Confined spaces also present an occupational hazard. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) defines a "confined space" as one that has limited openings for entry and exit and unfavorable natural ventilation, and that is not intended for continuous occupancy by employees. Spaces of this type may include storage tanks, ship compartments, sewers, and pipes. Confined spaces can present a hazard not only to workers, but also to persons attempting to rescue them.

Hazards such as entrapment and suffocation and exposure to toxic chemicals cause the deaths and injuries that occur in these confined spaces. Physical and atmospheric hazards due to confined spaces can be avoided by addressing and recognizing these hazards before entering the confined spaces to perform work.

Noise also presents a fairly common risk in the workplace:[5]​ Occupational hearing loss is the most common work-related injury in many countries around the world. Noise is not the only source of occupational hearing loss; Exposure to chemicals such as aromatic solvents and metals such as lead, arsenic, and mercury can also cause hearing loss. Naturally, noise is more of a concern for certain occupations than others; Musicians, miners and construction workers are exposed to higher and more constant levels of noise and are therefore at greater risk of developing hearing loss. Since noise-induced hearing loss, while completely preventable, is permanent and irreversible, it is vital that companies and their employees know the limits and prevention methods available.

Contenido

Las temperaturas extremas pueden causar un peligro para los trabajadores.

cold stress

Overexposure to freezing or extreme cold conditions can pose a risk to many workers. Employees who work outdoors in the winter months, such as fishermen, hunters, divers, hydroelectric and telecommunications linemen, construction workers, transportation workers, military personnel, emergency response workers, and those who work in refrigerated warehouse are especially vulnerable to the cold. The effects of extreme cold working conditions include:.

The use of personal protective equipment such as insulated clothing, gloves, boots and masks, radiant heaters as part of engineering controls and safe work practices are used to minimize the risk of cold injuries.

They are all those that endanger the worker, but they should not be confused with accidents.

heat stress

Workers in laundries, bakeries, restaurant kitchens, steel foundries, glass factories, brick and ceramic kitchens, electrical services, foundries, and outdoor workers such as construction workers, firefighters, farmers, and miners are most vulnerable to exposure. to extreme heat. The effects of heat stress include:.

Engineering controls such as air conditioning and ventilation, training to develop a level of tolerance for working in extreme heat, and the use of cooled protective clothing can help reduce heat-related illnesses.

Electricity represents a danger for many workers. Electrical injuries can be divided into four types: fatal electrocution, electric shock, burns, and falls caused by contact with electrical energy. Electrocution is one of the main dangers on construction sites. It can be fatal and cause severe, permanent burn injuries to the skin, internal tissues, and heart damage depending on the duration and severity of the shock. When electrical current flows through tissues or bones, it produces heat that causes electrical burns. Electrical burns cause tissue damage and require immediate medical attention. Electrical shocks can cause injuries such as muscle spasms, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, collapse, and unconsciousness. Faulty electrical connections and damaged electrical equipment can cause electrical shock to workers and others in or near the workplace.

Electrical injuries can be prevented through safe work practices, such as keeping power tools properly maintained, de-energizing electrical appliances before inspection or repair, and using caution when working near live lines.

Electrical burns cause tissue damage and require immediate medical attention. Electrical shocks can cause injuries such as muscle spasms, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, collapse, and unconsciousness. Faulty electrical connections and damaged electrical equipment can cause electrical shock to workers and others in or near the workplace.

Major occupations in the construction industry pose the greatest risk: electricians, roofers, painters, carpenters, and construction workers account for more than 32% of all electrical deaths in the U.S. Improper grounding, wet conditions, damaged tools and equipment, improper wiring, exposed electrical parts, overhead power lines, and overloaded circuits are common electrical hazards found on construction sites.

Electrical injuries can be prevented through safe work practices, such as keeping power tools properly maintained, de-energizing electrical appliances before inspection or repair, and using caution when working near live lines. Personal protective equipment such as hard hats, hoods, sleeves, rubber or insulated gloves, and insulating clothing can be helpful in reducing any electrical accidents.

Sunlight is the most commonly known physical hazard affecting people who work outside. Outdoor workers get the most exposure to sunlight during high intensity hours between 10:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. at 4:00 p.m. and during the summer. The risk of sunburn is greater during these times. Some commonly used medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antihistamines, tetracycline, thiazides, sulfa-based antibiotics, and diuretics, increase sensitivity to sunlight and cause skin rashes and sunburn. Additionally, sunlight is a source of ultraviolet (UV) rays, which are the form of non-ionizing radiation. UV rays directly from sunlight and indirect sun exposure, such as light reflected from snow and shady sand, can penetrate a worker's bare skin. For a long time, continuous exposure to ultraviolet radiation causes suppression of the immune system, eye damage, skin aging and skin cancer. Some non-solar sources of UV radiation, for example, projection lamps, curing of paints and inks, disinfecting equipment used in hospitals, fluorescent tubes, solar lamps, and welding arcs, can also cause adverse health effects in other workers.

Personal protective equipment, engineering and administrative controls, such as providing shade coverage, and rotating work shifts can minimize the risk of sun exposure for outdoor workers. In the case of non-solar sources of UV radiation, appropriate engineering controls and administrative controls, such as warning signs and employee training, may be helpful.

Vibrations have long been recognized as a serious occupational hazard. Continued repeated exposure to high levels of vibration results in injury or illness. Vibration exposure is classified into two general types: hand-arm and whole-body vibration. Hand-arm vibration causes direct injuries to the fingers and hand and affects hand sensation, dexterity, and grip. It is a known causal factor for other ergonomics-related deaths. Hand-arm vibration injuries associated with the use of vibrating devices or equipment, such as grinders, impact drills, chipping hammers, pavement grinders, dental tools, sanders, pneumatic wrenches and saws of all types. Repeated long-term use of vibrating machinery results in vascular, neurosensory, and musculoskeletal disorders independent of the long-term effect of the hand and arm, known as hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). Whole body vibration is one of the most common causes of lost time and production, causing lower back pain and injury, and is due to higher than expected vibration levels. Whole body vibration injuries associated with off-road vehicles in industries such as agriculture, forestry, mining, quarrying, and with small, fast vessels used on the high seas.

A combination of control measures, such as redesigning appliances to reduce vibration exposure, using machines designed to decrease vibration transmitted to the operator, implementing speed limits, scheduling regular work breaks, changing posture or rotating work to reduce exposure time, providing training, information and supervision on the adjustment and operation of equipment can be used to successfully reduce vibration exposure.

Lighting and pressurized air (high or low) can also cause work-related illnesses and injuries. Choking is another potential workplace hazard in certain situations. Musculoskeletal injuries are prevented by employing good ergonomic design and reducing repeated vigorous movements. Ionizing radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, X, neutron) and non-ionizing radiation (microwave, deep IR, RF, UV, laser at visible and non-visible wavelengths) can also be a critical hazard.

"Susan Harwood Grant Products By Topic." www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2015-09-03.

"CDC - Workplace Survey Reports | NIOSH". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-08-31.

"Hazardous Work." International Labor Organization. Retrieved December 26, 2012.

International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor (IPEC) (2011). Children in hazardous work What we know What we need to do (PDF). International Labor Organization. ISBN 978-92-2-124918-4. Retrieved December 26, 2012.

"Fall Injuries Prevention in the Workplace." NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved July 12, 2012.

"CDC - Falls in the Workplace - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic." www.cdc.gov. 2018-04-02. Retrieved 2018-04-18.

"NATIONAL CENSUS OF FATAL OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES IN 2016" (PDF). Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved April 15, 2018.

"OSHA's Fall Prevention Campaign | Occupational Safety and Health Administration." www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-18.

"International Hazard Datasheets on Occupations (HDO)". International Labor Organization. Retrieved December 26, 2012. The International Hazard Datasheets on Occupations is a multipurpose information resource containing information on the hazards, risks and notions of prevention related to a specific occupation. The datasheets are intended for those professionally concerned with health and safety at work.

"Machine Safety". NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved 11 July 2012.

Harris, James R. and Richard S. Current. "Machine Safety: New & Updated Consensus Standards." Prof Saf 2012 May; 57(5):50-57. http://www.asse.org/professionalsafety/pastissues/057/05/F1Har\_0512.pdf.

Ute Papkalla (December 2012). "Underestimated production factor." D+C Development and Cooperation/ dandc.eu.

"Confined Spaces." Workplace Safety & Health Topics. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved August 3, 2012.

"NFPA Journal - Confined Space, March April 2017." www.nfpa.org. Retrieved 2018-04-18.

"Atmospheric Testing and the New OSHA Construction Confined Spaces Standard -- Occupational Health & Safety." Occupational Health & Safety. Retrieved 2018-04-18.

"Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention." Workplace Safety & Health Topics. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved August 3, 2012.

John R. Franks; Mark R. Stephenson; Carol J. Merry (June 1996). "Preventing Occupational Hearing Loss: A Practical Guide" (PDF). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved August 3, 2012.

Kardous, Chuck; Morata, Thais; Themann, Christa; Spears, Patricia; Afanuh, Sue (July 7, 2015). "Turn it Down: Reducing the Risk of Hearing Disorders Among Musicians." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved July 7, 2016.

"Mining Topic: Hearing Loss Prevention Overview." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2016-07-07.

"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Factsheet" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved July 7, 2016.

"Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Noise Exposure (98-126)". Center for Disease Control and Prevention. June 1998. Retrieved July 7, 2016.

"Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2016-07-07.

"Safety and Health Topics: Occupational Noise Exposure." United States Department of Labor. Retrieved 2016-07-07.

"Buy Quiet." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2016-07-07.

"Excellence in Hearing Loss Prevention Award." Safe-in-Sound. Retrieved 2016-07-07.

Safety, Government of Canada, Canadian Center for Occupational Health and. "Cold Environments - General: OSH Answers". www.ccohs.ca. Retrieved 2018-04-21.

"CDC - Cold Stress - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic." www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-21.

Safety, Government of Canada, Canadian Center for Occupational Health and. "Cold Environments - Working in the Cold: OSH Answers". www.ccohs.ca. Retrieved 2018-04-21.

"Safety and Health Topics | Occupational Heat Exposure | Occupational Safety and Health Administration." www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-21.

Safety, Government of Canada, Canadian Center for Occupational Health and. "Hot Environments - Health Effects and First Aid: OSH Answers." www.ccohs.ca. Retrieved 2018-04-21.

"NIOSH Heat Stress Topic Page." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2018-04-21.

"Electrical Safety". NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved August 7, 2012.

"Electrical risks". Australian Government Comcare. Retrieved 2018-04-12.

"Controlling Electrical Hazards." www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-14.

"ESFI Occupational Injury and Fatality Statistics." www.esfi.org. Retrieved 2018-04-19.

"Electrical Hazards" (PDF). www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-07.

"CDC - UV Radiation - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic." www.cdc.gov. 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2018-03-08.

"Medications May Increase Sensitivity To Sunlight." ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2018-03-08.

"Ultraviolet radiation as a hazard in the workplace" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved March 5, 2018.

"UV:harmful effects." enhs.umn.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-08.

"Vibration Hazards in the Workplace: The Basics of Risk Assessment -- Occupational Health & Safety." Occupational Health & Safety. Retrieved 2018-04-19.

"Vibration." Australian Government Comcare. Retrieved 2018-04-14.

Confined spaces also present an occupational hazard. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) defines a "confined space" as one that has limited openings for entry and exit and unfavorable natural ventilation, and that is not intended for continuous occupancy by employees. Spaces of this type may include storage tanks, ship compartments, sewers, and pipes. Confined spaces can present a hazard not only to workers, but also to persons attempting to rescue them.

Hazards such as entrapment and suffocation and exposure to toxic chemicals cause the deaths and injuries that occur in these confined spaces. Physical and atmospheric hazards due to confined spaces can be avoided by addressing and recognizing these hazards before entering the confined spaces to perform work.

Noise also presents a fairly common risk in the workplace:[5]​ Occupational hearing loss is the most common work-related injury in many countries around the world. Noise is not the only source of occupational hearing loss; Exposure to chemicals such as aromatic solvents and metals such as lead, arsenic, and mercury can also cause hearing loss. Naturally, noise is more of a concern for certain occupations than others; Musicians, miners and construction workers are exposed to higher and more constant levels of noise and are therefore at greater risk of developing hearing loss. Since noise-induced hearing loss, while completely preventable, is permanent and irreversible, it is vital that companies and their employees know the limits and prevention methods available.

Contenido

Las temperaturas extremas pueden causar un peligro para los trabajadores.

cold stress

Overexposure to freezing or extreme cold conditions can pose a risk to many workers. Employees who work outdoors in the winter months, such as fishermen, hunters, divers, hydroelectric and telecommunications linemen, construction workers, transportation workers, military personnel, emergency response workers, and those who work in refrigerated warehouse are especially vulnerable to the cold. The effects of extreme cold working conditions include:.

The use of personal protective equipment such as insulated clothing, gloves, boots and masks, radiant heaters as part of engineering controls and safe work practices are used to minimize the risk of cold injuries.

They are all those that endanger the worker, but they should not be confused with accidents.

heat stress

Workers in laundries, bakeries, restaurant kitchens, steel foundries, glass factories, brick and ceramic kitchens, electrical services, foundries, and outdoor workers such as construction workers, firefighters, farmers, and miners are most vulnerable to exposure. to extreme heat. The effects of heat stress include:.

Engineering controls such as air conditioning and ventilation, training to develop a level of tolerance for working in extreme heat, and the use of cooled protective clothing can help reduce heat-related illnesses.

Electricity represents a danger for many workers. Electrical injuries can be divided into four types: fatal electrocution, electric shock, burns, and falls caused by contact with electrical energy. Electrocution is one of the main dangers on construction sites. It can be fatal and cause severe, permanent burn injuries to the skin, internal tissues, and heart damage depending on the duration and severity of the shock. When electrical current flows through tissues or bones, it produces heat that causes electrical burns. Electrical burns cause tissue damage and require immediate medical attention. Electrical shocks can cause injuries such as muscle spasms, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, collapse, and unconsciousness. Faulty electrical connections and damaged electrical equipment can cause electrical shock to workers and others in or near the workplace.

Electrical injuries can be prevented through safe work practices, such as keeping power tools properly maintained, de-energizing electrical appliances before inspection or repair, and using caution when working near live lines.

Electrical burns cause tissue damage and require immediate medical attention. Electrical shocks can cause injuries such as muscle spasms, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, collapse, and unconsciousness. Faulty electrical connections and damaged electrical equipment can cause electrical shock to workers and others in or near the workplace.

Major occupations in the construction industry pose the greatest risk: electricians, roofers, painters, carpenters, and construction workers account for more than 32% of all electrical deaths in the U.S. Improper grounding, wet conditions, damaged tools and equipment, improper wiring, exposed electrical parts, overhead power lines, and overloaded circuits are common electrical hazards found on construction sites.

Electrical injuries can be prevented through safe work practices, such as keeping power tools properly maintained, de-energizing electrical appliances before inspection or repair, and using caution when working near live lines. Personal protective equipment such as hard hats, hoods, sleeves, rubber or insulated gloves, and insulating clothing can be helpful in reducing any electrical accidents.

Sunlight is the most commonly known physical hazard affecting people who work outside. Outdoor workers get the most exposure to sunlight during high intensity hours between 10:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. at 4:00 p.m. and during the summer. The risk of sunburn is greater during these times. Some commonly used medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antihistamines, tetracycline, thiazides, sulfa-based antibiotics, and diuretics, increase sensitivity to sunlight and cause skin rashes and sunburn. Additionally, sunlight is a source of ultraviolet (UV) rays, which are the form of non-ionizing radiation. UV rays directly from sunlight and indirect sun exposure, such as light reflected from snow and shady sand, can penetrate a worker's bare skin. For a long time, continuous exposure to ultraviolet radiation causes suppression of the immune system, eye damage, skin aging and skin cancer. Some non-solar sources of UV radiation, for example, projection lamps, curing of paints and inks, disinfecting equipment used in hospitals, fluorescent tubes, solar lamps, and welding arcs, can also cause adverse health effects in other workers.

Personal protective equipment, engineering and administrative controls, such as providing shade coverage, and rotating work shifts can minimize the risk of sun exposure for outdoor workers. In the case of non-solar sources of UV radiation, appropriate engineering controls and administrative controls, such as warning signs and employee training, may be helpful.

Vibrations have long been recognized as a serious occupational hazard. Continued repeated exposure to high levels of vibration results in injury or illness. Vibration exposure is classified into two general types: hand-arm and whole-body vibration. Hand-arm vibration causes direct injuries to the fingers and hand and affects hand sensation, dexterity, and grip. It is a known causal factor for other ergonomics-related deaths. Hand-arm vibration injuries associated with the use of vibrating devices or equipment, such as grinders, impact drills, chipping hammers, pavement grinders, dental tools, sanders, pneumatic wrenches and saws of all types. Repeated long-term use of vibrating machinery results in vascular, neurosensory, and musculoskeletal disorders independent of the long-term effect of the hand and arm, known as hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). Whole body vibration is one of the most common causes of lost time and production, causing lower back pain and injury, and is due to higher than expected vibration levels. Whole body vibration injuries associated with off-road vehicles in industries such as agriculture, forestry, mining, quarrying, and with small, fast vessels used on the high seas.

A combination of control measures, such as redesigning appliances to reduce vibration exposure, using machines designed to decrease vibration transmitted to the operator, implementing speed limits, scheduling regular work breaks, changing posture or rotating work to reduce exposure time, providing training, information and supervision on the adjustment and operation of equipment can be used to successfully reduce vibration exposure.

Lighting and pressurized air (high or low) can also cause work-related illnesses and injuries. Choking is another potential workplace hazard in certain situations. Musculoskeletal injuries are prevented by employing good ergonomic design and reducing repeated vigorous movements. Ionizing radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, X, neutron) and non-ionizing radiation (microwave, deep IR, RF, UV, laser at visible and non-visible wavelengths) can also be a critical hazard.

"Susan Harwood Grant Products By Topic." www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2015-09-03.

"CDC - Workplace Survey Reports | NIOSH". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-08-31.

"Hazardous Work." International Labor Organization. Retrieved December 26, 2012.

International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor (IPEC) (2011). Children in hazardous work What we know What we need to do (PDF). International Labor Organization. ISBN 978-92-2-124918-4. Retrieved December 26, 2012.

"Fall Injuries Prevention in the Workplace." NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved July 12, 2012.

"CDC - Falls in the Workplace - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic." www.cdc.gov. 2018-04-02. Retrieved 2018-04-18.

"NATIONAL CENSUS OF FATAL OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES IN 2016" (PDF). Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved April 15, 2018.

"OSHA's Fall Prevention Campaign | Occupational Safety and Health Administration." www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-18.

"International Hazard Datasheets on Occupations (HDO)". International Labor Organization. Retrieved December 26, 2012. The International Hazard Datasheets on Occupations is a multipurpose information resource containing information on the hazards, risks and notions of prevention related to a specific occupation. The datasheets are intended for those professionally concerned with health and safety at work.

"Machine Safety". NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved 11 July 2012.

Harris, James R. and Richard S. Current. "Machine Safety: New & Updated Consensus Standards." Prof Saf 2012 May; 57(5):50-57. http://www.asse.org/professionalsafety/pastissues/057/05/F1Har\_0512.pdf.

Ute Papkalla (December 2012). "Underestimated production factor." D+C Development and Cooperation/ dandc.eu.

"Confined Spaces." Workplace Safety & Health Topics. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved August 3, 2012.

"NFPA Journal - Confined Space, March April 2017." www.nfpa.org. Retrieved 2018-04-18.

"Atmospheric Testing and the New OSHA Construction Confined Spaces Standard -- Occupational Health & Safety." Occupational Health & Safety. Retrieved 2018-04-18.

"Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention." Workplace Safety & Health Topics. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved August 3, 2012.

John R. Franks; Mark R. Stephenson; Carol J. Merry (June 1996). "Preventing Occupational Hearing Loss: A Practical Guide" (PDF). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved August 3, 2012.

Kardous, Chuck; Morata, Thais; Themann, Christa; Spears, Patricia; Afanuh, Sue (July 7, 2015). "Turn it Down: Reducing the Risk of Hearing Disorders Among Musicians." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved July 7, 2016.

"Mining Topic: Hearing Loss Prevention Overview." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2016-07-07.

"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Factsheet" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved July 7, 2016.

"Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Noise Exposure (98-126)". Center for Disease Control and Prevention. June 1998. Retrieved July 7, 2016.

"Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2016-07-07.

"Safety and Health Topics: Occupational Noise Exposure." United States Department of Labor. Retrieved 2016-07-07.

"Buy Quiet." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2016-07-07.

"Excellence in Hearing Loss Prevention Award." Safe-in-Sound. Retrieved 2016-07-07.

Safety, Government of Canada, Canadian Center for Occupational Health and. "Cold Environments - General: OSH Answers". www.ccohs.ca. Retrieved 2018-04-21.

"CDC - Cold Stress - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic." www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-21.

Safety, Government of Canada, Canadian Center for Occupational Health and. "Cold Environments - Working in the Cold: OSH Answers". www.ccohs.ca. Retrieved 2018-04-21.

"Safety and Health Topics | Occupational Heat Exposure | Occupational Safety and Health Administration." www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-21.

Safety, Government of Canada, Canadian Center for Occupational Health and. "Hot Environments - Health Effects and First Aid: OSH Answers." www.ccohs.ca. Retrieved 2018-04-21.

"NIOSH Heat Stress Topic Page." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2018-04-21.

"Electrical Safety". NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved August 7, 2012.

"Electrical risks". Australian Government Comcare. Retrieved 2018-04-12.

"Controlling Electrical Hazards." www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-14.

"ESFI Occupational Injury and Fatality Statistics." www.esfi.org. Retrieved 2018-04-19.

"Electrical Hazards" (PDF). www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-07.

"CDC - UV Radiation - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic." www.cdc.gov. 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2018-03-08.

"Medications May Increase Sensitivity To Sunlight." ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2018-03-08.

"Ultraviolet radiation as a hazard in the workplace" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved March 5, 2018.

"UV:harmful effects." enhs.umn.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-08.

"Vibration Hazards in the Workplace: The Basics of Risk Assessment -- Occupational Health & Safety." Occupational Health & Safety. Retrieved 2018-04-19.

"Vibration." Australian Government Comcare. Retrieved 2018-04-14.