Review of old carpentry
Introduction
Wood is the material that makes up the majority of the trunk "Trunk (botany)") of a tree. It is composed of cellulose fibers bound with lignin. Once cut and dried, the wood is used in the construction of buildings and, historically, in means of transportation, such as boats or carriages, in the production of furniture and other elements. When used as fuel, it is called firewood. It is also used to make pulp or paste, the raw material for making paper.[1][2].
Etymology
Wood, heritage voice from the Latin materia 'tree wood', 'construction wood', 'materials', 'matter'. Of the same origin as matter (V.), it maintains the more restricted Latin meaning of 'hard and fibrous substance of trees'.[3].
Trunk structure
Analyzing a trunk "Trunk (botany)") from the outside to the center, different structures with different functions and characteristics are found.[4].
• - External bark: it is the outermost layer of the tree. It is made up of dead cells from the same tree. This layer serves as protection against atmospheric agents.
• - Cambium: is the layer that follows the bark and gives rise to two other layers: the inner layer or xylem layer, which forms the wood, and an outer layer or phloem layer, which is part of the bark.
• - Sapwood: it is the most recently formed wood and most of the sap compounds travel through it. The cells carry sap, which is a sugary substance that some insects can feed on. It is a whiter layer because more sap travels there than through the rest of the trunk.
• - Heartwood (heart): it is hard and consistent wood. It is made up of physiologically inactive cells and is located in the center of the tree. It is darker than sapwood and the sap no longer flows through it.
• - Plant pith "Marrow (botanical)"): it is the central area of the trunk, which has little resistance, so it is generally not used.
The trunks of the trees grow year after year, forming concentric rings corresponding to the different growth of biomass depending on the seasons,[5] Plants that do not produce wood are known as herbaceous.