious debts and fiscal deficiencies.[108] The crisis of 1929 left the city deprived, and had a serious impact on garbage collection and public lighting.[109].
In the center, in 1938 the National Library by architect Alberto Wills Ferro opened its doors. In 1934 the Enrique Olaya Herrera National Park was inaugurated, and in 1937 the La Salle E.T. Central Technical Institute opened its doors. located on Centenario Avenue "Avenida Centenario (Bogotá)"). A year later, the San Jorge theater was inaugurated, with an interesting art nouveau façade, new in Bogotá. In 1939, the Vengoechea building was inaugurated in the La Candelaria sector, and is currently located at the northwestern end of the Luis Ángel Arango library.
Also of great relevance was the donation in 1936 of the land of the El Salitre hacienda, whose owner died without heirs, which occupied 2,200 bushels to the north of the Quinta Paredes" and El memoria neighborhoods), and to the east of the El Campín estate, where the El Campín stadium is currently located.[117] In administrative terms, the land covers a considerable sector of the eastern sectors of the towns of Teusaquillo and Barrios Unidos "Barrios Unidos (Bogotá)").
In fact, since the beginning of the decade, the Teusaquillo neighborhood had been formed, located in the southeastern area of the town, which was developed in the old Las Quintas hacienda. In urban terms, the sector constituted an urban and architectural effort of great relevance, as it was composed of large and regular lots, with individual public services, intended for the ruling classes of the city and the country, who built country houses there in French, Spanish or English styles.[92].
During the same period, the neighborhoods of Palermo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Palermo (Bogotá) (not yet written)"), La Merced "La Merced (Bogotá)") and La Magdalena&action=edit&redlink=1 "La Magdalena (Bogotá) (not yet written)") were developed, which share stylistic and urban characteristics with Teusaquillo. Also from the same period are the Alfonso López&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alfonso López (Bogotá) (not yet written)"), El memoria"), the Armenia urbanization "Armenia (Bogotá)") and El Campín&action=edit&redlink=1 "El Campín (Bogotá) (not yet written)").[118]
In 1938, an extensive works plan was developed with which a stage of urban modernization began, which was drawn up to mark the four hundred years of its foundation.[77][110] This celebration motivated the birth of the Bolivarian Games and with it the construction of the Nemesio Camacho El Campín stadium.[119].
Other new public entertainment spaces built at the time were the Media Torta") and the basements of Jiménez Avenue, and military installations such as the General Santander Police Cadet School, which in turn was one of the factors of urban extension to the south.[110] The urban area of Bogotá was already 2,514 ha.[78].
Between 1934 and 1939, the Austrian architect Karl Brunner directed the newly created[110] Bogotá Urban Planning Department, who contributed new architectural and urban planning concepts, and in turn created a regulatory plan for the layout of several avenues and neighborhoods, which already included the need to plant trees and care for the aforementioned hills, in which he intervened through the sanitation works of the promenade. Bolívar.[120].
Based on his designs, Caracas Avenue was laid out, which encouraged growth towards the northeast,[121] and some of his recommendations were followed, such as the management of the Eastern Hills "Cerros Orientales (Bogotá)"). Other architects who participated in this period in the conception and urban planning of Bogotá were the Germans Leopoldo Rother and Erich Lange), the Colombians Alberto Manrique Martín and Alberto Wills Ferro, the Italian Bruno Violi, and the American Harland Bartholomew").[122]
At this time, the trend continued whereby most of the modernizing works and interventions were carried out in the north, as had been done for some decades, with a consequent deterioration of its southern sectors.[123] In a general sense, the relative urban modernization of Bogotá was not accompanied by the development of a modern urban culture, largely due to the concentration of powers and capital, with the frequent occurrence of conflicts of interest between the public and the private.[124].
At the end of the decade, in 1938, Bogotá had 355,502 inhabitants,[1] and had an annual growth rate of 5.5%, which is the second highest recorded by the city.[110].
In the sports field, it is worth highlighting the founding on June 18, 1936 of the Los Millonarios sports club,[125] and five years later, in 1941, of the Independiente Santa Fe,[126] which are the two traditional soccer teams in Bogotá.
Before April 9, 1948, Bogotá was preparing to celebrate the IX Pan American Conference. For this reason, and just like what happened ten years ago on the occasion of the fourth centenary, several urban planning works were carried out. The construction of the Avenida de Las Américas was in turn of great importance because it contributed to the expansion towards the west. The Monument to the Flags "Monumento a las Banderas (Bogotá)"), in the vicinity of the Techo airport, was a landscape landmark of the time.
The murder of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, on April 9, 1948, was a tragic moment of change in Colombian society that was evident with greater emphasis in Bogotá than in the rest of the country. Not in vain is the date remembered as “El Bogotazo”. The country's political process took a new course. The city also underwent notable changes. With the events unleashed on that date, some buildings in the center such as the Ministry of Government, the Apostolic Nunciature, the Archbishop's Palace, the Palace of Justice, the Governor's Office and the Regina Hotel were consumed by flames.[138] There was also intense looting of commercial premises and the IX Pan American Conference had to be moved to the Gimnasio Moderno in the north of Bogotá.
The toll left by this event was hundreds of deaths, many of them scattered throughout the streets. Some historians claim that these events marked the end of the republican city and the birth of the so-called modern city.[139] In any case, its urban and social repercussions were profound and long-lasting, involving in particular the displacement to the north of the wealthy classes of the capital.[9][128].
Also at the beginning of the decade, other infrastructure developments took place and relevant properties were created from a cultural and architectural point of view. Regarding water supply, in 1952 the Neusa Reservoir was inaugurated[131] and three years later the first stage of the Tibitó aqueduct was inaugurated, also establishing the Bogotá Aqueduct and Sewer Company.[151].
Also at the beginning of the decade, for example, construction of the Northern Highway "Autopista Norte (Bogotá)") began, which was completed in this five-year period during the military government of Rojas Pinilla,[131][152] as was the construction of Corferias, to the west of the current Treinta Avenue.[153] That same year the Hotel Granada "Hotel Granada (Bogotá)"), by the Bogotá architect Alberto, was demolished. Manrique Martín, which had been sold to the national government by its owner company five years ago. In its place, the current headquarters of the Bank of the Republic "Banco de la República (Colombia)" was built at the end of the decade.[154].
In 1952, an official flag was adopted, made up of a yellow and a red horizontal stripe.[155] In 1954, Legislative Decree 3640 of December 17 of the same year, created the Special District or Bogotá D. E. approved by Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, annexing to Bogotá the Cundinamarca municipalities of Bosa "Bosa (Bogotá)"), Engativá, Fontibón, Suba "Suba (Bogotá)"), Usme and Usaquén,[156] as well as part of the Agricultural Colony of Sumapaz "Sumapaz (Bogotá)"), and over the following years local mayors' offices were born, starting with Chapinero.[157].
The same year, the Las Américas urbanization was developed, which borders the La Soledad neighborhood "La Soledad (Bogotá)"), also from this period,[131] and with El Dorado Avenue. In 1955, the municipality of Usaquén was annexed,[158] which between 1938 and 1951 had gone from 4,617 inhabitants to 11,207, seeing in the 1950s the emergence of neighborhoods of another social level, such as those already named La Cita and San Cristóbal Norte, but also middle class like Cedritos") or upper class like Santa Ana&action=edit&redlink=1 "Santa Ana (Bogotá) (not yet written)").[159].
In 1953, the Chapel of the Sagrario of Bogotá was restored, the façade was dismantled stone by stone to rebuild it plumb, since it threatened to fall. Between 1958 and 1960 its restoration was carried out and in 1964 the interior of the tabernacle was intervened. During the first half of the 1950s, a whole series of high-rise buildings were also built on Avenida Carrera Décima, several of them with more than 10 floors, such as the El Parque residences and the Seguros Bolívar building. city.[161].
On August 6, 1955, the Bogotá Botanical Garden was inaugurated, dedicated to the memory of José Celestino Mutis.[162] In 1958, the current headquarters of the Luis Ángel Arango library was inaugurated in the La Candelaria neighborhood. A year later, the El Dorado International Airport and El Dorado Avenue "Avenida El Dorado (Bogotá)") opened their doors, with which development was further projected towards the west of the savanna. That same year, the Jorge Tadeo Lozano University was founded in the Las Nieves neighborhood "Las Nieves (Bogotá)") of the current town of Santa Fe "Santa Fe (Bogotá)"). Further south, in the southeastern area of the Plaza de Bolívar, on Friday, March 7, 1958, the Archbishop's Palace "Palacio Arzobispal" was inaugurated. (Bogotá)").[164] At this time, Bogotá covered an urban area of 8084 hectares.[78].
In 1959, the Veintisirse bridges were inaugurated, with which the Centenario Park "Parque Centenario (Bogotá)") disappeared and the Independencia Park "Parque de la Independencia (Bogotá)") lost its entire southern area.[165].
In demographic terms, the period between 1950 and 1964 was the period of greatest growth, with the population increasing in that period by 6.8%,[116] to reach 2 million inhabitants in 1966.[141] To a large extent, the process was due to health improvements and, above all, to immigration triggered by the conditions of extreme violence that spread through Colombian rural areas, which triggered an exodus towards Colombia. urban centers. In 1964, the population born in Bogotá was 48.61%, while the immigrant population represented 51.39%.[141].
From the administrative point of view, during this decade large rural sectors of southern Cundinamarca, located especially in the Sumapaz moor, were integrated into Bogotá and a few years later they would become the town of the same name "Sumapaz (Bogotá)").
Added to the long seismological history of Bogotá in 1966 was an earthquake of magnitude seven in the current town of Usme, which left six people dead, thirty injured and two hundred buildings destroyed.[39].
In 1989, the candidate for the Presidency of the Republic Luis Carlos Galán Sarmiento was murdered in the municipality of Soacha, a suburb of the capital, in a murder in which former congressman Alberto Santofimio has been linked.[188] The same year, the leftist leader José Antequera was murdered at the El Dorado airport.