Review of old chicken coops | Construpedia

Review of old chicken coops

Introduction

Pumpkins, zucchini, pumpkins, pumpkins, pipianes, pumpkins or zucchini are the mature or immature fruits of domesticated varieties of four related species of the genus Cucurbita: Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbita moschata, Cucurbita maxima, and Cucurbita argyrosperma at a time[citation 1] known as Cucurbita mixed; biological species") do not hybridize with each other but their fruits have indistinguishable culinary uses[quote 2],[quote 3] and although their ecological niches do not completely overlap,[5] they are usually described together because in general terms their biology and cultivation are similar. A fifth domesticated species belongs to the same genus Cucurbita[quote 4][quote 5] that is evolutionarily a little distant from these,[note 1] Cucurbita ficifolia, with a distinctive flavor and culinary uses different from the previous ones,[citation 6] cultivated in high tropical mountainous altitudes with a cool climate,[citation 6] which will not be treated here.

They are plants with an annual "Habit (plant)") habit in seasonal climates, that is, the adult plant does not form reserve organs and has the ecological strategy of surviving the unfavorable seasonal period as a seed, and they are adapted to mesophytic environments - with average levels of temperature and humidity. and its seeds; Its tender shoots and flowers are also edible.[quote 8].

In their regions of origin they can coincide with wild varieties from which pollen can reach the cultivated varieties of the same species from several kilometers[quote 9][quote 10], causing their seeds to develop as plants with bitter and inedible fruit. These species have received international attention at the genetic level in recent years, and there are already complete genomes for each of these species.[19][20][21].

Biology

Contenido

La planta es una típica cucurbitácea: guiadora, rastrera (que enraiza en los nudos) y trepadora, se desarrolla más rápido a temperaturas cálidas (25-30 °C)[cita 11] y muere con las heladas;[cita 11] prefieren los veranos largos y abundante agua. Poseen nudos y entrenudos bien definidos, en cada nudo se origina una hoja, en general dos yemas, un zarcillo que se enrosca alrededor de un soporte, y raíces adventicias, que aparecen si el nudo está sobre tierra húmeda o en días muy lluviosos. Algunas desarrollaron entrenudos tan cortos que les dan un aspecto arbustivo o "de tronco". Son anuales y adaptadas a climas templados y estacionales, si el invierno no es muy fresco pueden vivir más de un año; algunas variedades de y están bien adaptadas a climas tropicales y torrenciales. Flores masculinas y femeninas se originan en la misma planta, se abren por una sola mañana y no vuelven a abrirse, la polinización es mediada por insectos, principalmente abejas. Una misma planta puede autopolinizarse sin que las generaciones siguientes pierdan viabilidad. El ovario fecundado pasa por estadios de zapallito (calabacín) y luego del "llenado" madura su cáscara formando una calabaza, que si no se corta de la planta sigue madurando su pulpa durante varias semanas más, sustituyendo parte de los almidones por otras sustancias químicas más elaboradas. La corteza lignificada (endurecida) de la calabaza almacena el interior durante algo más de un año, a lo largo del cual la pulpa va perdiendo su humedad, pero en muchas variedades cultivadas el fruto se seleccionó con una corteza menos endurecida lo que como consecuencia disminuye en el mismo grado el tiempo de almacenamiento. La corteza puede tener una dureza que se corte solo con machete o serrucho, o con cuchillo de cocina muy o poco afilado, o en el otro extremo puede ser tan fácil de esculpir como las calabazas de Halloween y almacenarse solo por un mes. La raíz primaria se desarrolla como una raíz principal no reservante que puede llegar hasta 1,8 m de profundidad[cita 12], de la que se originan raíces laterales que pueden extenderse bastante más allá que las partes aéreas[cita 12][cita 13]. El desarrollo en profundidad de la raíz es importante cuando no se dispone de riego diario.

Review of old chicken coops

Introduction

Biology

Contenido

Architecture

In the first stem or "primary guide" generally one bud per node originates, the "secondary guides", if they are almost as long as the primary stem, will be called together with this "main guides", in which tertiary guides can in turn originate, etc.[25] There is a nomenclature that codifies each guide and each node of the plant.[26].

The guide is the ancestral habit. In crops selected so that the fruit is harvested immature to be consumed as a seasonal vegetable ("zucchini", "zucchini"), a mutant habit is selected[citation 15] called "bush" or "trunk",[citation 16][citation 17] in which the main guide has internodes so short that they give it a "trunk" appearance and the plant a bushy appearance; on "trunk" plants it is selected in a way to reduce the more possible the issuance of lateral guides[quote 18]. The horticulturist's preference for this habit is due to the fact that he has to walk the field several times a week in search of immature fruits of commercial size to harvest, and the guides greatly increase the time spent harvesting[quote 19]. The trunk plants and the guide plants are similar in the seedling stage, they develop their first leaves without lengthening the internodes, in what appears to be the same node in which the two photosynthesizing cotyledons are found, after which the guide plants with longer internodes begin to differentiate from the trunk plants[quote 16][quote 20]. Regarding trunk plants, the aim is to match genetically independent characters such as earlier flowering and fruiting[quote 17][quote 21][quote 17] and those related to peel and pulp at the time of harvest.[quote 22] The "open habit" trunk plants are modern, whose trunk is upright and the petioles are oriented horizontally, which facilitates harvest.[25] As in guides, the length of the internodes also depends on the incidence of sunlight; the lower the light intensity, the internodes will be longer.[citation 23].

Check. Semi-trunk or semi-shrub plants can be marketed, which are trunk only in the first 5-6 weeks after which they become leaders[citation 24], and are genetically heterozygous hybrids of a shrub line and a guide line.[citation 24] "Semi-shrub cultivars exhibit a uniform, rosette-like growth pattern around the stem axis for the first 5 or 6 weeks from sowing, allowing Cultivation between rows spaced as narrowly as 1.5 or 1.8 m with minimal injury to the plants. Almost complete leaf cover occurs within 7 weeks of sowing, effectively smothering all later-germinating weeds. Although some guiding cultivars are currently being used in high-density plantings to shade weeds, the uniform growth pattern of the shrub and semi-shrub cultivars are more suitable for planting. this technique."[quote 24] The trunk plants of Cucurbita pepo and Cucurbita maxima were cultivated until the 1980s only for immature harvested fruit[quote 25], but because the habit is more suitable for growing in systematized land for irrigation and protection against cold and frost[quote 26], the need for chemical herbicides decreases due to its compact soil cover,[quote 27][quote 28] and captures light more efficiently,[citation 27] trunk and semi-trunk varieties for mature fruit were developed since the '1980s,[citation 28] which are planted at a density of one plant per fruit when it is important to maximize the uniformity of the fruit.[25]:354.2.17 The trunk varieties of C. moschata[quote 15].

The guiding varieties are not all the same either,[quote 18] there are more expansive ones (with few 'main' guides that develop very long[quote 18]) and more compact ones (with guides whose apical meristems are slower growing and are very branched[quote 18]), there are more and less vigorous ones, there are more and less covering ones, that is, they cover the same area with more or less leaf area.[quote 29][citation 30][citation 18] In field production, cultivars with rapid soil coverage near the origin of the plant may be preferred,[citation 18][citation 31] in a family garden with a roof or pergola, more expansive varieties may be preferred. Check: The "determined growth" plants, whose vegetative development stops at some point without emitting more new buds, have not become commercial cultivars[citation 32].

The architecture of the plant can be controlled in part manually, in plants cutting a terminal bud induces the buds behind it to develop guides, more compactly covering the ground near the germination site; eliminating the first floral buds eliminates the burden of the first fruits, accelerating the vegetative growth of the plant[quote 21] so that subsequent fruits thrive more easily[quote 33].

In general, the flowers originate one flower per node, both on the main guide and on the lateral ones, the female flowers every 4 to 6 nodes depending on the cultivar[citation 17] and environmental conditions, the male flowers in a somewhat greater number of nodes.[25] On the same day, the male flowers at anthesis are a few nodes further back than the female flowers at anthesis, the female flowers develop faster than the male ones.[citation 17] guide must continue advancing to continue producing female flowers, male flowers can originate again in nodes where there has already been a female flower.[quote 34] The first days of flowering normally[quote 35] only male flowers will appear, but then female and male flowers appear, and pollination can take place.

Flowers and pollination

The male flowers have a thinner and longer pedicel than the female ones, in which the ovary (future fruit) can be seen under the hypanthium or cup. The yellow petals are connate (joined together, gamopetal corolla), as are the green sepals (gamosepal calyx), each lobe of the corolla is the distal sector of a petal, each lobe of the calyx is the distal sector of a sepal, the 5 petals alternate with the 5 sepals.

• - Flowers.

• - Male flower.

• - Female flower, the ovary (future fruit) in its lower sector.

Each cultivar has different opening and closing times. You can tell if the flower is opening, fully unfolded or closing by the curvature of its petals. The men's ones open half an hour before the women's ones.[51].

• - Opening and closing.

• - Male flower opening.

• - Female flower with fully unfolded petals.

• - Female flower closing.

Male flower. It is defined as in Cucurbitaceae.

• - Male flower.

Hypanthus.[citation 36][citation 37] The petals are fused into a floral tube that at the bottom forms a cup (hypanthus) by fusing at the base with the base of the green sepals, forming a periantal tube, and continued at the base by the receptacle. In Cucurbitaceae the stamens can be inserted at different heights of the hypanthus and therefore contribute to it appendicularly to a greater or lesser extent. In Cucurbita, the stamens are fused together to a greater or lesser degree by their filaments, and the anthers are completely fused in a single head that is functionally a single anther,[citation 38] the "anteriferous column".[51] The number of stamens as in Cucurbita is 5, which here appear to be 3 (3 seem to be the filaments that form the foot, 3 seem to be the anthers, two dithecas and a monotheca[citation 38][citation 39]) due to a fusion process during development[citation 40], so that there are two pairs of fused filaments and one simple filament of the same size, and each of the 5 thecae belongs to an anther,[citation 40] in what Whitaker and Davis (1962[22]) called two "compound stamens" and one "simple stamen".[citation 40] When the floral opening (anthesis) occurs, the anthers are already open along their lines of dehiscence in order to expose the mature pollen,[51][63] of large size[citation 41] and sticky due to the presence of pollenkitt[51] with which it adheres to the body of the insects that visit the flower in search of nectar rewards.[51] The filaments of the stamens occupy the entire the whorl rising like a cylinder except for 3 pores between the 3 'filaments', which when fused apically enclose the sector of the flower inside them in a chamber, the nectariferous chamber,[63] inside it, at its base, a nectar-secreting overgrowth "Nectar (botany)"), the nectary[63] or nectariferous disk, of origin receptacular[51][63] ends in a raised margin in the shape of a necklace ([66]:261). The 3 'filaments' left the pores at their base necessary to access the nectar (nectary pores[51]). The night before flower anthesis, anther anthesis occurs.[67].

Cucurbita flowers present many abnormalities or exceptions ([68]:77).

Female flower. It is defined as in Cucurbitaceae.

• - Female flower.

The pedicel or floral peduncle opens into the receptacle that surrounds the lower ovary (the future fruit), after which a cup (hypanthum) originates similar to that of the male flower, formed by the receptacle at the base and sepals and petals and staminodes (appendages originating in the whorl of stamens, not functional as such) and inside them, at the base of the cup, a nectariferous disc in ring-shaped[63] (annulus[51]) of a receptacular nature, ending in a necklace[66] as in the male flower. In the middle of the nectariferous ring rises the upper sector of the gynoecium with the inferior ovary, in the form of a white stipe, the style, which is divided into 3 branches or as many as correspond to the carpels of which the gynoecium is composed (each branch would be the upper sector of a carpel), each ending in a yellow, bilobed stigma. The stigmas are the structures prepared to receive the pollen and make it germinate, in this case they are dry and papillose.[66].

Pollination. The flowers open with a lag of about 30 minutes (the male ones open earlier) which facilitates cross-pollination.[51] Both sexes produce a profuse[7] amount of nectar in their nectar discs as a reward for pollination, which is carried out by both generalist and specialist insects[quote 42]. The amount of nectar is fixed and depends on the starch reserves accumulated in the nectary during the presecretory phase; its removal by floral visitors has no effect on the total nectar produced.[citation 43].

The route of nectar-collecting bees during pollination was documented by Nepi and Pacini (1993[citation 44]):.

90%[citation 14] of female flowers are fertilized if they are pollinated at dawn, when they have just opened, this is the time when the specialized native bees Peponapis") and Xenoglossa") perform pollination, which work when the other bees are hardly awake (Hurd and Linsley 1967,[75] Hurd et al. 1971,[76] Free 1970:[77] 297-301 cited in Teppner 2000[67]).

The stigmas are "receptive", with the ability to germinate pollen, from the day before anthesis until two days after anthesis, but will only form fruit if they are pollinated on the day of anthesis or the day before it.[51] The pollen has a viability of more than 90% at the time of floral opening, after which it loses viability until the next day only about 10% of the pollen is viable;[51] it is likely These times depend on environmental factors such as temperature and humidity,[51] and the cultivar. Germination in the stigma is rapid, it occurs between 3 and 5 minutes after reception, if after this time the grains have not germinated, their gametophyte is dead or unviable.[51].

Ovary and fruit

The ovary is 3-carpelar, corresponding to the 3 stylar branches and the 3 stigmas.[68] The internal structure of the ovary is similar to that observed when the fruit is harvested to consume immature and ripe, although when it matures it is more difficult to observe because the central tissues degenerate, forming a cavity covered with fibers in which in some varieties the seeds are still inserted.[68] The placentation is that of the peponids, characteristic of the cucurbits. According to authors such as Simpson (2005[78]), the peponid is defined by its inferior ovary - so the wall of the fruit, the pericarp, is made up of tissue from the ovary and the receptacle, and the perianth scar and the androecium in the distal part of the fruit should be seen; unilocular, and parietal placentation - without septa, with the placentas on the margins of each carpel -, with the placentas intruding deeply into it, forming false septa, making it appear trilocular.[66][78] The placentas then have the appearance of arrows in the cross section directed towards the center and with their sides rolled towards themselves at the end of which the ovules are found;[66] two rows of eggs on each side of the placenta. . There is usually controversy about whether the placentas in Cucurbita and the other cucurbits originate in the periphery[66][78] or if the septa are the folded walls of the carpels and the placentas originate closer to the seeds,[22] near the center of the ovary[22] or perhaps they would only be represented by the sector closest to the seeds (placentation involute?[79]); Many authors ([79],[66]:261,[80]) cite for the second interpretation the works of Leins and Galle (1971[53]) and ([66]:261) Leins (2000[81]:110-112), the first also cited in APWeb[80] along with Leins and Erbar (2010[82]).

• - Ovary and fruit, placentation.

• - Ovary.

• - Immature harvested fruit.

• - Fruit harvested very early ripe.

The pericarp was reviewed by Barber (1909[64]) cited by Whitaker and Davis (1962[22]), and is divided into six distinctive tissues whose description is generalized in all cucurbits:

Epicarpius. The cells are mostly polygonal, forming a palisade layer, around the stomata and are frequently elongated. The cells are cuticularized and somewhat colored in their outer wall and in their radial walls.

Hypodermis. Few or many layers of isodiametric cells that form the tissue beneath the epicarp. The cells are somewhat thickened and occasionally pitted.

External mesocarp. Isodiametric cells with cellulose or with sclerenchymatized and pitted walls ("stone cells", etc.) that form a clearly defined zone that varies from a few to many cells in thickness.

Middle mesocarp. Large and usually isodiametric cells, thin-walled, often turgid with a watery vacuole (watery cell sap) and contain a small amount of starch. It would be the soft part of the "peel" of the watermelon.

Internal mesocarp. Many layers of thin-walled cells that closely resemble the middle mesocarp. For example, it is the layer that forms the central mass of pink, white or yellowish tissue in Citrullus (watermelon) ([64]:294), in Cucurbita the cells are large ([64]:275) and this layer also occupies the center of the fruit, where there is a mass of resistant fibers surrounded by the remains of the disintegrated parenchyma that has formed a cavity.

Endocarp. Very small cells with thin walls and tangentially elongated, arranged side by side in different groups, which form a thin and transparent tissue. Except in Cucurbita maxima,[66] this layer remains so firmly adhered to the dry seed that some authors describe it as the outermost layer of the seed integuments; Teppner (2000,[67] 2004[66]) actually calls it "placenta-epidermis". "It can never be such an integral part of the testa that it is more or less mechanically removable" ([66]:285-286).

Fruit and seed development

If a week[quote 45] after anthesis the fruit has not aborted, it is considered set (fruit set[7][25]), it is already considered probable that it will develop into a mature fruit.[quote 45] There are several reasons why the fruit may not set. The fruit stage begins with the reception of pollen by the stigmas, which induces the emission of the pollen tube, which is the male gametophyte that develops until it emerges from the pollen grain and enters haustorially, feeding on them as it advances, through the tissues of the style and ovary until it reaches the ovule where the female gametophyte is. If the flower is not pollinated, or if its stigmas do not receive pollen extract from the same species[quote 46] or some growth regulator that induces fruiting,[quote 46] the fruit will not set, after two or three days it will be noticed that it does not develop further, it turns yellow and falls off the plant. In many regions there are not enough pollinating insects and to prevent pollination from being a limitation, hives are brought[7][25][84] or it can be helped manually.[citation 47] If the pollen is viable, it emits a pollen tube that runs through the style to the ovules, fertilizing each grain of pollen an ovule, the fertilization stage occurs within 24 hours[7] depending on the variety.[85] Fertilization of the ovule is not necessary for fruiting,[citation 46] although it is necessary for the fruit to develop with the shape and size of the market type. In fact, the number of fertilized ovules influences the size of the fruit.[quote 33] Another reason why fruit set may fail is that the perianth of the female flower has been broken during pollination;[quote 48] it has not been found that the mechanisms have been studied. Another is excessively high temperatures on the day of anthesis, which can cause abortion of the flower by plasmolization of its tissues and the impossibility of successful pollination.[quote 48] A final reason why fruit set may fail may be "self-pruning" of the plant in response to excessive nutritional requirements, this normally occurs within a week after anthesis.[quote 45] It is the reason for sunny weather and irrigation. abundant[citation 49] after anthesis the probabilities of fruit set improve. It is also the reason why harvesting immature fruits increases the chances of fruit setting for the following fruits.[quote 50].

The "fruit filling" stage (fruit expansion[25]) is the stage of its increase in size from the day of anthesis to its final size, which can be about 15 or 25 days.[25] At the end of the filling, the peel matures (it becomes lignified, it hardens), it takes very few days to reach commercial hardness (storage hardness, which does not get hurt when digging in with the nail), when the peel matures, the size of the fruit can no longer be modified. The solids content increases between approximately day 10 and 40 depending on the variety, and after that the quality continues to increase (that is, the starch content decreases in exchange for other more elaborate compounds such as carotenes, etc.) It has been reported that depending on the cultivar, the fruit can already be fully ripe at 40 or 50 days after anthesis,[quote 51] or that the fruits obtained from the first flowers and allowed to ripen until the plant dries are the tastier.[quote 52].

The peduncle matures about 40 days after anthesis,[citation 53] This maturation can be visible externally ("it dries up" in C. pepo subsp. pepo, it becomes corky with a few green veins in C. maxima subsp. maxima and in C. argyrosperma) but inside it remains green until the death of the plant.

These times vary greatly depending on the variety.

• - Filling of the fruit and ripening of the shell.

• - Fruit, about 3 days after anthesis.

• - Day 10.

• - Day 17.

• - Day 24.

• - Day 31. In relation to the previous photo the peduncle is more mature, in this subspecies more "corky". The composition of the pulp, the filling of the seeds, and the peduncle continue to mature, and in some varieties the shell continues to harden.

The development of the seeds is called "seed fill" (seed fill[25]) and lasts about 55 days from floral opening in temperate climates[citation 54]. The maturation is not even, when the shell matures many seeds will already be ripe, others will finish maturing a few weeks later. Seed development times also vary greatly depending on the variety.

• - Formation of the integument and filling of the seeds.

• - Fruit harvested and opened a few days after the maturity of the shell, the seed integuments are observed in different stages of development and the embryo inside for transparency during the formation of the integuments.

• - The integuments of some seeds were already mature and without pressing them it was not possible to distinguish a "full" seed from an "empty" one or rather without an apparent embryo.

• - Seeds that appear "empty" when pressed may have a thin embryo (left) or not have one (the two on the right).

Relationship with wild varieties and distribution

The regions of domestication of each species coincide with regions where they are highly cultivated and highly diversified, located between the temperate zones of the United States and the temperate zones of Argentina and Uruguay, with the 4 species having secondary centers of diversification in temperate to tropical zones of the rest of the world where they were taken.[citation 55] In C. moschata ancestors seem extinct, the other species have wild varieties (map). Wild forms can pollinate cultivated ones of their own biological species" from several kilometers away, so in the regions of origin, where they coexist, pollination to reserve seeds for the following year must be controlled[citation 47] (that is, the flower must be closed before and after manual pollination to avoid contamination with foreign pollen). Wild forms generally differ from cultivated ones in that they have more and smaller seeds, smaller fruits, bitter and more fibrous pulp, all parts of the plant smaller, more lateral guides (runners), and more durable shells with less varied colors (Whitaker and Bemis 1964,[88] cited in Paris 1989[89]). (1914[91] cited in Millán 1945[92]) said that "the bitterness of a bitter-tasting zucchini is so great, "that a small slice was enough to spoil a large pot of food and place it so that not even the dogs could touch it." [quote 56] A bitter-tasting zucchini, even if it is hybridized and similar to the cultivated one, presents a clinical picture of poisoning that "is characterized by colic epigastric, explosive diarrhea with multiple daily bowel movements that can lead to dehydration, with an incubation time between 30 and 60 minutes and self-limiting in 24 hours."[quote 57] The ANMAT in Argentina (National Administration of Medicines, Foods and Medical Technology), an organization that received numerous complaints of poisoning with bitter-tasting zucchini, recommends discarding bitter-tasting zucchini without trying detoxify them.[94].

The wild varieties of squash can only be broken by megamammals and gnawed by rodents. It is believed that the megamammals that dispersed the genus in America became extinct after the Great American Interchange or at least 10,000 years ago in the last ice age,[quote 58] but the wild varieties continue to be dispersed by human agricultural activity, by water currents and by rodents that carry the zucchini to their burrows and gnaw the shell to consume its seeds, the embryo of which is not bitter, in a form of secondary dispersal whose efficiency has not yet been studied.[citation 58] No living animal can consume the pulp of bitter zucchini in America, not even cattle or horses that cannot digest its cucurbitacin content. The pulp, perhaps once juicy, is now dry when it matures and allows the seeds to be preserved inside the fruit without rotting for several years, another difference they have with the cultivated varieties.

More domestication notes in Cucurbita and the respective species.

Cucurbita moschata was one of the first cultivated plants to be known by Columbus, but due to climatic requirements, Cucurbita pepo was more successful in establishing itself in Europe and was followed by Cucurbita maxima. Cucurbita moschata is the most important species today in tropical areas of low latitudes. On the other hand, Cucurbita ficifolia dispersed to tropical regions of high altitudes with a cool climate. Cucurbita argyrosperma has a more restricted distribution than the other species, although its domestication process has been more studied at the genetic level than in the other species.[99][100][101].

Species

If the fruit is not recognized, to determine which species a crop belongs to, surely, in addition to fruit and seeds, at least leaves and flowers are needed.[quote 59][quote 3][quote 60].

There are 5 cultivated species of the genus Cucurbita of which 4 were treated here (Cucurbita pepo, C. maxima, C. moschata, C. argyrosperma), the fifth, Cucurbita ficifolia, can be confused externally with a pumpkin plant and is added here in the table for comparison and determination. For each character, a set must be observed and not a single sample, since for example, Cucurbita pepo can have an intermediate leaf with or equal to a typical one of Cucurbita moschata, they are differentiated in the set of leaves and in turn analyzed together with the rest of the sets of characters, since the set of leaves can resemble that of another species or be intermediate between two of them in a particular group of seeds or plant.[quote 60] The examples will be shown. the "typical" characters of each species, ignoring the real variability in them, variability that means that they are not enough on their own for a reliable determination.

Peduncle. It is the most distinctive character between species and subspecies,[quote 61][quote 62] and the first one used for determination:[quote 53][quote 62].

• - Cucurbita maxima subsp. maxima.

• - C. maxima subsp. maxima immature: Peduncle with circular section.[quote 63][quote 62].

• - C. maxima subsp. maxima mature: Large peduncle with circular section (without ribs)[citation 63][citation 62] and corky surface.[citation 63][citation 61] (Millán (1945[92]) describes the wild subspecies C. maxima subsp. andreana and the peduncle is non-corky, more or less herbaceous or fibrous, and deciduous.).

• - Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo.

• - C. pepo subsp. pepo immature. Peduncle thick and of very variable length, with ribs at well-marked angles with deep grooves (deeply furrowed[citation 61]), 5 primaries and some of the 5 secondaries can be observed more easily than in C. moschata (typically 5 to 8 seen).[quote 63][quote 62].

• - C. pepo subsp. pepo maturing (left) and almost completely mature (right): Like the immature one. The ribs extend short but abruptly against the fruit. The peduncle is the same size in both photos, the dry parts and the green parts are the same color in both photos, in the first there is more green "marbling" than in the second. The peduncle is hard but it could be cut and the inside remained green at the time of harvest.

• - C. pepo subsp. pepo.

• - Cucurbita moschata.

• - C. immature moschata (left) and mature peduncle (right). At least in this variety the peduncle remained greenish-light and with its trichomes when maturing. At the time of harvest, very hardened, it could not be cut transversely with a kitchen knife. 5 primary ribs at gentle angles[quote 62][quote 63] (some of the 5 secondary ones can be observed), often widely spread (flared) against the fruit when reaching it,[quote 62][quote 63] and very hardened.[quote 63][quote 61].

• - C. moschata.

• - Cucurbita argyrosperma.

• - C. argyrosperma: Immature peduncle (left) and maturing (right), thick and covered by rough corks.[quote 61] "Basically 5-angled, rounded, but not elongated against the fruit when it reaches it or if it does, only slightly."[quote 62].

• - C. argyrosperma.

Trichomes or hairs.[citation 64] Cucurbita maxima: Many[citation 61] trichomes that are soft to the touch on leaves and stem.[4][citation 64] Cucurbita moschata: Soft to the touch,[4] it is the one that has the most hairy appearance[108] due to its soft and long hairs (Loy 2011[citation 64]). Cucurbita argyrosperma is similar to C. moschata but with more widely spaced hairs.[quote 61] Cucurbita pepo: Thorny trichomes and a rough appearance on the leaves and stem[4][quote 64][quote 61] which in some crops can be very irritating.[quote 64].

The trichomes are a more variable character than the peduncle, some varieties can be glabrous and others very hairy, the peduncles with long hairs are C. moschata, the spiny trichomes are from C. pepo.

• - Trichomes.

• - Cucurbita maxima: Many short trichomes, they can be soft or more setaceous.

• - Cucurbita moschata: Many trichomes that are soft to the touch and long.

• - Cucurbita pepo: Very characteristically few, prickly trichomes.

Leaves. Pentapalmate, the 5 primary veins may end in rounded or acute lobes, or not.[citation 65].

Cucurbita maxima: orbicular, reniform or trilobed ([110] cited in[111]). Usually not lobed,[4] more or less rounded,[4][citation 61] not indented.[citation 61].

• - Sheet of C. maxima.

• - Cucurbita maxima: Reniform leaf.

• - Cucurbita maxima: Orbicular leaf.

• - Cucurbita maxima: Trilobed leaf.

• - Cucurbita maxima: Leaf.

Cucurbita moschata: Leaves more or less rounded to moderately lobed (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997[4]), leaves sharply pentagonal (HS Paris and DN Maynard 2008[citation 61]). Cucurbita argyrosperma: Moderately lobed (Robinson and Decker-Walters 1997[4]), similar to C. moschata in that they are also acutely pentagonal.[quote 61].

• - Sheet of C. moschata and C. argyrosperma.

• - Cucurbita moschata: Leaves.

• - Cucurbita moschata: Leaf.

• - Cucurbita argyrosperma: Leaves of young plant.

Cucurbita pepo: Palmately lobed,[4] forming a figure of sharp lines (not rounded),[quote 61] often with deeply marked lobes,[4] that is, moderately to deeply indented.[quote 61].

• - Sheet of C. pepo.

• - Deeply dissected leaf, only in C. pepo.

• - Cucurbita pepo.

• - Cucurbita pepo, young plant leaf.

The table to recognize the species is from Robinson and Decker-Walters (1997[4]), table 4.1 p. 75, except specified in quotes from JB Loy (2011[24]) and HS Paris and DN Maynard (2008[citation 61]):.

Below is a more in-depth description of morphology for determination or description of cultures:

10 main beams. The peduncle may have ribs (5 or 10) that in the cross section can be seen to coincide with vascular bundles that can be followed until they are found as the central vein of the sepals (which are 5), or that are also continuous with the central vein of the petals (another 5), so they coincide morphologically with their respective lobes ([66]:261). The "ribs" can be continued with the same appearance in the fruit, as in some crops of Cucurbita pepo.

• - Ribs on peduncle and fruit.

• - Cucurbita pepo, flower. Cross section of the peduncle. There are 5 primary ribs and 5 secondary ribs.

• - Cucurbita pepo "Angolan squash", flower. The 5 primary ribs of the flower peduncle can be traced through their vascular bundles to the lobes of the sepals. In this flower they are also found as ribs in the ovary.

• - The ribs (ribs) in a ribbed fruit (ribbed), which in this case coincide with the 10 "main" vascular bundles. Scheme according to Paris et al. (2007[112]).

• - Ribs in an unripe fruit of Cucurbita pepo 'Striato d'Italia'.

• - Cucurbita pepo "Pumpkin" ribbed type.

In the fruit, the ribs (ribs) that carry the bundles of the sepals are the 5 primary ribs ([66]:261), those that carry the bundles of the petals are the 5 secondary ribs ([66]:261), together they are the 10 main ribs and may not differ in size ([66]:261). Among them there may be more ribs called interstitial ribs, often double, and these can also occur in the absence of the main ribs ([66]:261).

The vascular bundles of sepals and petals can also coincide with furrows, which are therefore the continuations in the fruit of the ribs of the peduncle ([66]:261), the furrows can delimit lobes or lobed crests.

• - Grooves and lobes in the fruit.

• - Cucurbita maxima "lead squash", flower. In this case the peduncle is circular and the vascular bundles that can be followed from the sepals (photo) and petals towards the fruit coincide with the grooves, between the grooves the segments or lobes.

• - Cucurbita maxima "lead squash", ripe, lobed fruit.

• - Lobes (Lobes or scallops) between the grooves that coincide with the 10 main vascular bundles. According to Paris et al. (2007[112]).

• - Lobes or "schnitzels" in the pattypan or Cucurbita pepo Scallop group.

Other topographies of the fruit.

• - Fruits with angular grooves and ridges, grooved fruits.

• - Angular grooves (angular ridges), which form ridges (furrows). According to Paris et al. (2007[112]).

• - Angular ridges and furrows in Cucurbita pepo Acorn.

• - Grooved surface, with grooves. According to Paris et al. (2007[112]).

• - Grooved fruit in Cucurbita pepo 'Connecticut Field'.

In the topography of the fruit you can specify if it has a crown (crown[27][113]), as it is called in Cucurbita maxima var. zapallito,[27] Cucurbita maxima 'Buttercup'[113] where it can also be called button (English), or if the fruit is "turban-shaped" (as it is called in fruits of Cucurbita maxima which are called Turban type). The scar that delimits it, where petals, sepals and staminodes (the hypanthium) were located, is the "ring", and comes from a semi-inferior ovary. The ring and crown only occur in Cucurbita maxima, the other species heal differently. The same plant can produce fruits with larger and smaller rings, whose crown can protrude to a greater or lesser extent, and which may or may not have commercial value, depending on the "market type" (market type[citation 68]) sought. The informal horticultural group "Turbante" is generalized by some authors to add all those that have a crown, such as 'Buttercup' (e.g.[113]).

• - Hypanthian scars (ring, crown).

• - Cucurbita maxima "lead squash" with a ring and a small crown that does not protrude.

• - Cucurbita maxima "lead squash" with a turban-shaped, turban-like shape.

• - The same, immature.

• - Cucurbita maxima Turban squash, used for decoration.

• - Cucurbita maxima 'Buttercup' type, with crown (crown[113] or button).

• - Cucurbita maxima var. zucchini with and without crown. In this variety it is negatively selected because it has no commercial value.

• - Compare with the hypanthian scar in Cucurbita argyrosperma.

• - ...in Cucurbita moschata.

• - ...in Cucurbita pepo.

It can also have a warted surface (warted, some cultivars may call it warty) or with warts (warts), perhaps the same as the curly texture. It can be wrinkled or wrinkled (wrinkled), different from warty.[citation 69] Warts differ in size and density between cultivars,[109] they have been found in cultivars of Cucurbita pepo,[citation 70] of Cucurbita maxima, and in Cucurbita moschata.[115][citation 71], in the same way wrinkles have been found in Cucurbita pepo,[citation 70] in Cucurbita maxima, and in Cucurbita moschata.[115] "Rough" appears to have been used for grooved surfaces, for surfaces with warts, and for surfaces with wrinkles.

• - Other roughness.

• - Wrinkled surface? (wrinkled).[117].

• - Curly surface, warty or with warts, a lot (heavily warted[113]).

• - Warty or warty surface (warted), moderate amount.

• - Surface with thick warts (heavy warts, some websites may show it as heavily warted which in reality would be "very warty"), small amount.

It may contain corksities ("corky-woody striae"?[108]), cultivars may call it a "written" or "embroidered" surface, corky scars may be thicker or finer. In English netted rind.[quote 69].

• - Corky-woody striae.

• - Corksities in Cucurbita maxima.

• - Cucurbita moschata?

• - Cucurbita pepo? (C. pepo 'Winter Luxury'?).

When the fruit does not contain any accidents (ridges, grooves, gutters, etc.) or texture, it is a fruit with smooth topography, e.g. in Paris et al. (2012[109]) for Cucurbita pepo. This means that a lobed fruit, for example, is not "smooth in topography", although its texture may be, it may not have roughness. The topography can also be found subdivided into topologies (each fruit will have only one, with or without crown) and textures (which can overlap: with or without wrinkles, with or without warts, with or without corks), as in table 10 of Paris et al. (2012[109]) that separates "topography of the fruit on the primary vascular bundles" from "warts".

Layer of waxes. Another contribution to the texture is the layer of waxes covering the bark in a similar way to that of the "white pumpkin" or "Chinese pumpkin" Benincasa hispida, present in some cultigens of C. moschata.[quote 72].

Fruit shape. In pumpkins it is very variable even in the same plant, to market the "market types" (market type[quote 68]) are selected, which makes them appear more uniform. Depending on the cultivar, at the time of flower opening, about 3 to 8 days after flower opening, it is possible to calculate what the shape of the fruit will be when it matures. The shape can be rounded, ovoid, pear-shaped, flattened, elongated, tapering, club-shaped, turbinate (top-shaped), turban (as in those with the more prominent crown of Cucurbita maxima 'Turk's Turban'), etc.

Below is the terminology of the market types for the fruits of Cucurbita pepo as in the Paris classification (1986,[116] Paris 2001[118]) which involves the shape of the fruit in which some accident associated with the topology may be included:[116].

• - Market types in Paris (1986) for Cucurbita pepo.

The fruit shapes of Cucurbita pepo that are identified with market types have been used as a character in a classification of cultivars into cultivar groups by Paris himself (1986[116]) that has since gained acceptance.

Color bands. Longitudinal color bands ("stripes"), which match? the position of the crests. "Interestingly, in fruits with longitudinal bands, the inheritance of the color of the band is independent of the characters of the main zone (longitudinal) and the interstitial zone (Paris 2002[119])" ([66]:261).

(types of bands gallery).

"Marbled" leaves[27] or "spotted"[108][120] (mottled leaves). The spots are located in the bufurcations of the veins on the adaxial surface of the leaf,[108] the color (white or silver)[108] and the shape of the spot vary depending on the species.

• - Marbled or spotted leaves.

• - Cucurbita pepo.

• - Cucurbita moschata.

• - Cucurbita argyrosperma.

• - Cucurbita argyrosperma with marbled leaves, young leaves still without spots.

Other variable characters.

• - Others.

• - Dark spot on the stem from the axil at the node.

• - Sepals with filiform lobes.

• - Sepals with subulate lobes.

• - Tendril with longitudinal bands.

• - Seeds with "the center with small scars or scarifications"?[108].

• - Seeds with? the edge of the open margin?

Agroecology

The effect of environmental factors on development. The number of female flowers increases if the guides are exposed in a sunny (with a high incidence of sunlight) and dry place, away from soil moisture.[citation 14] Below 10 °C there is practically no growth activity ([121]:68) and they can suffer cold damage (yellowing foliage),[citation 73] while warm temperatures, of 25-30 °C, promote vegetative growth and germination,[citation 11] but the fertility of female flowers in anthesis can be affected by heat peaks, a threshold that varies greatly between cultivars.[citation 14][citation 48] The daily thermal amplitude also plays a role in the number of female flowers,[25] on the hottest days of summer these may not appear if the guides sit on roofs made of some material that moderates the coolness of the night; The tin roof does not modify its appearance. They are widely tolerant to differences in soil acidity and salinity, they develop best in loose, sandy soil. Due to the high nutritional requirements of its fruits, they respond very well to well-fertilized soil. One of the greatest limitations to its growth is water, even in regions where water requirements are satisfied such as the Argentine Pampas plain, abundant complementary irrigation improves the number of fruit sets.[quote 49][quote 74] The low turgor of the leaves in the midday and afternoon hours indicate a low efficiency of water use, which can be improved by spotting the soil more deeply before sowing to help the expansion of the roots, watering daily. (alternating the watered furrows every day, to avoid the proliferation of microbes from stagnant water), or selecting a cultivar with leaves with an abundant amount of trichomes. The presence of numerous trichomes, which give the leaf a hairy appearance, reduces water loss through transpiration, the more accelerated growth of plants and fruits on cloudy days than on sunny days can be an indicator of lack of trichomes. Water loss through transpiration is also reduced by pruning leaves that have been left in the shade, which also increases the efficiency of photosynthesis, by not diverting photosynthates to the maintenance of non-self-sufficient leaves. The thick leaf blade also increases the efficiency of photosynthesis per soil area covered, which decreases the size of the plant per kilo of pumpkin harvested. They are not resistant to flooding, the stems should be kept on mounds above the water level to avoid rotting.

Crop

Una guía detallada de cultivo para cada región de la Argentina se encuentra en Della Gaspera (editor) 2013, Manual de cultivo de zapallo anquito, INTA.[121].

En la elección del cultivar hay que tener en cuenta:.

• - Los hay "de día corto" y "de día largo" (o insensibles a la duración del día), es decir que los que pertenecen al primer grupo fallarán en florecer al norte o al sur de la zona intertropical.[cita 75].

• - Cada cultivar tiene diferente límite de temperatura para la producción de flores femeninas, los días demasiado calurosos serán abortivos para las flores.[cita 76][cita 14].

• - Los hay "de estación corta" y "de estación larga",[cita 77] con diferentes tiempos en el largo del ciclo y el momento de aparición de las primeras flores y frutos. Los cultígenos "de estación corta" son los que se informan como con un largo de ciclo de 3-4 meses y los de "estación larga" los de un largo de ciclo de 6-7 meses.[cita 77] Estos tiempos dependen de la temperatura (de los grados-días por encima de la temperatura base de crecimiento, que es de 10 °C), por lo que el largo del ciclo que se informa para un cultivo es relativo, en zonas de producción más cálidas los ciclos serán más cortos ([121]:68). Una floración y fructificación tempranas pueden ser deseables en los cultivos para cosecha del fruto inmaduro, y en zonas de veranos muy cortos o donde se desee que el ciclo sea corto, pero retrasan el crecimiento vegetativo lo que puede disminuir la producción por planta.[cita 33] Si el verano es más corto que lo necesario se recomienda sembrar bajo cubierta 1 mes antes de la última helada.[cita 78].

• - Algunas semillas son de cultivares híbridos F, es decir son la primera generación (F) proveniente de una cruza de dos líneas puras (que en esta terminología no necesariamente provienen de especies diferentes).[cita 79] Esto quiere decir que la siembra de las semillas obtenidas de un fruto híbrido no obtendrá un fruto similar más que por casualidad.

• - Hay un componente genético en el número y tamaño de frutos, y en la calidad de su pulpa, aunque pueden ser controlados en cierto grado. El máximo de cosecha en peso fresco y la calidad máxima del fruto varían entre cultivares, siendo uno inversamente dependiente del otro. Para la misma capacidad nutricional, los cultivares de mayor cosecha tendrán frutos de pulpa menos sabrosa, y viceversa.[cita 80] De la misma manera los cultivares que dan frutos más grandes dan menos cantidad, y viceversa.[cita 80].

• - Algunos cultivares para fruto maduro, no todos, también son sabrosos si se cosechan inmaduros para consumir como verdura de estación.

Algunos de los cultivares más comunes están descriptos en Calabazas, calabacines, zapallos, zapallitos y nombres afines, para Argentina ver Variedades de calabazas y zapallos en Argentina.

Se siembran en primavera cuando ya no hay riesgo de heladas, se deben cosechar los frutos maduros antes de la primera helada. En regiones donde el clima lo permite, se siembran todo el año, de forma escalonada o en dos temporadas de 6 meses cada una. El cultivo de maíz deja buena parte del suelo desnudo lo cual promueve la aparición de malezas, en las "milpas" de México el zapallo se interplanta con maíz y poroto, teniendo el zapallo el papel de cobertor del suelo. En Argentina se combina con los gallineros (las parcelas donde habitan las gallinas). Bajo invernadero, donde disminuye la incidencia de luz solar, puede fallar la producción de flores femeninas.[cita 14] Se recomienda rotar al menos cada 3 años como prevención de enfermedades.[121].

Aunque se vaya a trepar la guía se debe escoger un lugar de germinación en el que incidan varias horas de sol por día, si esto no ocurre la planta no pasará de plantín. Se siembran sobre camas de siembra o montículos para evitar la pudrición de las guías, si suelen desmoronarse, pueden fijarse rodeándolos de ladrillos. Las semillas se siembran a unos dos centímetros de la superficie. La tierra justo debajo de ellas debería estar bien suelta y abonada para que el crecimiento vegetativo de la primera etapa no ocurra demasiado lentamente, por lo que se recomienda hacer un pozo de al menos 30 centímetros y rellenarlo con abono para la siembra. Para asegurarse el tipo de fruto cosechado se siembran varias semillas por hoyo, y cuando hay plantines se ralea hasta dejar solo una o dos plantas, las más vigorosas y similares al cultivar, en cada hoyo. Puede considerarse sembrar bajo abrigo en localidades de clima más fresco[cita 81], haciendo uso de carpitas o mini-túneles invernaderos, y el riego con agua algo tibia en las noches más frías, el riego con agua líquida en las noches de heladas.

Si se realiza el riego diariamente, la recomendación es alternar las canaletas regadas, llenando cada una de ellas solo día por medio, de esta forma se asegura que no proliferen los microbios en el agua estancada.

Si no se llega al máximo de cosecha en peso fresco, esperablemente los frutos serán más sabrosos.[cita 80].

No todas las regiones poseen insectos polinizadores suficientes. Se puede inducir el cuajado de los frutos por partenocarpia (el desarrollo del fruto sin fertilización), a través de reguladores del crecimiento o de extractos de polen, pero no es una práctica comercial al menos en Estados Unidos.[cita 46] La partenocarpia espontánea fue observada sin que llegara tampoco a ser un carácter de importancia comercial.[cita 82][cita 83] La recomendación es traer colmenas que realicen la polinización,[84] o puede ayudársela manualmente. La polinización manual es aconsejable cuando se desea reservar las semillas para el año siguiente porque asegura el parental masculino, sobre todo si el cultivo convive en la misma región con otro cultivo de la misma especie o con una forma silvestre, ya que se comprobó que las abejas pueden polinizar con un parental masculino de la misma especie que se encuentre a varios kilómetros de distancia[cita 9].[cita 10].

Manual pollination

90%[citation 14] of female flowers are fertilized if they are manually pollinated at dawn, when they have just opened, which emulates the work of specialized native bees (Hurd and Linsley 1967,[75] Hurd et al. 1971,[76] Free 1970:[77] 297-301 cited in Teppner 2000[67]) and it is when fertility is maximum and there is still pollen in the anthers. Pollination efficiency begins to decrease mid-morning depending on environmental conditions and the cultivar.[citation 47].

The male flower is cut, one or several are taken to the female flower and the stigmas are "brushed" with the male antheriferous column, taking care to leave the female corolla intact.[quote 48] If the female corolla is broken, the fruit will not set. If pollination was not successful, or if the plant "self-prunes" due to lack of nutritional conditions, the ovary turns yellow a few days later and finally detaches from the plant.

• - Floral opening and manual pollination.

• - Female bud 2 days before anthesis.

• - Female bud 1 day before anthesis.

• - Male bud two (right) and one (left) day before anthesis.

• - Alba, petal lobes separating.

• - 20 minutes later.

• - 60 minutes later. Fully open flower.

• - Stamens united, pollen in the anthers.

• - Male flower, petals removed.

• - Female flower fully open, at the same time.

• - Transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigma.

• - Pollen on the stigma.

• - Around noon, petals closing.

• - 60 minutes later.

• - 140 minutes later, petals closed.

• - Day 5, fruit set.

• - Day 5, fruit without setting.

Controlled pollination consists of tying with twist-ems ties[144] or covering with a tulle bag[63] the night before the female and male flowers that will be used as parents, and after pollination the female flowers are closed again to ensure that no insects enter with pollen from another plant.[quote 84] You can detect which flower will open the next day by the color of the corolla that is placed yellowish[quote 84] (as seen on the poster), and in some cultivars because the petals separate somewhat at the tips. Agricultural implement stores sell twist-ems ties,[144] which are special wire strips for tying plant flowers, similar to the wire threads with which bread bags are closed but more flattened.

According to evidence from Nepi and Pacini (1993[51]), Teppner (2000[67] and Neumann 1952:[145] 540 cited in Teppner 2000[67]) female flowers can also be pollinated manually the day before floral opening.

In the same way, according to Robinson and Decker-Walters (1997[4]) cited by Ferriol and Picó (2008), pollen from male flowers in which flower anthesis has not yet occurred can be kept viable for pollination a few days later if it is preserved at low temperatures and high humidity[citation 85].

Harvest and storage

In addition to inspecting the state of the peduncle and the color of the shell, the nail is dug into the shell; if it is not injured, the pumpkin has already reached commercial maturity, that is, it can withstand storage. At least in some crops, the most nutritious and sweet pumpkins are those that remain on the plant as long as possible, which are those that form from the first flowers and remain on the plant until it dries. At the other extreme, the "scoop" squashes are harvested before they are fully ripe, when the shell is not yet well hardened, and they have little flavor.[quote 86].

Conservation conditions improve if it is harvested, preserving a sector of the peduncle, and allowed to dry in the sun for a few days after harvesting before storing it, since this practice of "curing" the peduncle reduces the possibility of attack by pathogens.

The ripe harvested fruit is preserved from 2 months to a year depending on the variety, as long as it does not present scars on its peel or is kept in conditions that are too humid that favor the development of pathogens. You can calculate how long it can be stored based on the hardness of the shell. Once storage begins, the squash loses moisture very slowly, which is evident in the seminal cavity partitions that are retracting. The technique of storing them covered with lime protects against pathogens but causes them to lose moisture very quickly. They can be stored on newspapers, which absorb moisture and the ink they are printed with is microbicidal.

The fruit that is harvested unripe and consumed cooked as a seasonal vegetable is stored for only a few days. The number of days after anthesis at which it is advisable to harvest it depends on the cultivar, the taste of the consumer, and the environmental conditions. On days of cloudy and cool weather the zucchini will develop more slowly.

Seed conservation

The seeds are extracted, washed and dried for a few days in the sun on newspaper, or in a dryer for 2 or 3 days until the humidity drops from 40-50% to 12% to preserve for the next sowing.[quote 87] In C. maxima the process is a little more laborious because the seed is often firmly attached to the placental tissue at the end of the thread.[quote 87] Finally, to separate them from the layer of endocarp attached to them, an air column separator can be used,[quote 87] or it can be done manually.

They are reserved for the next planting in wooden paper bags so that they stay dry.

The seeds lose viability over time, in the same package of seeds the percentage of seeds that will germinate decreases each year until the 5th year, none are viable for more than 5 years.

Diseases

A list of diseases and insects for Argentina, with photos, is found in Della Gaspera (ed.) 2013, Anquito squash cultivation manual from INTA.[121].

Several species of lepidoptera attack the fruits, especially in autumn; Among the most aggressive are Agrotis segetum") and Mamestra brassicae").

The main viruses transmitted by the Potyviridae aphid family are papaya ringspot virus (PRV), watermelon mosaic visus (WMV), and zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). One transmitted by a few different hosts is the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, Cucumoviridae). One of lesser importance is transmitted by beetles, the squash mosaic virus (squash mosaic virus, SqMV, Comoviridae).[citation 88].

Of the fungal diseases, the most common and devastating is powdery mildew (PM*). Two different fungi cause the disease, Podosphaera xanthii (formerly Sphaerotheca fuliginea) and Golovinomyces cucurbitacearum (formerly Erysiphe cichoracearum).[citation 89] The former is the most common reported worldwide, but in some temperate regions the latter is more common.[quote 89].

Another fungus that is a sporadic problem is Phytophthora capsici which causes crown, root and fruit rot, and drowning of seedlings.[citation 90].

Three additional pathogens severely stain the leaves and rot the fruits: the bacterial leaf spot rot (bacterial leaf spot rot, Xanthomonium campestris (Pammel) Dowson pv. cucurbitae (Bryan) Dye), like corky, roasted corn-colored (tan) necrotic spots surrounded by a yellow halo, which if they coalesce look like angular spots without being so, and are They expand into slightly sunken, toasted corn-colored spots surrounded by a dark ring. Some lesions can enter the pulp and seminal cavity, causing severe fruit rot[citation 91]. like the first but they cause less rotting of the fruits, and in favorable weather after the plague the plants resprout without signs of disease[citation 92], and the sticky stem blight (gummy stem blight, Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm), which has an anamorph, Phomo cucurbitacearum that produces dark pycnidia characteristic of black rot, and can overwinter in the remains of the harvest and can be transmitted through the seed.[quote 93].

Insect pests reported for North America are found in JB Loy (2011[citation 94]); for Argentina in Della Gaspera (ed. 2013[121]).

• - Anthracnose perhaps due to Glomerella lagenarium") (= Colletotrichum orbiculare).

• - Aphids.

• - Adults of the "greenhouse whitefly", Trialeurodes vaporariorum, on the underside of the leaves, fly as if jumping.

• - The same, pupae on the underside of the leaves.

• - Damage caused by the "melon cow", Epilachna paenulata.

• - Adult melon cow, Epilachna paenulata, feeding.

• - Adults of the same, dorsal view.

• - Larva of the same feeding.

• - The "San Antonio cow" Diabrotica speciosa.

• - Ventral side.

Uses

Los usos predominantes varían en cada país, en general predominan dos usos: fruto maduro para pulpa, o fruto inmaduro para verdura de estación, salvo en Estados Unidos donde predomina un tercer uso: el del fruto maduro para la industria del enlatado de pulpa.[104] Otros usos son: alimento de ganado, consumo de semillas, consumo del aceite de semillas, cultivo de variedades decorativas.

Los zapallitos se consumen enteros salvo el pedúnculo, y cocidos; de los zapallos en general se consume la pulpa cocida o las semillas tostadas o molidas en salsas.

Gastronomy

Since ancient times, in Mexico they have been traditionally prepared in stews with sweet chili peppers or other vegetables. Both its fruit and its flower are equally popular in the cuisine of Italy, the USA, Panama and Chile. Summer varieties, usually C. pepo, but also C. moschata, are harvested still immature, and consumed immediately. Known as tender zucchini (Mexico), zucchini (Spain), zucchine (Italy) or zucchini (Argentina and Uruguay), they are used in a wide variety of preparations; The fragility of their pulp means that they are cooked only briefly or used raw if they have been harvested at a very early date.

Other species, in particular C. maxima, are harvested ripe, towards the end of autumn or beginning of winter. The hard shell allows them to be preserved for several months when stored in a cool, dry place.

The fruits are very nutritious in both cases, containing significant doses of vitamin A, C, D, E, potassium and zinc. The seeds are also used to make oil, and in gastronomy, toasts and many salads.

For puree canning industry

It is industrialized as packaged pumpkin puree, for which C cultures are preferred. moschata or C. maxima, species with the best quality of ripe pulp,[quote 96] and orange peel,[quote 96] or yellow or light colors but not green,[quote 97] since if a piece of peel slips into the puree in this way it is less striking.[quote 96][quote 97] The flavor is not as important as the texture, since the habit of adding spices and other ingredients during the preparation of the cakes causes the flavor to original is undetectable[quote 97]. However, if pumpkin puree is packaged as baby food, it is selected with fine texture and flavor, orange in color and rich in carotenes.[quote 96].

In obtaining the puree for adults, the variety does not make as much difference as the fact that it has to be harvested almost immature or barely ripe and processed at the moment, since it is the time in which the most consistent puree is obtained, which is also the time in which the fruit has the greatest amount of starch and solids, especially soluble ones (Doty et al. 1935[151] cited in Whitaker and Bohn 1950[104]), since As it finishes maturing and in the first 3 months of storage, it loses consistency and gains sugar.

Seed consumption

In Mexico and Central America, although the pulp is consumed, the seeds are equally appreciated (especially Cucurbita moschata and Cucurbita argyrosperma), and in fact there are crops whose pulp content is negligible or of inadvisable consumption, which are only grown for their seeds. Hull-less seeds can also be selected for seed consumption.

The seeds are peeled, they can be consumed toasted and salted as sweets ("snacks", pepitas, pipas), or they can be ground to prepare different regional sauces (such as the sauces called pipián "Pipián (gastronomy)").

Seed oil consumption

In Central Europe, a group of pumpkins has been cultivated for a few decades whose sole purpose is to extract the oil from the seed, leaving the pulp for livestock feed, and in fact the seed oil of that pumpkin is a designation of origin, the "Styrian Pumpkin Seed Oil".

Varieties for Halloween

In the United States, in addition to the culinary uses of pumpkins and zucchini, the "Halloween-type" pumpkin has a primary ornamental use, it is used to make Halloween lamps or jack-o'-lanterns, for this they are cast and sculpted in the shape of grotesque faces that are illuminated with a candle from within, they are used for only one day, Halloween in the American fall.[quote 98].

Decorative uses of small varieties

Readings on decorative varieties are found in Bailey 1937,[152] Hutchins and Sando 1941[153] (cited in Whitaker and Bohn 1950[104]).

Pumpkins, zucchini, pumpkins, zucchini and related names.

References

[1] ↑ Nota sobre terminología. "Evolutivamente" (es decir en relación al número de cambios evolutivos o apomorfías), no es sinónimo de "cladísticamente" (es decir por el orden de ramificación de grupos hermanos), mientras que "filogenéticamente" según el autor puede referir preferentemente al primero o al segundo; esto quiere decir que aunque C. ficifolia estuviera anidada entre las otras 4 Cucurbita cultivadas, como parece ser una de las posibilidades en el trabajo de Gong et al. (2013[8]), posee apomorfías moleculares (Wilson et al. 1992,[9] Sanjur et al. 2002[10]) y morfológicas (Andres 1990[11]) lo suficientemente distintivas que la alejan evolutivamente de las otras 4, a lo que respecta a este artículo particularmente carece del "sabor a zapallo". Sanjur et al. (2002[10]) p. 535: "Previous molecular systematic work on the genus Cucurbita has been carried out by various investigators usign both nuclear and cytoplasmic markers. (...) Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché was placed (by Wilson et al. 1992[9]) as an outlier to other domesticated species of Cucurbita and was considered basal to the mesophytic species in the genus". p. 537: "In the tree based on chloroplast restriction fragment lenght polymorphism data (Wilson et al. 1992[9]), the xerophytic, perennial species of Cucurbita (C. digitata A. Gray, C. foetidissima, and C. pedatifolia L.H. Bailey) occupy basal positions in the genus, whereas C. ficifolia is basal to all other mesophytic taxa. More work is needed to decipher the relationship of of C. ficifolia to the xerophytic species in the genus, but here, as elsewhere (Wilson et al. 1992[9]) it has been shown to be an outlier and is probably basal to the other mesophytic Cucurbita.".
[2] ↑ a b c d Andres, T. C., Lebeda, A., & Paris, H. S. (2004). Diversity in tropical pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata): a review of infraspecific classifications. En Lebeda y Paris (eds). Progress in cucurbit genetics and breeding research. Proceedings of Cucurbitaceae 2004, the 8th EUCARPIA Meeting on Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding, Olomouc, Czech Republic, 12-17 July, 2004. (pp. 107-112). Palacký University in Olomouc. http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20043174269.html.: http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20043174269.html
[3] ↑ a b Paris HS. 2000a. First two publications by Duchesne of Cucurbita moschata (Cucurbitaceae). Taxon 49:305-319.
[4] ↑ a b Pangalo, KI. 1930. A new species of cultivated pumpkins. Bull. Appl. Bot. Genet. Plant Breed. 23:253-265.
[5] ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ Robinson, R. W., & Decker-Walters, D. S. (1997). Cucurbits. Cab international. http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19970300408.html;jsessionid=58661EEC5A2B58E459CE54337E2ACBC0 Archivado el 13 de septiembre de 2015 en Wayback Machine.: http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19970300408.html;jsessionid=58661EEC5A2B58E459CE54337E2ACBC0
[6] ↑ Whitaker, T.W., y Knight, R.J.Jr. 1980. Collecting cultivated and wild cucurbits in Mexico. Econ. Bot. 34:312-319. Como citado por Decker-Walters et al. 1990 Can. J. Bot. 68:782-789.
[7] ↑ a b c d e Nee M. 1990. The domestication of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae). Economic Botany 44(3 SUPPLEMENT):56-80. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02860475#page-1.: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02860475#page-1
[8] ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ o HS Paris y DN Maynard (2008) Cucurbita spp. Squash, pumpkin, gourds. En: J Janick y RE Paull (eds., 2008) The Encyclopedia of Fruits and Nuts https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC.: https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC
[9] ↑ Gong, L., Paris, H. S., Stift, G., Pachner, M., Vollmann, J., & Lelley, T. (2013). Genetic relationships and evolution in Cucurbita as viewed with simple sequence repeat polymorphisms: the centrality of C. okeechobeensis. Genetic resources and crop evolution, 60(4), 1531-1546.
[10] ↑ a b c d Willson H, Doebley J, Duvall M (1992) Chloroplast DNA diversity among wild and cultivated members of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae). Theor Appl Genet 84:859–865 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227397.: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227397
[11] ↑ a b Sanjur, O. I., Piperno, D. R., Andrés, T. C., y Wessel-Beaver, L. (2002). Phylogenetic relationships among domesticated and wild species of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) inferred from a mitochondrial gene: Implications for crop plant evolution and areas of origin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(1), 535-540. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC117595/ o en http://www.jstor.org/stable/3057572.: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC117595/
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[20] ↑ Sun, Honghe; Wu, Shan; Zhang, Guoyu; Jiao, Chen; Guo, Shaogui; Ren, Yi; Zhang, Jie; Zhang, Haiying; Gong, Guoyi; Jia, Zhangcai; Zhang, Fan; Tian, Jiaxing; Lucas, William J.; Doyle, Jeff J.; Li, Haizhen; Fei, Zhangjun; Xu, Yong (de octubre de 2017). «Karyotype Stability and Unbiased Fractionation in the Paleo-Allotetraploid Cucurbita Genomes». Molecular Plant 10 (10): 1293-1306. doi:10.1016/j.molp.2017.09.003.: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molp.2017.09.003
[21] ↑ Montero-Pau, Javier; Blanca, José; Bombarely, Aureliano; Ziarsolo, Peio; Esteras, Cristina; Martí-Gómez, Carlos; Ferriol, María; Gómez, Pedro; Jamilena, Manuel; Mueller, Lukas; Picó, Belén; Cañizares, Joaquín (de junio de 2018). «De novo assembly of the zucchini genome reveals a whole-genome duplication associated with the origin of the Cucurbita genus». Plant Biotechnology Journal 16 (6): 1161-1171. doi:10.1111/pbi.12860.: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fpbi.12860
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[26] ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Loy JB (2004) Morpho-physiological aspects of productivity and quality in squash and pumpkins (Cucurbita spp.). Crit. Rev. Plant. Sci. 23:337-363.
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[50] ↑ Scott GW (1933) Sex ratios and fruit production studies in bush pumpkins. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 30:520-525.
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[96] ↑ Parodi, LR. 1935. Relaciones de la agricultura prehispánica con la agricultura argentina actual. Observaciones generales sobre la domesticación de las plantas. Anales de la Academia Nacional de Agronomía y Veterinaria de Buenos Aires 1:115-167. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/27864/09-RELACIONES+DE+LA+AGRICULTURA+PREH1SPANICA.pdf Archivado el 4 de marzo de 2016 en Wayback Machine. (sobre una conferencia dada en 1933).: http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/27864/09-RELACIONES+DE+LA+AGRICULTURA+PREH1SPANICA.pdf
[97] ↑ Podetti, JR. 1925. De estirpe nativa. Biblioteca de San Luis. «Copia archivada». Archivado desde el original el 5 de marzo de 2016. Consultado el 25 de marzo de 2015.: https://web.archive.org/web/20160305173826/http://biblioteca.sanluis.gov.ar//publicaciones/de%20estirpe%20nativa.pdf
[98] ↑ Parodi, LR. 1926. Las malezas de los cultivos en el partido de Pergamino, con un estudio de los "cuerpos extraños" del lino y del trigo. Rev. Fac. Agr. y Vet. de Bs. As., pp. 75-171.
[99] ↑ Saubidet, T. 1943. Vocabulario y refranero criollo. 421 p. Buenos Aires. página 15: "paisano amargo como zapallo de vizcachera".
[100] ↑ Sánchez-de la Vega, Guillermo; Castellanos-Morales, Gabriela; Gámez, Niza; Hernández-Rosales, Helena S.; Vázquez-Lobo, Alejandra; Aguirre-Planter, Erika; Jaramillo-Correa, Juan P.; Montes-Hernández, Salvador; Lira-Saade, Rafael; Eguiarte, Luis E. (29 de marzo de 2018). «Genetic Resources in the “Calabaza Pipiana” Squash (Cucurbita argyrosperma) in Mexico: Genetic Diversity, Genetic Differentiation and Distribution Models». Frontiers in Plant Science 9: 400. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00400.: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2018.00400
[101] ↑ Barrera-Redondo, Josué; Sánchez-de la Vega, Guillermo; Aguirre-Liguori, Jonás A.; Castellanos-Morales, Gabriela; Gutiérrez-Guerrero, Yocelyn T.; Aguirre-Dugua, Xitlali; Aguirre-Planter, Erika; Tenaillon, Maud I.; Lira-Saade, Rafael; Eguiarte, Luis E. (de diciembre de 2021). «The domestication of Cucurbita argyrosperma as revealed by the genome of its wild relative». Horticulture Research 8 (1): 109. doi:10.1038/s41438-021-00544-9.: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41438-021-00544-9
[102] ↑ Kates, Heather R.; Anido, Fernando López; Sánchez-de la Vega, Guillermo; Eguiarte, Luis E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E. (12 de julio de 2021). «Targeted Sequencing Suggests Wild-Crop Gene Flow Is Central to Different Genetic Consequences of Two Independent Pumpkin Domestications». Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9: 618380. doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.618380.: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffevo.2021.618380
[103] ↑ a b c d Duchesne AN. 1786. Essai sur l'histoire naturelle des courges. Paris: Panckoucke.
[104] ↑ a b Singh, A. K. 1990. Cytogenetics and evolution in the Cucurbitaceae. En: DM Bates, RW Robinson, C Jeffrey (eds.) 1990. Biology and Utilization of the Cucurbitaceae. Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press Ithaca and London.
[105] ↑ a b c d e f g h Whitaker, Thomas W. y G. W. Bohn. The taxonomy, genetics, production and uses of the cultivated species of Cucurbita. Economic Botany 4(1):52-81. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4251961.: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4251961
[106] ↑ Berg MA (2004) Physiological factors involved in peduncle maturation in Cucurbita pepo L. Uljarstvo 23:79-85.
[107] ↑ Inamdar JA, Gangadhara M, Shenoy KN (1990) Structure, ontogeny, organographic distribution, and taxonomic significance of trichomes and stomata in the Cucurbitaceae. En: DM Bates, RW Robinson, C Jeffrey (eds) Biology and utilization of the Cucurbitaceae. Cornell Univ Press, Ithaca, NY, USA, pp 290-224.
[108] ↑ Xiao QB, Loy JB (2007) Inheritance and characterization of a glabrous trait in summer squash. J Am Soc Hort Sci 132:327-333.
[109] ↑ a b c d e f g Lira Saade R. 1995. Estudios Taxonómicos y Ecogeográficos de as Cucurbitaceae Latinoamericanas de Importancia Económica. Instituto de Biología, UNAM, Mexico City; IPGRI, Roma.
[110] ↑ a b c d Paris, H. S., Lebeda, A., Křistkova, E., Andres, T. C., & Nee, M. H. (2012). Parallel evolution under domestication and phenotypic differentiation of the cultivated subspecies of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae). Economic Botany, 66(1), 71-90.
[111] ↑ Pozner, R. 1998. Cucurbitaceae. En: AT Hunziker (ed.). Flora Fanerogámica Argentina 53:1-58.
[112] ↑ Ashworth, L., & Galetto, L. (1999). Morfo-anatomía cuantitativa de las flores pistiladas y estaminadas de Cucurbita maxima subsp. andreana (Cucurbitaceae). Quantitative morpho-anatomical studies of pistillate and staminate flowers of Cucurbita maxima subsp. andreana (Cucurbitaceae). Darwiniana 37(3-4), 187-198. http://www.ojs.darwin.edu.ar/index.php/darwiniana/article/viewFile/350/344.: http://www.ojs.darwin.edu.ar/index.php/darwiniana/article/viewFile/350/344
[113] ↑ a b c d Paris HS, J. Strachan, G. Gusmini, W. C. Johnson, and M. Frobish. 2007. New plant variety protection (PVP) forms for pumpkins/squash/gourd. Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report 30:33–34. A1–A12, B1–11. Como copiadas las figuras y citado en Paris et al. (2012) Economic Botany 66(1):71-90.
[114] ↑ a b c d e Decker-Walters, D. S. y Walters, T. W. 2000. Squash. En: Kippel, K. F. y Ornelas, K. C. (eds.) The Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge Univ. Press., Cambridge, England. pp. 335-351.
[115] ↑ Naudin, C. (1856). Nouvelles recherches sur les caractères spécifiques et les variétés des plantes du genre Cucurbita. Annales des Sciences Naturelles comprenant la Zoologie, la Botanique, l' Anatomie et la Physiologie Comparée des Deux Regnes et l'Histoire des Corps Organisés Fossiles. Quatrième Série. Botanique. Tome VI. Librairie de Victor Masson, Place de l'École de Médecine. París. https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ik8bAAAAYAAJ.: https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ik8bAAAAYAAJ
[116] ↑ a b Foto de Cucurbita moschata "Loche", se observa verrugoso y arrugado, en Figura 2: http://www.scielo.org.mx/img/revistas/rfm/v37n1/a4f2.jpg En: Delgado-Paredes, Guillermo E., Rojas-Idrogo, Consuelo, Sencie-Tarazona, Ángela, & Vásquez-Núñez, Leopoldo. (2014). Characterization of fruits and seeds of some cucurbits in northern Perú. Revista fitotecnia mexicana, 37(1), 7-20. Recuperado en 17 de noviembre de 2015, de http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0187-73802014000100004&lng=es&tlng=en.: http://www.scielo.org.mx/img/revistas/rfm/v37n1/a4f2.jpg
[117] ↑ a b c d Paris, H. S. (1986). A proposed subspecific classification for Cucurbita pepo. Phytologia, 61(3), 133-138. http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/download/pdf/4480599 (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última).: http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/download/pdf/4480599
[118] ↑ "Pumpkins. Mr. Wrinkles." Foto: http://www.plantationproducts.com/catalog/cfProduct_Detail.cfm?p=2270 Archivado el 19 de noviembre de 2015 en Wayback Machine.: http://www.plantationproducts.com/catalog/cfProduct_Detail.cfm?p=2270
[119] ↑ Paris, H. S. (2001). History of the cultivar-groups of Cucurbita pepo. HORTICULTURAL REVIEWS-WESTPORT THEN NEW YORK-, 25, 71-170. http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Harry_Paris/publication/230343706_History_of_the_CultivarGroups_of_Cucurbita_pepo/links/54aa80800cf2bce6aa1d3773.pdf.: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Harry_Paris/publication/230343706_History_of_the_CultivarGroups_of_Cucurbita_pepo/links/54aa80800cf2bce6aa1d3773.pdf
[120] ↑ Paris, H. S. 2002. Characterization of reversed striping in Cucurbita pepo. En: Maynard, D. N. (ed.) Cucurbitaceae 2002, p.36-41. -Naples, Florida.
[121] ↑ FA Vallejo Cabrera, EI Estrada Salazar. 2004. Producción de hortalizas de clima cálido. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Preview en Google Books: http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=UpyfvNokkroC&pg=PA191.: http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=UpyfvNokkroC&pg=PA191
[122] ↑ a b c d e f g Della Gaspera, Pedro (editor). 2013. Manual del cultivo del zapallo anquito (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) Ediciones INTA. La Consulta, Mendoza, Argentina. http://inta.gob.ar/documentos/manual-del-cultivo-del-zapello-anquito-cucurbita-moschata-duch.: http://inta.gob.ar/documentos/manual-del-cultivo-del-zapello-anquito-cucurbita-moschata-duch
[123] ↑ a b Oficina de Estudios y Políticas Agrarias (ODEPA) El mercado del zapallo: producción, precios y perspectivas. http://www.odepa.cl/odepaweb/publicaciones/doc/3424.pdf Chile.: http://www.odepa.cl/odepaweb/publicaciones/doc/3424.pdf
[124] ↑ a b c d e f Wien HC, Stapleton SC, Maynard DN, McClurg C, Nyankanga R, Riggs D (2002) Regulation of female flower development in pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) by temperature and light. En: DN Maynard (ed) Cucurbitaceae 2002, ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA USA, pp 307-315.
[125] ↑ Nota del INTA por Mariana PIOLA, Ignacio Eugenio PAUNERO y Lorena Claudina PEÑA, 27 de marzo del 2014. "¿Qué le pasó al zapallo?" http://inta.gob.ar/noticias/bfque-le-paso-al-zapallo.: http://inta.gob.ar/noticias/bfque-le-paso-al-zapallo
[126] ↑ Seedaholic. Cucurbita pepo ornamental gourds, small fruited mixture. http://www.seedaholic.com/cucurbita-pepo-ornamental-gourd-small-fruited-mixture.html Archivado el 25 de noviembre de 2015 en Wayback Machine.: http://www.seedaholic.com/cucurbita-pepo-ornamental-gourd-small-fruited-mixture.html
[127] ↑ a b Culpepper, C. W. y H. H. Moon. 1945. Differences in the composition of the fruits of Cucurbita varieties at different ages in relation to culinary use. Jour. Agr. Res. 71:111-136.
[128] ↑ Harvey WJ, Grant DG, Lammerink JP (1997) Physical and sensory changes during development and storage of buttercup squash. NZ J Crop Hort Sci 25:341-351.
[129] ↑ a b Robinson, R. W., & Reiners, S. (1999). Parthenocarpy in summer squash. HortScience, 34(4), 715-717. http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/34/4/715.full.pdf.: http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/34/4/715.full.pdf
[130] ↑ Gustafson, F.C. 1941. Probable causes for the difference in facility of producing parthenocarpic fruit in different plants. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 35:479–481.
[131] ↑ Mori, H. 1947. On parthenocarpy in Cucurbita moschata Duch. induced by growth promoting substances and their effectiveness for preventing fruit abscission. J. Hort. Assn. Japan 16:154–160.
[132] ↑ Takashima, S. and S. Hatta. 1955. Effect of phytohormones on parthenocarpy in cucurbits. J. Hort. Assn. Jpn. 24:59–61.
[133] ↑ Gustafson, F.C. 1937. Parthenocarpy induced by pollen extracts. Amer. J . Bot. 24:102–107.
[134] ↑ Durham, G.B. 1925. Has parthenogenesis been confused with hermaphroditism in Cucurbita? Amer. Nat. 59:283–294.
[135] ↑ a b Nitch JP, Kurtz EB, Liverman JL, Went FW (1952) The development of sex expression in cucurbit flowers. Am J Bot 39:32-43.
[136] ↑ Nijs, A.P.M. den and N.J.D. Veldhuyzen van Zanten.
[137] ↑ Rylski, I. 1974a. Effects of season on parthenocarpic and fertilized summer squash (Cucumis pepo L.). Expt. Agr. 10:39–44.
[138] ↑ Nijs, A.P.M. den and J. Balder. 1983. Growth of parthenocarpic and seed-bearing fruits of zucchini squash. Cucurbit Genet. Coop. Rpt. 6:84–85.
[139] ↑ Om, Y.H. and K.H. Hong. 1989. Evaluation of parthenocarpic fruit set in zucchini squash. Res. Rpt. Rural Dev. Adm. (Suweon) 31:30–33.
[140] ↑ Robinson, R.W. 1993. Genetic parthenocarpy in Cucurbita pepo L. Cucurbit Genet. Coop. Rpt. 16:55–57.
[141] ↑ Kirkpatrick, KJ y HD Wilson. 1988. Interspecific gene flow in Cucurbita: C. texana vs. C. pepo. American Journal of Botany 75:519-527.
[142] ↑ Wilson, HD. 1990. Gene flow in squash species. BioScience 40:449-455.
[143] ↑ Wilson, HD, R Lira y I Rodríguez. 1994. Crop-weed gene flow: Cucurbita argyrosperma Huber and C. fraterna L.H. Bailey (Cucurbitaceae). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 84:859-865.
[144] ↑ a b Montes-Hernández, S y LE Eguiarte. 2002. Genetic structure and indirect estimates of gene flow in three taxa of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) in Western Mexico. American Journal of Botany 89(7):1156-1163.
[145] ↑ a b Twist-ems ties en venta en Amazon: http://www.amazon.com/Twist-Ems-Plant-Green-Paper-Center/dp/B00340BLRO.: https://www.amazon.com/Twist-Ems-Plant-Green-Paper-Center/dp/B00340BLRO
[146] ↑ Neumann, D. 1952. Die Blühverhältnisse und der Frucht- und Samenansatz beim Ölkürbis (Cucurbita pepo L.) nach natürlicher und künstlicher Bestäubung. Z. Pflanzenz. 31 (4): 513-544.
[147] ↑ Cui H, Loy JB (2002) Heterosis for seed yield exhibited in hull-less seeded pumpkin. En: DN Maynard, (ed) Cucurbitaceae 2002. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA, USA, pp 323-329.
[148] ↑ Hawthorn LR, Pollard LH (1954) Vegetable and flower seed production. Blakiston Co, New York, USA.
[149] ↑ a b c d Zitter TA, Hopkins DL, Thomas CE (1996) Compendium of cucurbit diseases. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA.
[150] ↑ Kristková E, Lebeda A (1997) Variation in field resistance of Cucurbita spp. accessions to the powdery mildew of cucurbits. En: F Kobza, M Pidra, R Pokluda (eds) Biological and technological development in horticulture. Proc Int. Hort Sci Conf, Lednice na Morav, Czech Republic, p 331.
[151] ↑ Thompson, R. C. 1937. Production of pumpkins and squashes. U. S. Dept. Agr., Leaf. 141. 8 pp.
[152] ↑ Doty, D. M. et al. 1935. Composition of pumpkin and squash varieties as related to the consistency of the canned product. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 402. 28 pp.
[153] ↑ Bailey, L. H. 1937. The garden of gourds. 134 pp.
[154] ↑ Hutchins, A. E. y Sando, L. 1941. Gourds, uses, culture, identification. Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 356. 35 pp.

Architecture

Flowers and pollination

• - Flowers.

• - Male flower.

• - Female flower, the ovary (future fruit) in its lower sector.

• - Opening and closing.

• - Male flower opening.

• - Female flower with fully unfolded petals.

• - Female flower closing.

Male flower. It is defined as in Cucurbitaceae.

• - Male flower.

Cucurbita flowers present many abnormalities or exceptions ([68]:77).

Female flower. It is defined as in Cucurbitaceae.

• - Female flower.

The route of nectar-collecting bees during pollination was documented by Nepi and Pacini (1993[citation 44]):.

Ovary and fruit

• - Ovary and fruit, placentation.

• - Ovary.

• - Immature harvested fruit.

• - Fruit harvested very early ripe.

The pericarp was reviewed by Barber (1909[64]) cited by Whitaker and Davis (1962[22]), and is divided into six distinctive tissues whose description is generalized in all cucurbits:

Epicarpius. The cells are mostly polygonal, forming a palisade layer, around the stomata and are frequently elongated. The cells are cuticularized and somewhat colored in their outer wall and in their radial walls.

Hypodermis. Few or many layers of isodiametric cells that form the tissue beneath the epicarp. The cells are somewhat thickened and occasionally pitted.

External mesocarp. Isodiametric cells with cellulose or with sclerenchymatized and pitted walls ("stone cells", etc.) that form a clearly defined zone that varies from a few to many cells in thickness.

Middle mesocarp. Large and usually isodiametric cells, thin-walled, often turgid with a watery vacuole (watery cell sap) and contain a small amount of starch. It would be the soft part of the "peel" of the watermelon.

Internal mesocarp. Many layers of thin-walled cells that closely resemble the middle mesocarp. For example, it is the layer that forms the central mass of pink, white or yellowish tissue in Citrullus (watermelon) ([64]:294), in Cucurbita the cells are large ([64]:275) and this layer also occupies the center of the fruit, where there is a mass of resistant fibers surrounded by the remains of the disintegrated parenchyma that has formed a cavity.

Endocarp. Very small cells with thin walls and tangentially elongated, arranged side by side in different groups, which form a thin and transparent tissue. Except in Cucurbita maxima,[66] this layer remains so firmly adhered to the dry seed that some authors describe it as the outermost layer of the seed integuments; Teppner (2000,[67] 2004[66]) actually calls it "placenta-epidermis". "It can never be such an integral part of the testa that it is more or less mechanically removable" ([66]:285-286).

Fruit and seed development

These times vary greatly depending on the variety.

• - Filling of the fruit and ripening of the shell.

• - Fruit, about 3 days after anthesis.

• - Day 10.

• - Day 17.

• - Day 24.

• - Formation of the integument and filling of the seeds.

• - The integuments of some seeds were already mature and without pressing them it was not possible to distinguish a "full" seed from an "empty" one or rather without an apparent embryo.

• - Seeds that appear "empty" when pressed may have a thin embryo (left) or not have one (the two on the right).

Relationship with wild varieties and distribution

More domestication notes in Cucurbita and the respective species.

Species

If the fruit is not recognized, to determine which species a crop belongs to, surely, in addition to fruit and seeds, at least leaves and flowers are needed.[quote 59][quote 3][quote 60].

Peduncle. It is the most distinctive character between species and subspecies,[quote 61][quote 62] and the first one used for determination:[quote 53][quote 62].

• - Cucurbita maxima subsp. maxima.

• - C. maxima subsp. maxima immature: Peduncle with circular section.[quote 63][quote 62].

• - Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo.

• - C. pepo subsp. pepo.

• - Cucurbita moschata.

• - C. moschata.

• - Cucurbita argyrosperma.

• - C. argyrosperma.

• - Trichomes.

• - Cucurbita maxima: Many short trichomes, they can be soft or more setaceous.

• - Cucurbita moschata: Many trichomes that are soft to the touch and long.

• - Cucurbita pepo: Very characteristically few, prickly trichomes.

Leaves. Pentapalmate, the 5 primary veins may end in rounded or acute lobes, or not.[citation 65].

Cucurbita maxima: orbicular, reniform or trilobed ([110] cited in[111]). Usually not lobed,[4] more or less rounded,[4][citation 61] not indented.[citation 61].

• - Sheet of C. maxima.

• - Cucurbita maxima: Reniform leaf.

• - Cucurbita maxima: Orbicular leaf.

• - Cucurbita maxima: Trilobed leaf.

• - Cucurbita maxima: Leaf.

• - Sheet of C. moschata and C. argyrosperma.

• - Cucurbita moschata: Leaves.

• - Cucurbita moschata: Leaf.

• - Cucurbita argyrosperma: Leaves of young plant.

Cucurbita pepo: Palmately lobed,[4] forming a figure of sharp lines (not rounded),[quote 61] often with deeply marked lobes,[4] that is, moderately to deeply indented.[quote 61].

• - Sheet of C. pepo.

• - Deeply dissected leaf, only in C. pepo.

• - Cucurbita pepo.

• - Cucurbita pepo, young plant leaf.

The table to recognize the species is from Robinson and Decker-Walters (1997[4]), table 4.1 p. 75, except specified in quotes from JB Loy (2011[24]) and HS Paris and DN Maynard (2008[citation 61]):.

Below is a more in-depth description of morphology for determination or description of cultures:

• - Ribs on peduncle and fruit.

• - Cucurbita pepo, flower. Cross section of the peduncle. There are 5 primary ribs and 5 secondary ribs.

• - The ribs (ribs) in a ribbed fruit (ribbed), which in this case coincide with the 10 "main" vascular bundles. Scheme according to Paris et al. (2007[112]).

• - Ribs in an unripe fruit of Cucurbita pepo 'Striato d'Italia'.

• - Cucurbita pepo "Pumpkin" ribbed type.

• - Grooves and lobes in the fruit.

• - Cucurbita maxima "lead squash", ripe, lobed fruit.

• - Lobes (Lobes or scallops) between the grooves that coincide with the 10 main vascular bundles. According to Paris et al. (2007[112]).

• - Lobes or "schnitzels" in the pattypan or Cucurbita pepo Scallop group.

Other topographies of the fruit.

• - Fruits with angular grooves and ridges, grooved fruits.

• - Angular grooves (angular ridges), which form ridges (furrows). According to Paris et al. (2007[112]).

• - Angular ridges and furrows in Cucurbita pepo Acorn.

• - Grooved surface, with grooves. According to Paris et al. (2007[112]).

• - Grooved fruit in Cucurbita pepo 'Connecticut Field'.

• - Hypanthian scars (ring, crown).

• - Cucurbita maxima "lead squash" with a ring and a small crown that does not protrude.

• - Cucurbita maxima "lead squash" with a turban-shaped, turban-like shape.

• - The same, immature.

• - Cucurbita maxima Turban squash, used for decoration.

• - Cucurbita maxima 'Buttercup' type, with crown (crown[113] or button).

• - Cucurbita maxima var. zucchini with and without crown. In this variety it is negatively selected because it has no commercial value.

• - Compare with the hypanthian scar in Cucurbita argyrosperma.

• - ...in Cucurbita moschata.

• - ...in Cucurbita pepo.

• - Other roughness.

• - Wrinkled surface? (wrinkled).[117].

• - Curly surface, warty or with warts, a lot (heavily warted[113]).

• - Warty or warty surface (warted), moderate amount.

• - Surface with thick warts (heavy warts, some websites may show it as heavily warted which in reality would be "very warty"), small amount.

It may contain corksities ("corky-woody striae"?[108]), cultivars may call it a "written" or "embroidered" surface, corky scars may be thicker or finer. In English netted rind.[quote 69].

• - Corky-woody striae.

• - Corksities in Cucurbita maxima.

• - Cucurbita moschata?

• - Cucurbita pepo? (C. pepo 'Winter Luxury'?).

• - Market types in Paris (1986) for Cucurbita pepo.

(types of bands gallery).

• - Marbled or spotted leaves.

• - Cucurbita pepo.

• - Cucurbita moschata.

• - Cucurbita argyrosperma.

• - Cucurbita argyrosperma with marbled leaves, young leaves still without spots.

Other variable characters.

• - Others.

• - Dark spot on the stem from the axil at the node.

• - Sepals with filiform lobes.

• - Sepals with subulate lobes.

• - Tendril with longitudinal bands.

• - Seeds with "the center with small scars or scarifications"?[108].

• - Seeds with? the edge of the open margin?

Agroecology

Crop

Una guía detallada de cultivo para cada región de la Argentina se encuentra en Della Gaspera (editor) 2013, Manual de cultivo de zapallo anquito, INTA.[121].

En la elección del cultivar hay que tener en cuenta:.

• - Cada cultivar tiene diferente límite de temperatura para la producción de flores femeninas, los días demasiado calurosos serán abortivos para las flores.[cita 76][cita 14].

• - Algunos cultivares para fruto maduro, no todos, también son sabrosos si se cosechan inmaduros para consumir como verdura de estación.

Algunos de los cultivares más comunes están descriptos en Calabazas, calabacines, zapallos, zapallitos y nombres afines, para Argentina ver Variedades de calabazas y zapallos en Argentina.

Si no se llega al máximo de cosecha en peso fresco, esperablemente los frutos serán más sabrosos.[cita 80].

Manual pollination

• - Floral opening and manual pollination.

• - Female bud 2 days before anthesis.

• - Female bud 1 day before anthesis.

• - Male bud two (right) and one (left) day before anthesis.

• - Alba, petal lobes separating.

• - 20 minutes later.

• - 60 minutes later. Fully open flower.

• - Stamens united, pollen in the anthers.

• - Male flower, petals removed.

• - Female flower fully open, at the same time.

• - Transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigma.

• - Pollen on the stigma.

• - Around noon, petals closing.

• - 60 minutes later.

• - 140 minutes later, petals closed.

• - Day 5, fruit set.

• - Day 5, fruit without setting.

Harvest and storage

Seed conservation

They are reserved for the next planting in wooden paper bags so that they stay dry.

The seeds lose viability over time, in the same package of seeds the percentage of seeds that will germinate decreases each year until the 5th year, none are viable for more than 5 years.

Diseases

A list of diseases and insects for Argentina, with photos, is found in Della Gaspera (ed.) 2013, Anquito squash cultivation manual from INTA.[121].

Several species of lepidoptera attack the fruits, especially in autumn; Among the most aggressive are Agrotis segetum") and Mamestra brassicae").

Another fungus that is a sporadic problem is Phytophthora capsici which causes crown, root and fruit rot, and drowning of seedlings.[citation 90].

Insect pests reported for North America are found in JB Loy (2011[citation 94]); for Argentina in Della Gaspera (ed. 2013[121]).

• - Anthracnose perhaps due to Glomerella lagenarium") (= Colletotrichum orbiculare).

• - Aphids.

• - Adults of the "greenhouse whitefly", Trialeurodes vaporariorum, on the underside of the leaves, fly as if jumping.

• - The same, pupae on the underside of the leaves.

• - Damage caused by the "melon cow", Epilachna paenulata.

• - Adult melon cow, Epilachna paenulata, feeding.

• - Adults of the same, dorsal view.

• - Larva of the same feeding.

• - The "San Antonio cow" Diabrotica speciosa.

• - Ventral side.

Uses

Los zapallitos se consumen enteros salvo el pedúnculo, y cocidos; de los zapallos en general se consume la pulpa cocida o las semillas tostadas o molidas en salsas.

Gastronomy

The fruits are very nutritious in both cases, containing significant doses of vitamin A, C, D, E, potassium and zinc. The seeds are also used to make oil, and in gastronomy, toasts and many salads.

For puree canning industry

Seed consumption

Seed oil consumption

Varieties for Halloween

Decorative uses of small varieties

Readings on decorative varieties are found in Bailey 1937,[152] Hutchins and Sando 1941[153] (cited in Whitaker and Bohn 1950[104]).

Pumpkins, zucchini, pumpkins, zucchini and related names.

References

[1] ↑ Nota sobre terminología. "Evolutivamente" (es decir en relación al número de cambios evolutivos o apomorfías), no es sinónimo de "cladísticamente" (es decir por el orden de ramificación de grupos hermanos), mientras que "filogenéticamente" según el autor puede referir preferentemente al primero o al segundo; esto quiere decir que aunque C. ficifolia estuviera anidada entre las otras 4 Cucurbita cultivadas, como parece ser una de las posibilidades en el trabajo de Gong et al. (2013[8]), posee apomorfías moleculares (Wilson et al. 1992,[9] Sanjur et al. 2002[10]) y morfológicas (Andres 1990[11]) lo suficientemente distintivas que la alejan evolutivamente de las otras 4, a lo que respecta a este artículo particularmente carece del "sabor a zapallo". Sanjur et al. (2002[10]) p. 535: "Previous molecular systematic work on the genus Cucurbita has been carried out by various investigators usign both nuclear and cytoplasmic markers. (...) Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché was placed (by Wilson et al. 1992[9]) as an outlier to other domesticated species of Cucurbita and was considered basal to the mesophytic species in the genus". p. 537: "In the tree based on chloroplast restriction fragment lenght polymorphism data (Wilson et al. 1992[9]), the xerophytic, perennial species of Cucurbita (C. digitata A. Gray, C. foetidissima, and C. pedatifolia L.H. Bailey) occupy basal positions in the genus, whereas C. ficifolia is basal to all other mesophytic taxa. More work is needed to decipher the relationship of of C. ficifolia to the xerophytic species in the genus, but here, as elsewhere (Wilson et al. 1992[9]) it has been shown to be an outlier and is probably basal to the other mesophytic Cucurbita.".
[2] ↑ a b c d Andres, T. C., Lebeda, A., & Paris, H. S. (2004). Diversity in tropical pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata): a review of infraspecific classifications. En Lebeda y Paris (eds). Progress in cucurbit genetics and breeding research. Proceedings of Cucurbitaceae 2004, the 8th EUCARPIA Meeting on Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding, Olomouc, Czech Republic, 12-17 July, 2004. (pp. 107-112). Palacký University in Olomouc. http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20043174269.html.: http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20043174269.html
[3] ↑ a b Paris HS. 2000a. First two publications by Duchesne of Cucurbita moschata (Cucurbitaceae). Taxon 49:305-319.
[4] ↑ a b Pangalo, KI. 1930. A new species of cultivated pumpkins. Bull. Appl. Bot. Genet. Plant Breed. 23:253-265.
[5] ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ Robinson, R. W., & Decker-Walters, D. S. (1997). Cucurbits. Cab international. http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19970300408.html;jsessionid=58661EEC5A2B58E459CE54337E2ACBC0 Archivado el 13 de septiembre de 2015 en Wayback Machine.: http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19970300408.html;jsessionid=58661EEC5A2B58E459CE54337E2ACBC0
[6] ↑ Whitaker, T.W., y Knight, R.J.Jr. 1980. Collecting cultivated and wild cucurbits in Mexico. Econ. Bot. 34:312-319. Como citado por Decker-Walters et al. 1990 Can. J. Bot. 68:782-789.
[7] ↑ a b c d e Nee M. 1990. The domestication of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae). Economic Botany 44(3 SUPPLEMENT):56-80. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02860475#page-1.: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02860475#page-1
[8] ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ o HS Paris y DN Maynard (2008) Cucurbita spp. Squash, pumpkin, gourds. En: J Janick y RE Paull (eds., 2008) The Encyclopedia of Fruits and Nuts https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC.: https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC
[9] ↑ Gong, L., Paris, H. S., Stift, G., Pachner, M., Vollmann, J., & Lelley, T. (2013). Genetic relationships and evolution in Cucurbita as viewed with simple sequence repeat polymorphisms: the centrality of C. okeechobeensis. Genetic resources and crop evolution, 60(4), 1531-1546.
[10] ↑ a b c d Willson H, Doebley J, Duvall M (1992) Chloroplast DNA diversity among wild and cultivated members of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae). Theor Appl Genet 84:859–865 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227397.: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227397
[11] ↑ a b Sanjur, O. I., Piperno, D. R., Andrés, T. C., y Wessel-Beaver, L. (2002). Phylogenetic relationships among domesticated and wild species of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) inferred from a mitochondrial gene: Implications for crop plant evolution and areas of origin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(1), 535-540. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC117595/ o en http://www.jstor.org/stable/3057572.: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC117595/
[12] ↑ a b c d e Andres, TC. 1990. Biosystematics, Theories on the Origin, and Breeding Potential of Cucurbita ficifolia. En: DM Bates, RW Robinson, C Jeffrey (eds.) 1990. Biology and Utilization of the Cucurbitaceae. Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press Ithaca and London. Capítulo 9.
[13] ↑ Whitaker, T.W. y WP Bemis. 1975. Origin and evolution of the cultivated Cucurbita. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 102:362-368.
[14] ↑ a b c d Andres, T. C. 2004a. Diversity in tropical pumpkin cultivar origin and history. En: Lebeda y Paris (eds). Progress in cucurbit genetics and breeding research. Proceedings of Cucurbitaceae 2004, the 8th EUCARPIA Meeting on Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding, Olomouc, Czech Republic, 12-17 July, 2004 (pp. 113-118). Palacký University in Olomouc.
[15] ↑ Fuchs, L. 1542. De Historia Stirpium. Basle.
[16] ↑ Meyer, FG. 1999. The Great Herbal of Leonhart Fuchs: De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes, 1542 (Notable Commentaries on the History of Plants). Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.
[17] ↑ van Reede tot Draakestein, HA. 1688. Horti Malabarici. Amsterdam.
[18] ↑ Whitaker TW. 1947. American origin of the cultivated cucurbits. I. Evidence from the herbals. II. Survey of old and recent botanical evidence. Ann. Missouri Bo. Gard. 34:101-111.
[19] ↑ Matthioli PA. 1560. Commentarii Secundo Aucti, in Libros Sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei de Medica Materia, Venice, Italy.
[20] ↑ Sun, Honghe; Wu, Shan; Zhang, Guoyu; Jiao, Chen; Guo, Shaogui; Ren, Yi; Zhang, Jie; Zhang, Haiying; Gong, Guoyi; Jia, Zhangcai; Zhang, Fan; Tian, Jiaxing; Lucas, William J.; Doyle, Jeff J.; Li, Haizhen; Fei, Zhangjun; Xu, Yong (de octubre de 2017). «Karyotype Stability and Unbiased Fractionation in the Paleo-Allotetraploid Cucurbita Genomes». Molecular Plant 10 (10): 1293-1306. doi:10.1016/j.molp.2017.09.003.: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molp.2017.09.003
[21] ↑ Montero-Pau, Javier; Blanca, José; Bombarely, Aureliano; Ziarsolo, Peio; Esteras, Cristina; Martí-Gómez, Carlos; Ferriol, María; Gómez, Pedro; Jamilena, Manuel; Mueller, Lukas; Picó, Belén; Cañizares, Joaquín (de junio de 2018). «De novo assembly of the zucchini genome reveals a whole-genome duplication associated with the origin of the Cucurbita genus». Plant Biotechnology Journal 16 (6): 1161-1171. doi:10.1111/pbi.12860.: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fpbi.12860
[22] ↑ Barrera-Redondo, Josué; Ibarra-Laclette, Enrique; Vázquez-Lobo, Alejandra; Gutiérrez-Guerrero, Yocelyn T.; Sánchez de la Vega, Guillermo; Piñero, Daniel; Montes-Hernández, Salvador; Lira-Saade, Rafael et al. (de abril de 2019). «The Genome of Cucurbita argyrosperma (Silver-Seed Gourd) Reveals Faster Rates of Protein-Coding Gene and Long Noncoding RNA Turnover and Neofunctionalization within Cucurbita». Molecular Plant 12 (4): 506-520. doi:10.1016/j.molp.2018.12.023. Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda).: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.molp.2018.12.023
[23] ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n TW Whitaker, GN Davis. 1962. Cucurbits. Botany, Cultivation, and Utilization. London Leonard Hill [Books] Limited. Interscience Publishers, Inc. New York.
[24] ↑ a b c d Weaver JE, Bruner WE (1927) Root development of vegetable crops. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
[25] ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae JB Loy (2011) Breeding Squash and Pumpkin. En: Yi-Hong Wang, TK Behera, C Kole (eds) 2011. Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Cucurbits. CRC Press. Chapter 4. http://books.google.com.ar/books?hl=en&lr=&id=07sg55-26bEC.: http://books.google.com.ar/books?hl=en&lr=&id=07sg55-26bEC
[26] ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Loy JB (2004) Morpho-physiological aspects of productivity and quality in squash and pumpkins (Cucurbita spp.). Crit. Rev. Plant. Sci. 23:337-363.
[27] ↑ Bell, A. D. 1991 (segunda edición en 2008). Plant Form, an Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology. Oxford University Press, Oxford. La primera edición se puede desargar de https://archive.org/details/plantform00adri.: https://archive.org/details/plantform00adri
[28] ↑ a b c d e f g h Millán, R (1947). Los zapallitos de tronco de América extratropical. Darwiniana T. 7, N.º 3 (enero 1947), pp. 333-345. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23211608.: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23211608
[29] ↑ Hauman (Merck), L. 1910. Botánica. 373 p. Buenos Aires (p. 73).
[30] ↑ a b Grebenscikov I (1958) Notulae cucurbitalogicae III. Kulturpflanze 23:139-155.
[31] ↑ a b c d e f g h Denna DW, Munger HM (1963) Morphology of the bush and vine habits and the allelism of the bush genes in Cucurbita maxima and C. pepo squash. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 63:370-377.
[32] ↑ a b c Loy JB (2006) Harvest period and storage affect biomass partitioning and attributes of eating quality in acorn sq1uash (Cucurbita pepo). en: GJ Holmes (ed) Proc Cucurbitaceae 2006. Universal Press, North Carolina, USA, pp 568-577.
[33] ↑ Vilmorin-Andrieux et Cie. 1904. Les plantes potagères. Ed. 3, 80.4 p. París.
[34] ↑ a b Zack CD, Loy JB (1981) Effect of fruit development on vegetative growth of squash. Can J Plant Sci 61:673-676.
[35] ↑ a b Zack CD, Loy JB (1980) The effect of light quality and photoperiod on vegetative growth of Cucurbita maxima. J Am Soc Hort Sci 105:939-943.
[36] ↑ a b c Maynard DN, Elmstrom GW, Talcott ST, Carle RB (2002) 'El Dorado' and 'La Estrella' compact plant tropical pumpkin hybrids. HortScience 37:831-833.
[37] ↑ a b Millán R, 1943. Los zapallos Bugango y Angola. Revista Argentina de Agronomía 10:192-198.
[38] ↑ a b c Broderick CE (1982) Morpho-physiological factors affecting plant productivity of winter squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) PhD Dissert, Univ of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA.
[39] ↑ a b Shriffriss O (1947) Developmental reversal of dominance in Cucurbita pepo. Proc Am Soc hort Sci 50:330-346.
[40] ↑ a b c Singh D (1949) Inheritance of certain economic characters in the squash, Cucurbita maxima Duch. MN. Agri Exp Sta Tech Bull 186.
[41] ↑ a b Munger HM (1990) Availability and use of interspecific populations involving Cucurbita moschata. Cucurbit Genet Coop Rep 13:49.
[42] ↑ a b Shiffriss O (1990) Relationship between the B genes of two Cucurbita species, III. Cucurbit Genet Coop Rep 13:50-54.
[43] ↑ a b Wu T, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Cao J (2007) Characterization and inheritance of a bush-type in tropical pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne). Sci hort 114:1-4.
[44] ↑ a b c d María Lang; Pablo Ermini. 2011. Manual de cultivo de zapallo para la región semiárida pampeana. Ediciones INTA. EEA Anguil "Ing. Agr. Guillermo Covas" (6326) Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina. http://inta.gob.ar/documentos/manual-del-cultivo-de-zapallo-para-la-region-semiarida-pampeana/at_multi_download/file/Manual%20de%20cultivo%20del%20zapallo.pdf Archivado el 21 de febrero de 2014 en Wayback Machine.: http://inta.gob.ar/documentos/manual-del-cultivo-de-zapallo-para-la-region-semiarida-pampeana/at_multi_download/file/Manual%20de%20cultivo%20del%20zapallo.pdf
[45] ↑ INTA. ficha de contenido: FRONTERA INTA. http://inta.gob.ar/variedades/frontera-inta.: http://inta.gob.ar/variedades/frontera-inta
[46] ↑ a b Kwack SN (1995) Inheritance and morphology of determinate growth habit in Cucurbita moschata Poir. J Kor Soc Hort Sci 36:1096-1101.
[47] ↑ Stephenson, AG, B Devlin y J Brian Horton. 1988. The effects of Seed Number and Prior Fruit Dominance on the Pattern of Fruit Production in Cucurbits pepo (Zucchini Squash). Annals of Botany 62(6):653-661. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/6/653.short.: http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/6/653.short
[48] ↑ a b c Nitsch, JP, Kurtz, EBJ, JL Liverman y F Went. 1952. The development of sex expression in Cucurbit flowers. Amer. J. Bot. 39:32-39.
[49] ↑ a b c Maynard DN, Elmstrom GW, Wessel-Beaver L, McCollum TG (1992) Flowering habit, yield, and fruit shape of calabaza cultigens. Proc Fla State Hort Soc 105:355-358.
[50] ↑ Scott GW (1933) Sex ratios and fruit production studies in bush pumpkins. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 30:520-525.
[51] ↑ Decker DS (1986) A biosystematic study of Cucurbita pepo. Ph.D. thesis, Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX, USA.
[52] ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ o p Nepi, M., & Pacini, E. (1993). Pollination, pollen viability and pistil receptivity in Cucurbita pepo. Annals of Botany, 72(6), 527-536. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/72/6/527.full.pdf.: http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/72/6/527.full.pdf
[53] ↑ Schaefer, H., & Renner, S. S. (2011). Cucurbitaceae. En K Kubitzki (Ed.) The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. X. Flowering plants Eudicots: Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. pp. 112-174. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
[54] ↑ a b Leins, P. Galle, P. 1971. Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen an Cucurbitaceen-Blüten. Österr. Bot. Z. 119:531-548.
[55] ↑ Pozner, R. 1993a. Sistemas reproductivos en Cucurbitaceae argentinas. Ph.D. Thesis, Buenos Aires University, Argentina.
[56] ↑ Pozner, R. 1993b. Androsporangio, androsporogénesis y androgametogénesis en Cayaponia citrullifolia, Cayaponia bonariensis y Cucurbitella duriaei (Cucurbitaceae). Darwiniana 32:109-123.
[57] ↑ a b Vogel, S. 1981a. Trichomatische Blütennektarien bei Cucurbitaceen. Beitr. Biol. Pfl. 55:325-353.
[58] ↑ a b Pozner, R. 2004. A new species of Echinopepon from Argentina and taxonomic notes on the subtribe Cyclantherinae (Cucurbitaceae). Syst. Bot. 29:599-608.
[59] ↑ Vogel, S. 1997. Remarkable nectaries: structure, ecology, organophyletic perspectives I. Substitutive nectaries. Flora 192. 305-333.
[60] ↑ Leins, P., Merxmüller, H., Sattler, R. 1972. Zur Terminologie interkalarer Becherbildungen in Blüten. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 85:294.
[61] ↑ a b c d Hayward HE (1938) The Structure of Economic Plants. MacMillan Co, New York, USA.
[62] ↑ a b Kirkwood JC (1905) The comparative embryology of the Cucurbitaceae. Bull NY Bot Gard 3:13-402.
[63] ↑ a b Chakravarty, H.L. 1958. Morphology of the staminate flowers in the Cucurbitaceae with special reference to the evolution of the stamen. Lloydia 21(2): 49-87.
[64] ↑ a b c d e f g Ashworth L (1997) Estudios sobre la biología reproductiva del zapallo amargo (Cucurbita andreana, Cucurbitaceae). F.C.E.F.y N. U.N.C. Tesis de grado, no publicada.
[65] ↑ a b c d e f Barber, K. G. (1909). Comparative histology of fruits and seeds of certain species of Cucurbitaceae. Botanical Gazette, 263-310. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2467282.: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2467282
[66] ↑ a b Shridhar, Singh D (1990) Palynology of the Indian Cucurbitaceae. En: DM Bates, RW Robinson, C Jeffrey (eds) Biology and utilization of the Cucurbitaceae. Cornell Univ Press, Ithaca, NY, USA, pp 200-208.
[67] ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ o p q r s t u v w x y z aa H Teppner. 2004. Notes on Lagenaria and Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) - Review and New Contributions. Phyton (Horn, Austria) 44.2:245-308. «Copia archivada». Archivado desde el original el 4 de marzo de 2016. Consultado el 3 de abril de 2015.: https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122124/http://www.uni-graz.at/~teppnerh/Phyton%2044-2%20245-308%20TEPPNER.pdf
[68] ↑ a b c d e f g h i Teppner H. 2000. Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae) - History, seed coat types, thin coated seeds and their genetics - Phyton (Horn, Austria) 40 (1): 1-42, 46 figures.
[69] ↑ a b c Bailey, LH. 1929. The Domesticated Cucurbitas. Gentes Herbarum. Ithaca, New York, vol. II, fasc. II.
[70] ↑ a b Shuler RE, Roulston TH, Farris GE (2005) Farming practices influence wild pollinator populations on squash and pumpkin. J Econ Entomol 98:790-795.
[71] ↑ a b Julier HE, Roulston TH (2009) Wild bee abundance and pollinations service in cultivated pumpkins: Farm management, nesting behavior, and landscape effects. J Econ Entomol 102:563-573.
[72] ↑ Nepi, M., Cresti, L., Guarnieri, M., & Pacini, E. (2011). Dynamics of Nectar Production and Nectar Homeostasis in Male Flowers of Cucurbita pepo L. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 172(2), 183-190. http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Massimo_Nepi/publication/259708170_Dynamics_of_Nectar_Production_and_Nectar_Homeostasis_in_Male_Flowers_of_Cucurbita_pepo_L/links/0c96052d951b7b7744000000.pdf.: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Massimo_Nepi/publication/259708170_Dynamics_of_Nectar_Production_and_Nectar_Homeostasis_in_Male_Flowers_of_Cucurbita_pepo_L/links/0c96052d951b7b7744000000.pdf
[73] ↑ a b Ashworth, L., & Galetto, L. (2002). Differential nectar production between male and female flowers in a wild cucurbit: Cucurbita maxima ssp. andreana (Cucurbitaceae). Canadian journal of botany, 80(11), 1203-1208.
[74] ↑ a b Tapetum development in Cucurbita pepo. Plant Systematics and Evolution [Suppl 7]:13-22.
[75] ↑ a b Gould JL, Gould CG. 1988. The honey bee. New York: Scientific American Library.
[76] ↑ a b Hurd, PD y Linsley, EG. 1967. Squash and gourd bees of the genus Xenoglossa (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). - Ann. entom. Soc. Amer. 60 (5): 988-1007.
[77] ↑ a b Hurd, P. D. Jr., EG Linsley, TW Whitaker. 1971. Squash and Gourd Bees (Peponapis, Xenoglossa) and the Origin of the Cultivated Cucurbita. Evolution Vol. 25, No. 1 (Mar., 1971), pp. 218-234 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2406514.: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2406514
[78] ↑ a b Free, JB. 1970. Insect pollination of crops. Academic Press, London and New York.
[79] ↑ a b c Simpson, M. (2005) Plant morphology. En: Plant Systematics. Elsevier Academic Press. Capítulo 9.
[80] ↑ a b Holstein N (2015) Monograph of Coccinia (Cucurbitaceae). PhytoKeys 54: 1-166. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.54.3285.
[81] ↑ a b Stevens, PF. 2001 en adelante. "Cucurbitaceae" en: APWeb. Accedido el 20 de abril del 2016. http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/cucurbitalesweb.htm#Cucurbitaceae.: http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/cucurbitalesweb.htm#Cucurbitaceae
[82] ↑ Leins, P. 2000. Blüte und Frucht. Morphologie, Entwicklungsgeschichte, Phylogenie, Funktion, Ökologie. - Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart.
[83] ↑ Leins, P., & Erbar, C. 2010. Flower and Fruit. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart.
[84] ↑ Harz, C. O. 1885. Landwirthschaftliche Samenkunde. Handbuch für Botaniker, Landwirthe, Gärtner, Droguisten, Hygieniker, 2. -Parey, Berlin.
[85] ↑ a b Ing. Agr. Enrique Raffo. 1997. Zapallito redondo. Boletín Hortícola Nov 5(16), 37-40 http://www.sidalc.net/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/?IsisScript=AGRINLP.xis&method=post&formato=2&cantidad=1&expresion=mfn=000777.: http://www.sidalc.net/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/?IsisScript=AGRINLP.xis&method=post&formato=2&cantidad=1&expresion=mfn=000777
[86] ↑ Janick, J., Paris, H. S., & Parrish, D. C. (2007). The cucurbits of Mediterranean antiquity: identification of taxa from ancient images and descriptions. Annals of Botany, 100(7), 1441-1457. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/100/7/1441.full.: http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/100/7/1441.full
[87] ↑ Caravia, AT. 1882. Manual práctico del cultivador americano en forma de diccionario sobre agricultura comprendiendo varios ramos de la economía rural y doméstica. Montevideo.
[88] ↑ a b Gwanama, C. Labuschagne, MT and Botha, Am. 200. Analysis of genetic variation in Cucurbita moschata by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Euphytica 113:19-24.
[89] ↑ Whitaker, TW, y WP Bemis. 1964. Evolution in the genus Cucurbita. Evolution 18:553-559.
[90] ↑ Paris HS. 1989. Historical Records, Origins, and Development of the Edible Cultivar Groups of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae). Economic Botany 43,4:423-443. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4255187.: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4255187
[91] ↑ a b c d e Contardi, GH. 1939. Estudios genéticos en Cucurbita y consideraciones agronómicas. Physis 18:331-347.
[92] ↑ a b Pérez Castellano, JM. 1914. Observaciones sobre agricultura. Primera edición completa y ajustada al texto original definitivo. Publicada con una introducción y notas por Benjamín Fernández y Medina. 608 páginas. Montevideo, Uruguay.
[93] ↑ a b c d e Millán R, 1945. Variaciones del zapallito amargo Cucurbita andreana y el origen de Cucurbita maxima. Rev. Arg. Agron. 12:86-93.
[94] ↑ BVS Uruguay, Anónimo. "Situación de las Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos en el Uruguay". http://www.bvsops.org.uy/pdf/etauru.pdf Archivado el 5 de marzo de 2016 en Wayback Machine.: http://www.bvsops.org.uy/pdf/etauru.pdf
[95] ↑ ANMAT. Nota del 3 de junio de 1996. Debe evitarse el consumo de zapallitos amargos. http://www.anmat.gov.ar/webanmat/comunicados/Prensa/1996/prensa1a.asp Archivado el 22 de agosto de 2014 en Wayback Machine.: http://www.anmat.gov.ar/webanmat/comunicados/Prensa/1996/prensa1a.asp
[96] ↑ Parodi, LR. 1935. Relaciones de la agricultura prehispánica con la agricultura argentina actual. Observaciones generales sobre la domesticación de las plantas. Anales de la Academia Nacional de Agronomía y Veterinaria de Buenos Aires 1:115-167. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/27864/09-RELACIONES+DE+LA+AGRICULTURA+PREH1SPANICA.pdf Archivado el 4 de marzo de 2016 en Wayback Machine. (sobre una conferencia dada en 1933).: http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/27864/09-RELACIONES+DE+LA+AGRICULTURA+PREH1SPANICA.pdf
[97] ↑ Podetti, JR. 1925. De estirpe nativa. Biblioteca de San Luis. «Copia archivada». Archivado desde el original el 5 de marzo de 2016. Consultado el 25 de marzo de 2015.: https://web.archive.org/web/20160305173826/http://biblioteca.sanluis.gov.ar//publicaciones/de%20estirpe%20nativa.pdf
[98] ↑ Parodi, LR. 1926. Las malezas de los cultivos en el partido de Pergamino, con un estudio de los "cuerpos extraños" del lino y del trigo. Rev. Fac. Agr. y Vet. de Bs. As., pp. 75-171.
[99] ↑ Saubidet, T. 1943. Vocabulario y refranero criollo. 421 p. Buenos Aires. página 15: "paisano amargo como zapallo de vizcachera".
[100] ↑ Sánchez-de la Vega, Guillermo; Castellanos-Morales, Gabriela; Gámez, Niza; Hernández-Rosales, Helena S.; Vázquez-Lobo, Alejandra; Aguirre-Planter, Erika; Jaramillo-Correa, Juan P.; Montes-Hernández, Salvador; Lira-Saade, Rafael; Eguiarte, Luis E. (29 de marzo de 2018). «Genetic Resources in the “Calabaza Pipiana” Squash (Cucurbita argyrosperma) in Mexico: Genetic Diversity, Genetic Differentiation and Distribution Models». Frontiers in Plant Science 9: 400. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00400.: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2018.00400
[101] ↑ Barrera-Redondo, Josué; Sánchez-de la Vega, Guillermo; Aguirre-Liguori, Jonás A.; Castellanos-Morales, Gabriela; Gutiérrez-Guerrero, Yocelyn T.; Aguirre-Dugua, Xitlali; Aguirre-Planter, Erika; Tenaillon, Maud I.; Lira-Saade, Rafael; Eguiarte, Luis E. (de diciembre de 2021). «The domestication of Cucurbita argyrosperma as revealed by the genome of its wild relative». Horticulture Research 8 (1): 109. doi:10.1038/s41438-021-00544-9.: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41438-021-00544-9
[102] ↑ Kates, Heather R.; Anido, Fernando López; Sánchez-de la Vega, Guillermo; Eguiarte, Luis E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E. (12 de julio de 2021). «Targeted Sequencing Suggests Wild-Crop Gene Flow Is Central to Different Genetic Consequences of Two Independent Pumpkin Domestications». Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9: 618380. doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.618380.: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffevo.2021.618380
[103] ↑ a b c d Duchesne AN. 1786. Essai sur l'histoire naturelle des courges. Paris: Panckoucke.
[104] ↑ a b Singh, A. K. 1990. Cytogenetics and evolution in the Cucurbitaceae. En: DM Bates, RW Robinson, C Jeffrey (eds.) 1990. Biology and Utilization of the Cucurbitaceae. Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press Ithaca and London.
[105] ↑ a b c d e f g h Whitaker, Thomas W. y G. W. Bohn. The taxonomy, genetics, production and uses of the cultivated species of Cucurbita. Economic Botany 4(1):52-81. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4251961.: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4251961
[106] ↑ Berg MA (2004) Physiological factors involved in peduncle maturation in Cucurbita pepo L. Uljarstvo 23:79-85.
[107] ↑ Inamdar JA, Gangadhara M, Shenoy KN (1990) Structure, ontogeny, organographic distribution, and taxonomic significance of trichomes and stomata in the Cucurbitaceae. En: DM Bates, RW Robinson, C Jeffrey (eds) Biology and utilization of the Cucurbitaceae. Cornell Univ Press, Ithaca, NY, USA, pp 290-224.
[108] ↑ Xiao QB, Loy JB (2007) Inheritance and characterization of a glabrous trait in summer squash. J Am Soc Hort Sci 132:327-333.
[109] ↑ a b c d e f g Lira Saade R. 1995. Estudios Taxonómicos y Ecogeográficos de as Cucurbitaceae Latinoamericanas de Importancia Económica. Instituto de Biología, UNAM, Mexico City; IPGRI, Roma.
[110] ↑ a b c d Paris, H. S., Lebeda, A., Křistkova, E., Andres, T. C., & Nee, M. H. (2012). Parallel evolution under domestication and phenotypic differentiation of the cultivated subspecies of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae). Economic Botany, 66(1), 71-90.
[111] ↑ Pozner, R. 1998. Cucurbitaceae. En: AT Hunziker (ed.). Flora Fanerogámica Argentina 53:1-58.
[112] ↑ Ashworth, L., & Galetto, L. (1999). Morfo-anatomía cuantitativa de las flores pistiladas y estaminadas de Cucurbita maxima subsp. andreana (Cucurbitaceae). Quantitative morpho-anatomical studies of pistillate and staminate flowers of Cucurbita maxima subsp. andreana (Cucurbitaceae). Darwiniana 37(3-4), 187-198. http://www.ojs.darwin.edu.ar/index.php/darwiniana/article/viewFile/350/344.: http://www.ojs.darwin.edu.ar/index.php/darwiniana/article/viewFile/350/344
[113] ↑ a b c d Paris HS, J. Strachan, G. Gusmini, W. C. Johnson, and M. Frobish. 2007. New plant variety protection (PVP) forms for pumpkins/squash/gourd. Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report 30:33–34. A1–A12, B1–11. Como copiadas las figuras y citado en Paris et al. (2012) Economic Botany 66(1):71-90.
[114] ↑ a b c d e Decker-Walters, D. S. y Walters, T. W. 2000. Squash. En: Kippel, K. F. y Ornelas, K. C. (eds.) The Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge Univ. Press., Cambridge, England. pp. 335-351.
[115] ↑ Naudin, C. (1856). Nouvelles recherches sur les caractères spécifiques et les variétés des plantes du genre Cucurbita. Annales des Sciences Naturelles comprenant la Zoologie, la Botanique, l' Anatomie et la Physiologie Comparée des Deux Regnes et l'Histoire des Corps Organisés Fossiles. Quatrième Série. Botanique. Tome VI. Librairie de Victor Masson, Place de l'École de Médecine. París. https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ik8bAAAAYAAJ.: https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ik8bAAAAYAAJ
[116] ↑ a b Foto de Cucurbita moschata "Loche", se observa verrugoso y arrugado, en Figura 2: http://www.scielo.org.mx/img/revistas/rfm/v37n1/a4f2.jpg En: Delgado-Paredes, Guillermo E., Rojas-Idrogo, Consuelo, Sencie-Tarazona, Ángela, & Vásquez-Núñez, Leopoldo. (2014). Characterization of fruits and seeds of some cucurbits in northern Perú. Revista fitotecnia mexicana, 37(1), 7-20. Recuperado en 17 de noviembre de 2015, de http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0187-73802014000100004&lng=es&tlng=en.: http://www.scielo.org.mx/img/revistas/rfm/v37n1/a4f2.jpg
[117] ↑ a b c d Paris, H. S. (1986). A proposed subspecific classification for Cucurbita pepo. Phytologia, 61(3), 133-138. http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/download/pdf/4480599 (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última).: http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/download/pdf/4480599
[118] ↑ "Pumpkins. Mr. Wrinkles." Foto: http://www.plantationproducts.com/catalog/cfProduct_Detail.cfm?p=2270 Archivado el 19 de noviembre de 2015 en Wayback Machine.: http://www.plantationproducts.com/catalog/cfProduct_Detail.cfm?p=2270
[119] ↑ Paris, H. S. (2001). History of the cultivar-groups of Cucurbita pepo. HORTICULTURAL REVIEWS-WESTPORT THEN NEW YORK-, 25, 71-170. http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Harry_Paris/publication/230343706_History_of_the_CultivarGroups_of_Cucurbita_pepo/links/54aa80800cf2bce6aa1d3773.pdf.: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Harry_Paris/publication/230343706_History_of_the_CultivarGroups_of_Cucurbita_pepo/links/54aa80800cf2bce6aa1d3773.pdf
[120] ↑ Paris, H. S. 2002. Characterization of reversed striping in Cucurbita pepo. En: Maynard, D. N. (ed.) Cucurbitaceae 2002, p.36-41. -Naples, Florida.
[121] ↑ FA Vallejo Cabrera, EI Estrada Salazar. 2004. Producción de hortalizas de clima cálido. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Preview en Google Books: http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=UpyfvNokkroC&pg=PA191.: http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=UpyfvNokkroC&pg=PA191
[122] ↑ a b c d e f g Della Gaspera, Pedro (editor). 2013. Manual del cultivo del zapallo anquito (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) Ediciones INTA. La Consulta, Mendoza, Argentina. http://inta.gob.ar/documentos/manual-del-cultivo-del-zapello-anquito-cucurbita-moschata-duch.: http://inta.gob.ar/documentos/manual-del-cultivo-del-zapello-anquito-cucurbita-moschata-duch
[123] ↑ a b Oficina de Estudios y Políticas Agrarias (ODEPA) El mercado del zapallo: producción, precios y perspectivas. http://www.odepa.cl/odepaweb/publicaciones/doc/3424.pdf Chile.: http://www.odepa.cl/odepaweb/publicaciones/doc/3424.pdf
[124] ↑ a b c d e f Wien HC, Stapleton SC, Maynard DN, McClurg C, Nyankanga R, Riggs D (2002) Regulation of female flower development in pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) by temperature and light. En: DN Maynard (ed) Cucurbitaceae 2002, ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA USA, pp 307-315.
[125] ↑ Nota del INTA por Mariana PIOLA, Ignacio Eugenio PAUNERO y Lorena Claudina PEÑA, 27 de marzo del 2014. "¿Qué le pasó al zapallo?" http://inta.gob.ar/noticias/bfque-le-paso-al-zapallo.: http://inta.gob.ar/noticias/bfque-le-paso-al-zapallo
[126] ↑ Seedaholic. Cucurbita pepo ornamental gourds, small fruited mixture. http://www.seedaholic.com/cucurbita-pepo-ornamental-gourd-small-fruited-mixture.html Archivado el 25 de noviembre de 2015 en Wayback Machine.: http://www.seedaholic.com/cucurbita-pepo-ornamental-gourd-small-fruited-mixture.html
[127] ↑ a b Culpepper, C. W. y H. H. Moon. 1945. Differences in the composition of the fruits of Cucurbita varieties at different ages in relation to culinary use. Jour. Agr. Res. 71:111-136.
[128] ↑ Harvey WJ, Grant DG, Lammerink JP (1997) Physical and sensory changes during development and storage of buttercup squash. NZ J Crop Hort Sci 25:341-351.
[129] ↑ a b Robinson, R. W., & Reiners, S. (1999). Parthenocarpy in summer squash. HortScience, 34(4), 715-717. http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/34/4/715.full.pdf.: http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/34/4/715.full.pdf
[130] ↑ Gustafson, F.C. 1941. Probable causes for the difference in facility of producing parthenocarpic fruit in different plants. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 35:479–481.
[131] ↑ Mori, H. 1947. On parthenocarpy in Cucurbita moschata Duch. induced by growth promoting substances and their effectiveness for preventing fruit abscission. J. Hort. Assn. Japan 16:154–160.
[132] ↑ Takashima, S. and S. Hatta. 1955. Effect of phytohormones on parthenocarpy in cucurbits. J. Hort. Assn. Jpn. 24:59–61.
[133] ↑ Gustafson, F.C. 1937. Parthenocarpy induced by pollen extracts. Amer. J . Bot. 24:102–107.
[134] ↑ Durham, G.B. 1925. Has parthenogenesis been confused with hermaphroditism in Cucurbita? Amer. Nat. 59:283–294.
[135] ↑ a b Nitch JP, Kurtz EB, Liverman JL, Went FW (1952) The development of sex expression in cucurbit flowers. Am J Bot 39:32-43.
[136] ↑ Nijs, A.P.M. den and N.J.D. Veldhuyzen van Zanten.
[137] ↑ Rylski, I. 1974a. Effects of season on parthenocarpic and fertilized summer squash (Cucumis pepo L.). Expt. Agr. 10:39–44.
[138] ↑ Nijs, A.P.M. den and J. Balder. 1983. Growth of parthenocarpic and seed-bearing fruits of zucchini squash. Cucurbit Genet. Coop. Rpt. 6:84–85.
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[140] ↑ Robinson, R.W. 1993. Genetic parthenocarpy in Cucurbita pepo L. Cucurbit Genet. Coop. Rpt. 16:55–57.
[141] ↑ Kirkpatrick, KJ y HD Wilson. 1988. Interspecific gene flow in Cucurbita: C. texana vs. C. pepo. American Journal of Botany 75:519-527.
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[143] ↑ Wilson, HD, R Lira y I Rodríguez. 1994. Crop-weed gene flow: Cucurbita argyrosperma Huber and C. fraterna L.H. Bailey (Cucurbitaceae). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 84:859-865.
[144] ↑ a b Montes-Hernández, S y LE Eguiarte. 2002. Genetic structure and indirect estimates of gene flow in three taxa of Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae) in Western Mexico. American Journal of Botany 89(7):1156-1163.
[145] ↑ a b Twist-ems ties en venta en Amazon: http://www.amazon.com/Twist-Ems-Plant-Green-Paper-Center/dp/B00340BLRO.: https://www.amazon.com/Twist-Ems-Plant-Green-Paper-Center/dp/B00340BLRO
[146] ↑ Neumann, D. 1952. Die Blühverhältnisse und der Frucht- und Samenansatz beim Ölkürbis (Cucurbita pepo L.) nach natürlicher und künstlicher Bestäubung. Z. Pflanzenz. 31 (4): 513-544.
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[148] ↑ Hawthorn LR, Pollard LH (1954) Vegetable and flower seed production. Blakiston Co, New York, USA.
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[153] ↑ Bailey, L. H. 1937. The garden of gourds. 134 pp.
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Review of old chicken coops

Introduction

Biology

Contenido

Review of old chicken coops

Introduction

Biology

Contenido

Architecture

Flowers and pollination

Ovary and fruit

Seeds

Fruit and seed development

Relationship with wild varieties and distribution

Species

Agroecology

Crop

Manual pollination

Harvest and storage

Seed conservation

Diseases

Composition

Uses

Gastronomy

For puree canning industry

Seed consumption

Seed oil consumption

Varieties for Halloween

Decorative uses of small varieties

References

Architecture

Flowers and pollination

Ovary and fruit

Seeds

Fruit and seed development

Relationship with wild varieties and distribution

Species

Agroecology

Crop

Manual pollination

Harvest and storage

Seed conservation

Diseases

Composition

Uses

Gastronomy

For puree canning industry

Seed consumption

Seed oil consumption

Varieties for Halloween

Decorative uses of small varieties

References