Dynamite is an explosive composed of nitroglycerin, a liquid substance that, when found at room temperature and absorbed by a solid medium (initially, diatomite, a rock formed by siliceous shells of diatoms) detonates.[1].
Dynamite was invented by the Swedish chemist and engineer Alfred Nobel in Geesthacht and patented in 1897. Used for industrial and mining applications, it plays a very important role in jobs such as mountain excavation, road construction, demolitions and any public works in general that requires the movement of rock masses.
In the process of developing and manufacturing dynamite, a large number of war engineers died and there was great destruction in conflict zones.
Feeling guilty for these deaths, Alfred Nobel tried to counteract the negative effects caused by the invention of dynamite, so that, symbolically, he named the prize that bears his name expressly referring to peace.
Dynamite, like all powerful explosives, is very dangerous, which is why it is considered a substance of restricted use, and over time it has been extensively replaced by plastic explosives in which the explosive substance is stabilized by mixing with a plasticizer instead of diatomaceous earth. The nitroglycerin base has largely been replaced by dinitroglycol" (Goma-2 ECO) or trinitrotoluene (titadine or TNT).
For industrial use, the use of cyclonite is also widespread, also in the form of a plastic explosive, under the names C-3 and C-4 depending on the formulation.
Originally, to create dynamite, nitroglycerin was mixed with a particular type of silicon dioxide sand called diatomite or diatomaceous earth.[2] Diatomite, which comes from fossils of marine microorganisms, has a large specific surface area and absorbs the nitroglycerin, making it manageable and preventing it from accidentally detonating.
History
Dynamite was invented by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel in 1866 and was the first safe explosive more powerful than black gunpowder.
Alfred Nobel's father, Immanuel Nobel, was an industrialist, engineer and inventor. He built bridges and buildings in Stockholm and founded Sweden's first rubber factory. His work in construction inspired him to research new rock blasting methods more effective than black powder. After some bad business dealings in Sweden, in 1838 Immanuel moved his family to St. Petersburg, where Alfred and his brothers received private education under Swedish and Russian tutors. At age 17, Alfred was sent abroad for two years; in the United States he met the Swedish engineer John Ericsson and in France he studied with the famous chemist Théophile-Jules Pelouze and his student Ascanio Sobrero, who had first synthesized nitroglycerin in 1847. In France, Nobel encountered nitroglycerin, which Pelouze advised against using as a commercial explosive due to its great sensitivity to shock.[3].
Safe Handling of Explosives
Introduction
Dynamite is an explosive composed of nitroglycerin, a liquid substance that, when found at room temperature and absorbed by a solid medium (initially, diatomite, a rock formed by siliceous shells of diatoms) detonates.[1].
Dynamite was invented by the Swedish chemist and engineer Alfred Nobel in Geesthacht and patented in 1897. Used for industrial and mining applications, it plays a very important role in jobs such as mountain excavation, road construction, demolitions and any public works in general that requires the movement of rock masses.
In the process of developing and manufacturing dynamite, a large number of war engineers died and there was great destruction in conflict zones.
Feeling guilty for these deaths, Alfred Nobel tried to counteract the negative effects caused by the invention of dynamite, so that, symbolically, he named the prize that bears his name expressly referring to peace.
Dynamite, like all powerful explosives, is very dangerous, which is why it is considered a substance of restricted use, and over time it has been extensively replaced by plastic explosives in which the explosive substance is stabilized by mixing with a plasticizer instead of diatomaceous earth. The nitroglycerin base has largely been replaced by dinitroglycol" (Goma-2 ECO) or trinitrotoluene (titadine or TNT).
For industrial use, the use of cyclonite is also widespread, also in the form of a plastic explosive, under the names C-3 and C-4 depending on the formulation.
Originally, to create dynamite, nitroglycerin was mixed with a particular type of silicon dioxide sand called diatomite or diatomaceous earth.[2] Diatomite, which comes from fossils of marine microorganisms, has a large specific surface area and absorbs the nitroglycerin, making it manageable and preventing it from accidentally detonating.
History
Dynamite was invented by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel in 1866 and was the first safe explosive more powerful than black gunpowder.
Alfred Nobel's father, Immanuel Nobel, was an industrialist, engineer and inventor. He built bridges and buildings in Stockholm and founded Sweden's first rubber factory. His work in construction inspired him to research new rock blasting methods more effective than black powder. After some bad business dealings in Sweden, in 1838 Immanuel moved his family to St. Petersburg, where Alfred and his brothers received private education under Swedish and Russian tutors. At age 17, Alfred was sent abroad for two years; in the United States he met the Swedish engineer John Ericsson and in France he studied with the famous chemist Théophile-Jules Pelouze and his student Ascanio Sobrero, who had first synthesized nitroglycerin in 1847. In France, Nobel encountered nitroglycerin, which Pelouze advised against using as a commercial explosive due to its great sensitivity to shock.[3].
Nitroglycerin is a liquid that is very sensitive to shock, which makes it very difficult to handle and therefore very often caused serious accidents because it was too unstable and difficult to handle and transport for war and very dangerous for civil applications.
In 1857, Nobel registered the first of several hundred patents, most relating to pressure gauges for air, gases and fluids, but he remained fascinated with the potential of nitroglycerin as an explosive. Nobel, along with his father and brother Emil"), experimented with various combinations of nitroglycerin and black powder. Nobel found a solution to safely detonate nitroglycerin by inventing the detonator, or detonator capsule, which allowed a remotely controlled explosion using a fuse&action=edit&redlink=1 "Witch (explosives) (not yet drafted)"). pure nitroglycerin, using a detonator made from a detonator capsule of copper and mercury fulminate "Mercury(II) fulminate"). In 1864, Alfred Nobel registered patents for both the detonator and his method of nitroglycerin synthesis, using sulfuric acid, nitric acid and glycerin. Emil and several others died in an explosion at the factory on Immanuel Nobel's estate in Heleneborg. After this, Alfred founded the company Nitroglycerin Aktiebolaget in Vinterviken") to continue working in a more isolated area and the following year he moved to Germany, where he founded another company, Dynamit Nobel. [3] Following this tragedy he concentrated on the task of achieving a method to safely handle nitroglycerin, which in the middle of the century was the most used explosive.
Despite the invention of the detonator, the instability of nitroglycerin made it useless as a commercial explosive. To solve this problem, Nobel tried to combine it with another substance that would make it safe for transport and handling, but would not reduce its effectiveness as an explosive. He tried combinations of cement, charcoal and sawdust, but was unsuccessful. Finally, he tried diatomaceous earth, fossilized algae, which he brought from the Elbe, a river near his factory in Hamburg, which successfully stabilized nitroglycerin in a portable explosive.[3] Thus he obtained a powder that could be struck and even burned in the open air without exploding. It only exploded when electrical or chemical detonators were used. Thus dynamite was born, a more stable, safer and more manageable explosive than the unstable nitroglycerin.
Nobel obtained patents for his inventions in England on May 7, 1867, and in Sweden on October 19, 1867.[4] Following its introduction, dynamite quickly gained wide-scale use as a safe alternative to black powder and nitroglycerin. Its employment in the exploitation of the oil fields of Baku (Azerbaijan) earned its creator a great fortune, which was used to award the Nobel Prize.
Nobel tightly controlled patents, and unlicensed duplication companies were quickly shut down. Some American businessmen avoided the patent by using absorbents other than diatomaceous earth, such as resin.[5].
Nobel originally sold dynamite as "Nobel's Explosive Gunpowder", but decided to change the name to dynamite, from the ancient Greek word dýnamis (), which means "power".[6].
Nobel's most important patents were in 1875, rubber dynamite, a moldable dynamite, similar to today's plastic explosives, and then, in 1884, a method for the continuous distillation of petroleum. Finally, in 1887, he manufactured ballistite, a mixture of nitroglycerin and nitrocellulose, obtaining a great smokeless explosive.
Manufacturing
Contenido
La dinamita se solía fabricar mezclando nitroglicerina y tierra de diatomeas con un alto contenido de dióxido de silicio. Esta última actuaba como una especie de esponja, absorbiendo y estabilizando la nitroglicerina, haciendo su uso como explosivo más seguro y práctico. Se solía vender en forma de tubos de cartón llenos con el compuesto, que medían entre 10 cm y 15 cm de largo por 2,5 cm de diámetro.
La dinamita suele venderse en forma de cilindros de cartón de unos 8 plg (203,2 mm) de largo y unos 1+1/4 plg (32 mm) de diámetro, con un peso de 190 gr (1/2 lb troy).[7] Un cartucho de dinamita así producido contiene aproximadamente 1 MJ (megajulio) de energía.[8] También existen otros tamaños, clasificados por porciones (cuarto de barra o media barra) o por peso.
La dinamita se suele clasificar por "fuerza de peso" (la cantidad de nitroglicerina que contiene), normalmente del 20% al 60%. Por ejemplo, la dinamita 40% está compuesta por un 40% de nitroglicerina y un 60% de "dope" (el medio de almacenamiento absorbente mezclado con el estabilizador y cualquier aditivo).
Storage Considerations
It is recommended that the maximum shelf life of nitroglycerin-based dynamite be one year from the date of manufacture under good storage conditions.[7].
Over time, regardless of the sorbent used, dynamite sticks will "drip" or "sweat" nitroglycerin, which can accumulate in the bottom of the box or storage area. For this reason, explosives manuals recommend regularly turning over stored boxes of dynamite. Crystals will form on the outside of the cartridges, making them even more sensitive to shock, friction, and temperature. Therefore, while the risk of explosion without the use of a detonator is minimal for fresh dynamite, old dynamite is dangerous. Modern packaging helps eliminate this risk by placing dynamite in sealed plastic bags and using wax-coated cardboard.
Dynamite is moderately sensitive to shock. Shock resistance tests are usually carried out with a drop hammer: about 100 mg of explosive is placed on an anvil, on which a weight of between 0.5 and 10 kg (1 and 22 lb) is dropped from different heights until detonation is achieved.[9] With a 2 kg hammer, mercury fulminate detonates with a drop distance of 1 to 2 cm, nitroglycerin 4 to 5 cm, dynamite from 15 to 30 cm, and ammonia explosives from 40 to 50 cm.
Main manufacturers
For several decades, starting in the 1940s, the largest producer of dynamite in the world was the Union of South Africa. There, the De Beers company established a factory in 1902 in Somerset West. The explosives factory was later exploited by AECI (African Explosives and Chemical Industries). Demand for the product came mainly from the country's vast gold mines, centered on the Witwatersrand. The Somerset West factory began operating in 1903 and by 1907 it was producing 340,000 boxes of 50 pounds (22.7 kg) each annually. A rival factory in Modderfontein produced another 200,000 cases a year.[10].
There were two major explosions at the Somerset West plant during the 1960s. Some workers were killed, but the loss of life was limited by the modular design of the factory and its earthworks, and the planting of trees that directed the explosions upwards. There were several more explosions at the Modderfontein factory. After 1985, pressure from unions forced the AECI to progressively abandon dynamite production. The factory then began to produce explosives based on ammonium nitrate emulsion, safer to manufacture and handle.[11].
Dynamite was first manufactured in the United States by the Giant Powder Company of San Francisco "San Francisco (California)"), California, whose founder had obtained exclusive rights to Nobel in 1867. Giant was eventually acquired by DuPont&action=edit&redlink=1 "DuPont (1802-2017) (not yet redacted)"), which produced dynamite under the Giant name until it was dissolved by DuPont in 1905.[12]
Thereafter, DuPont produced dynamite under its own name until 1911-12, when its explosives monopoly was broken by the U.S. Circuit Court in the "Gunpowder Affair." After the dissolution, two new companies were created, the Hercules Powder Company and the Atlas Powder Company, which were dedicated to the manufacture of dynamite (in different formulations).
Currently, only Dyno Nobel" manufactures dynamite in the United States. The only facility that produces it is in Carthage, Missouri, but the material is purchased from Dyno Nobel by other manufacturers who put their labels on the dynamite and boxes.
Uses and properties
Because of its high stability, dynamite quickly replaced nitroglycerin in applications such as demolition and mining, and as an explosive filler in artillery shells and military demolition charges. Dynamite is also chemically more inert than pure nitroglycerin, which makes its safe storage possible, although only in the medium term, since with the passage of time and with a temperature of more than 30 °C the nitroglycerin drains from the silicon dioxide and the dynamite "sweats" nitroglycerin, which concentrates in droplets that are very sensitive to movement, heat and chemical decomposition into more unstable chemicals. Dynamite is so stable that generally new dynamite cartridges in good condition do not explode even if they are exposed to fire, making it necessary to use a detonator and detonator to make them explode.
Due to the constant improvement in explosives and demolition techniques, as well as the problems posed by the storage and production of nitroglycerin for its production, it has been replaced commercially by other explosives such as trinitrotoluene (TNT).
Other explosives
A menudo se hace referencia a otros explosivos o se confunden con la dinamita:.
TNT
Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is often assumed to be the same as (or confused with) dynamite, largely due to the ubiquity of both explosives during the 20th century. This incorrect connection between TNT and dynamite was reinforced by the Bugs Bunny cartoons in which the animators labeled any type of cartoon bomb (from sticks of dynamite to kegs of black powder) as "TNT" because the acronym was shorter and easier to remember and did not require literacy to recognize that "TNT" meant "bomb."
Aside from both being high explosives, TNT and dynamite have little in common. TNT is a second-generation moldable explosive adopted by the military, while dynamite, by contrast, has never been popular in warfare because it degenerates rapidly under severe conditions and can be detonated by both fire and a stray bullet. The German armed forces adopted TNT as a filler for artillery shells in 1902, some 40 years after the invention of dynamite, which is a first-generation phlegmatized explosive intended primarily for movement. of civil lands. TNT has never been popular or widespread in civilian earthworks, as it is considerably more expensive and less powerful by weight than dynamite,[13] as well as being slower to mix and pack in boreholes. The main advantage of TNT is its remarkable insensitivity and stability: it is impermeable and unable to detonate without the extreme shock and heat provided by a detonator (or sympathetic detonation); this stability also allows it to be melted at 178 degrees Fahrenheit (81.1 °C), poured into high-explosive military projectiles, and allowed to resolidify, without any additional danger or change in the characteristics of TNT.[14] Consequently, more About 90% of the TNT produced in America was always destined for the military market, with most of the TNT being used to fill projectiles, hand grenades, and aerial bombs, and the rest being packaged into brown "bricks" (not red cylinders for use as a demolition charge) by combat engineers.
"Extra" dynamite
In the United States in 1885, chemist Russell S. Penniman invented "ammonium dynamite," a form of explosive that used ammonium nitrate as a substitute for the more expensive nitroglycerin. Ammonium nitrate has only 85% of the chemical energy of nitroglycerin.
It is classified by its weight strength (the amount of ammonium nitrate in the medium) or by its cartridge strength (the potential explosive force&action=edit&redlink=1 "(Explosive) force (not yet redacted)") generated by a quantity of explosive of a certain density and granulometry used compared to the explosive force generated by an equivalent density and granulometry of a standard explosive). For example, high explosive dynamite 65% Extra has a strength by weight of 65% ammonium nitrate and 35% "dope" (the absorbent medium mixed with stabilizers and additives). Its "cartridge strength" would be its weight in pounds multiplied by its strength relative to an equal amount of ANFO (the civilian benchmark) or TNT (the military benchmark). For example, 65% ammonia dynamite with a cartridge strength of 20% would mean that the cartridge is equal to an equivalent weight strength of 20% ANFO.
"Military dynamite"
"Military dynamite" is a dynamite substitute, formulated without nitroglycerin. It contains 75% RDX, 15% TNT, 5% SAE 10 motor oil and 5% corn starch, but is much safer to store and handle for long periods than Nobel dynamite.[15] Military dynamite replaces nitroglycerin with much more stable chemicals.[16].
[7] ↑ a b austinpowder.com/BlastersGuide/docs/pib/Dynamite%20Series.PDF «Guía de la Pólvora Austin, Dynamite series page 2». Archivado desde el original el 21 de marzo de 2012. Consultado el 9 de junio de 2012.: http://www.
[9] ↑ Carlos López Jimeno, Emilio López Jimeno, Francisco Javier Ayala-Carcedo, Perforación y voladura de rocas, traducido por Yvonne Visser de Ramiro de Manual de perforación y voladura de rocas (1987), Instituto Tecnológico Geominero de Espan~a, Taylor & Francis, Londres y Nueva York, 1995, ISBN 90-5410-199-7.
[12] ↑ «The Federal Reporter with Key-Number Annotations, Volume 188: Cases Argued and Determined in the Circuit Courts of Appeals and Circuit and District Courts of the United States, August-October, 1911.». UNT Digital Library. 8 de mayo de 1911. Archivado desde el original el 30 de marzo de 2018. Consultado el 30 de marzo de 2018.: https://web.archive.org/web/20180330150647/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc38234/m1/147/
[13] ↑ J. Köhler, R. Meyer, A. Homburg: Explosivstoffe. Zehnte, vollständig überarbeitete Auflage. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim 2008, ISBN 978-3-527-32009-7.
[14] ↑ Gibbs, T. R. & Popolato, A. LASL Explosive Property Data. Laboratorio Nacional de Los Álamos, Nuevo México. United States Department of Energy, 1980.
Nitroglycerin is a liquid that is very sensitive to shock, which makes it very difficult to handle and therefore very often caused serious accidents because it was too unstable and difficult to handle and transport for war and very dangerous for civil applications.
In 1857, Nobel registered the first of several hundred patents, most relating to pressure gauges for air, gases and fluids, but he remained fascinated with the potential of nitroglycerin as an explosive. Nobel, along with his father and brother Emil"), experimented with various combinations of nitroglycerin and black powder. Nobel found a solution to safely detonate nitroglycerin by inventing the detonator, or detonator capsule, which allowed a remotely controlled explosion using a fuse&action=edit&redlink=1 "Witch (explosives) (not yet drafted)"). pure nitroglycerin, using a detonator made from a detonator capsule of copper and mercury fulminate "Mercury(II) fulminate"). In 1864, Alfred Nobel registered patents for both the detonator and his method of nitroglycerin synthesis, using sulfuric acid, nitric acid and glycerin. Emil and several others died in an explosion at the factory on Immanuel Nobel's estate in Heleneborg. After this, Alfred founded the company Nitroglycerin Aktiebolaget in Vinterviken") to continue working in a more isolated area and the following year he moved to Germany, where he founded another company, Dynamit Nobel. [3] Following this tragedy he concentrated on the task of achieving a method to safely handle nitroglycerin, which in the middle of the century was the most used explosive.
Despite the invention of the detonator, the instability of nitroglycerin made it useless as a commercial explosive. To solve this problem, Nobel tried to combine it with another substance that would make it safe for transport and handling, but would not reduce its effectiveness as an explosive. He tried combinations of cement, charcoal and sawdust, but was unsuccessful. Finally, he tried diatomaceous earth, fossilized algae, which he brought from the Elbe, a river near his factory in Hamburg, which successfully stabilized nitroglycerin in a portable explosive.[3] Thus he obtained a powder that could be struck and even burned in the open air without exploding. It only exploded when electrical or chemical detonators were used. Thus dynamite was born, a more stable, safer and more manageable explosive than the unstable nitroglycerin.
Nobel obtained patents for his inventions in England on May 7, 1867, and in Sweden on October 19, 1867.[4] Following its introduction, dynamite quickly gained wide-scale use as a safe alternative to black powder and nitroglycerin. Its employment in the exploitation of the oil fields of Baku (Azerbaijan) earned its creator a great fortune, which was used to award the Nobel Prize.
Nobel tightly controlled patents, and unlicensed duplication companies were quickly shut down. Some American businessmen avoided the patent by using absorbents other than diatomaceous earth, such as resin.[5].
Nobel originally sold dynamite as "Nobel's Explosive Gunpowder", but decided to change the name to dynamite, from the ancient Greek word dýnamis (), which means "power".[6].
Nobel's most important patents were in 1875, rubber dynamite, a moldable dynamite, similar to today's plastic explosives, and then, in 1884, a method for the continuous distillation of petroleum. Finally, in 1887, he manufactured ballistite, a mixture of nitroglycerin and nitrocellulose, obtaining a great smokeless explosive.
Manufacturing
Contenido
La dinamita se solía fabricar mezclando nitroglicerina y tierra de diatomeas con un alto contenido de dióxido de silicio. Esta última actuaba como una especie de esponja, absorbiendo y estabilizando la nitroglicerina, haciendo su uso como explosivo más seguro y práctico. Se solía vender en forma de tubos de cartón llenos con el compuesto, que medían entre 10 cm y 15 cm de largo por 2,5 cm de diámetro.
La dinamita suele venderse en forma de cilindros de cartón de unos 8 plg (203,2 mm) de largo y unos 1+1/4 plg (32 mm) de diámetro, con un peso de 190 gr (1/2 lb troy).[7] Un cartucho de dinamita así producido contiene aproximadamente 1 MJ (megajulio) de energía.[8] También existen otros tamaños, clasificados por porciones (cuarto de barra o media barra) o por peso.
La dinamita se suele clasificar por "fuerza de peso" (la cantidad de nitroglicerina que contiene), normalmente del 20% al 60%. Por ejemplo, la dinamita 40% está compuesta por un 40% de nitroglicerina y un 60% de "dope" (el medio de almacenamiento absorbente mezclado con el estabilizador y cualquier aditivo).
Storage Considerations
It is recommended that the maximum shelf life of nitroglycerin-based dynamite be one year from the date of manufacture under good storage conditions.[7].
Over time, regardless of the sorbent used, dynamite sticks will "drip" or "sweat" nitroglycerin, which can accumulate in the bottom of the box or storage area. For this reason, explosives manuals recommend regularly turning over stored boxes of dynamite. Crystals will form on the outside of the cartridges, making them even more sensitive to shock, friction, and temperature. Therefore, while the risk of explosion without the use of a detonator is minimal for fresh dynamite, old dynamite is dangerous. Modern packaging helps eliminate this risk by placing dynamite in sealed plastic bags and using wax-coated cardboard.
Dynamite is moderately sensitive to shock. Shock resistance tests are usually carried out with a drop hammer: about 100 mg of explosive is placed on an anvil, on which a weight of between 0.5 and 10 kg (1 and 22 lb) is dropped from different heights until detonation is achieved.[9] With a 2 kg hammer, mercury fulminate detonates with a drop distance of 1 to 2 cm, nitroglycerin 4 to 5 cm, dynamite from 15 to 30 cm, and ammonia explosives from 40 to 50 cm.
Main manufacturers
For several decades, starting in the 1940s, the largest producer of dynamite in the world was the Union of South Africa. There, the De Beers company established a factory in 1902 in Somerset West. The explosives factory was later exploited by AECI (African Explosives and Chemical Industries). Demand for the product came mainly from the country's vast gold mines, centered on the Witwatersrand. The Somerset West factory began operating in 1903 and by 1907 it was producing 340,000 boxes of 50 pounds (22.7 kg) each annually. A rival factory in Modderfontein produced another 200,000 cases a year.[10].
There were two major explosions at the Somerset West plant during the 1960s. Some workers were killed, but the loss of life was limited by the modular design of the factory and its earthworks, and the planting of trees that directed the explosions upwards. There were several more explosions at the Modderfontein factory. After 1985, pressure from unions forced the AECI to progressively abandon dynamite production. The factory then began to produce explosives based on ammonium nitrate emulsion, safer to manufacture and handle.[11].
Dynamite was first manufactured in the United States by the Giant Powder Company of San Francisco "San Francisco (California)"), California, whose founder had obtained exclusive rights to Nobel in 1867. Giant was eventually acquired by DuPont&action=edit&redlink=1 "DuPont (1802-2017) (not yet redacted)"), which produced dynamite under the Giant name until it was dissolved by DuPont in 1905.[12]
Thereafter, DuPont produced dynamite under its own name until 1911-12, when its explosives monopoly was broken by the U.S. Circuit Court in the "Gunpowder Affair." After the dissolution, two new companies were created, the Hercules Powder Company and the Atlas Powder Company, which were dedicated to the manufacture of dynamite (in different formulations).
Currently, only Dyno Nobel" manufactures dynamite in the United States. The only facility that produces it is in Carthage, Missouri, but the material is purchased from Dyno Nobel by other manufacturers who put their labels on the dynamite and boxes.
Uses and properties
Because of its high stability, dynamite quickly replaced nitroglycerin in applications such as demolition and mining, and as an explosive filler in artillery shells and military demolition charges. Dynamite is also chemically more inert than pure nitroglycerin, which makes its safe storage possible, although only in the medium term, since with the passage of time and with a temperature of more than 30 °C the nitroglycerin drains from the silicon dioxide and the dynamite "sweats" nitroglycerin, which concentrates in droplets that are very sensitive to movement, heat and chemical decomposition into more unstable chemicals. Dynamite is so stable that generally new dynamite cartridges in good condition do not explode even if they are exposed to fire, making it necessary to use a detonator and detonator to make them explode.
Due to the constant improvement in explosives and demolition techniques, as well as the problems posed by the storage and production of nitroglycerin for its production, it has been replaced commercially by other explosives such as trinitrotoluene (TNT).
Other explosives
A menudo se hace referencia a otros explosivos o se confunden con la dinamita:.
TNT
Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is often assumed to be the same as (or confused with) dynamite, largely due to the ubiquity of both explosives during the 20th century. This incorrect connection between TNT and dynamite was reinforced by the Bugs Bunny cartoons in which the animators labeled any type of cartoon bomb (from sticks of dynamite to kegs of black powder) as "TNT" because the acronym was shorter and easier to remember and did not require literacy to recognize that "TNT" meant "bomb."
Aside from both being high explosives, TNT and dynamite have little in common. TNT is a second-generation moldable explosive adopted by the military, while dynamite, by contrast, has never been popular in warfare because it degenerates rapidly under severe conditions and can be detonated by both fire and a stray bullet. The German armed forces adopted TNT as a filler for artillery shells in 1902, some 40 years after the invention of dynamite, which is a first-generation phlegmatized explosive intended primarily for movement. of civil lands. TNT has never been popular or widespread in civilian earthworks, as it is considerably more expensive and less powerful by weight than dynamite,[13] as well as being slower to mix and pack in boreholes. The main advantage of TNT is its remarkable insensitivity and stability: it is impermeable and unable to detonate without the extreme shock and heat provided by a detonator (or sympathetic detonation); this stability also allows it to be melted at 178 degrees Fahrenheit (81.1 °C), poured into high-explosive military projectiles, and allowed to resolidify, without any additional danger or change in the characteristics of TNT.[14] Consequently, more About 90% of the TNT produced in America was always destined for the military market, with most of the TNT being used to fill projectiles, hand grenades, and aerial bombs, and the rest being packaged into brown "bricks" (not red cylinders for use as a demolition charge) by combat engineers.
"Extra" dynamite
In the United States in 1885, chemist Russell S. Penniman invented "ammonium dynamite," a form of explosive that used ammonium nitrate as a substitute for the more expensive nitroglycerin. Ammonium nitrate has only 85% of the chemical energy of nitroglycerin.
It is classified by its weight strength (the amount of ammonium nitrate in the medium) or by its cartridge strength (the potential explosive force&action=edit&redlink=1 "(Explosive) force (not yet redacted)") generated by a quantity of explosive of a certain density and granulometry used compared to the explosive force generated by an equivalent density and granulometry of a standard explosive). For example, high explosive dynamite 65% Extra has a strength by weight of 65% ammonium nitrate and 35% "dope" (the absorbent medium mixed with stabilizers and additives). Its "cartridge strength" would be its weight in pounds multiplied by its strength relative to an equal amount of ANFO (the civilian benchmark) or TNT (the military benchmark). For example, 65% ammonia dynamite with a cartridge strength of 20% would mean that the cartridge is equal to an equivalent weight strength of 20% ANFO.
"Military dynamite"
"Military dynamite" is a dynamite substitute, formulated without nitroglycerin. It contains 75% RDX, 15% TNT, 5% SAE 10 motor oil and 5% corn starch, but is much safer to store and handle for long periods than Nobel dynamite.[15] Military dynamite replaces nitroglycerin with much more stable chemicals.[16].
[7] ↑ a b austinpowder.com/BlastersGuide/docs/pib/Dynamite%20Series.PDF «Guía de la Pólvora Austin, Dynamite series page 2». Archivado desde el original el 21 de marzo de 2012. Consultado el 9 de junio de 2012.: http://www.
[9] ↑ Carlos López Jimeno, Emilio López Jimeno, Francisco Javier Ayala-Carcedo, Perforación y voladura de rocas, traducido por Yvonne Visser de Ramiro de Manual de perforación y voladura de rocas (1987), Instituto Tecnológico Geominero de Espan~a, Taylor & Francis, Londres y Nueva York, 1995, ISBN 90-5410-199-7.
[12] ↑ «The Federal Reporter with Key-Number Annotations, Volume 188: Cases Argued and Determined in the Circuit Courts of Appeals and Circuit and District Courts of the United States, August-October, 1911.». UNT Digital Library. 8 de mayo de 1911. Archivado desde el original el 30 de marzo de 2018. Consultado el 30 de marzo de 2018.: https://web.archive.org/web/20180330150647/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc38234/m1/147/
[13] ↑ J. Köhler, R. Meyer, A. Homburg: Explosivstoffe. Zehnte, vollständig überarbeitete Auflage. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim 2008, ISBN 978-3-527-32009-7.
[14] ↑ Gibbs, T. R. & Popolato, A. LASL Explosive Property Data. Laboratorio Nacional de Los Álamos, Nuevo México. United States Department of Energy, 1980.