Road maintenance
Introduction
A road or route is a transportation route of public domain and use, designed and built primarily for the circulation of vehicles. There are various types of roads, although colloquially the term highway is used to define the conventional road that can be connected, through accesses, to adjacent properties, differentiating them from other types of roads, highways and highways, which cannot have crossings and intersections at the same level. Highways are distinguished from a simple road because they are specially designed for the circulation of transport vehicles.
In urban areas roads diverge through the city and are called streets, having a dual role as access road and route.[1] The economy and society depend heavily on efficient roads.[2] In the European Union 44% of all products are moved by trucks and 85% of travelers move by bus or car.[3].
However, a dense and efficient network does not always benefit from the construction of new roads: the Braess Paradox or the Lewis-Mogridge Position explain how a new road section can, paradoxically, worsen the traffic situation.
Road classification
Roads are classified based on the lanes that make up the different carriageways, whether they have intersections at the same level or not, or the type of traffic they support. Governments usually have a ministry or institute that is responsible for numbering and cataloging the roads in their territory.
They can be classified, namely:
Road design and construction
Contenido
La construcción de carreteras requiere la creación de una superficie continua, que atraviese obstáculos geográficos y tome una pendiente "Pendiente (geografía)") suficiente para permitir a los vehículos o a los peatones circular.[6] y cuando la ley lo establezca deben cumplir una serie de normativas y leyes[7][8] o guías oficiales que no son de obligado cumplimiento.[9] El proceso comienza a veces con la retirada de vegetación (desbroce) y de tierra y roca por excavación o voladura, la construcción de terraplenes, puentes y túneles, seguido por el extendido del pavimento. Existe una variedad de equipo de movimiento de tierras que es específico de la construcción de vías.[10][11].