• - Aerospace.

• - Auto parts.

• - Air conditioning devices.

• - Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) or lithium oxide (LIO) batteries.

• - Baking equipment.

• - Carpet pieces.

• - Compressors.

• - Information and communication technologies.

• - Armament.

• - Motors and electrical devices.

• - Excavators.

• - Fashion clothing and accessories.

• - Game machines.

• - Hydraulic cylinders.

• - Food processing machinery.

• - Machine tools.

• - Medical instruments.

• - Musical instruments.

• - Office furniture.

• - Photocopiers.

• - Toner cartridges.

• - Bearing balls.

• - Drive pumps.

• - Robots.

• - Rolling stock (railway).

• - Surgical operating tables.

• - Telecommunications equipment.

• - Automatic vending machines.

3 main types of remanufacturing activities are considered.

1. • Singular remanufacturing without loss of identityː with this method a machine is built on the basis of a previous one, receiving all the improvements, the expected useful life and the guarantee of a new machine. The physical structure (the chassis) is inspected for soundness. The entire product is refurbished and critical modules are reviewed, updated or replaced. Any defects in the original design are eliminated. This is the case for custom remanufacturing of machine tools, aircraft, mainframes, large medical equipment and other high-value "Asset (accounting)" assets. Due to its uniqueness, this recovery product is characterized as a project.

2. • Remanufacturing with loss of the original identity of the productː the used product is disassembled, the damaged parts are repaired and all (also the functional ones) remain in stock, ready to be reassembled into a remanufactured product. This is the case of the remanufacturing of automobile components, photocopiers, toner cartridges, furniture, cameras and personal computers. This remanufacturing with loss of original product identity involves issues of inventory management and development of disassembly sequences. Some of the issues relate to the similarity of parts in products from different generations, the uncertainty in the supply of used products and its relationship with production planning. The National Center for Remanufacturing and Resource Recovery (NCR3) at the Rochester Institute of Technology (New York "New York (state)") is researching remanufacturing processes, including testing standards for remanufactured products.

3. • Repetitive remanufacturing without loss of identityː the remanufacturing process is designed to be carried out more than once on the same product. For example, in a first remanufacturing certain parts are replaced, while in a second others are replaced. After each remanufacturing, the product maintains its original appearance and functions as if it were new.[9]​.

In addition to these types, there is an additional, less important one, remanufacturing by coating worn engine parts. This type of remanufacturing works for many engine parts and other large, expensive components that wear out with use. An example is the engine block, particularly the gaps through which the cylinders move, which must resist combustion and friction. Instead of discarding worn engine blocks (because they can hold less pressure, making the engine less powerful), remanufacturing allows them to be reused by coating the worn surfaces with plasma transferred wire arc (PTWA) spraying. Remanufacturing by coating parts is also common in aviation and geothermal pipelines.

In English, rebuilding (literally reconstruction) has been used to refer to remanufacturing. It is still widely used in the automotive industry. For example, the Association of Automotive Parts Remanufacturers (APRA),[10]​has the new term in its name, but just in case on its website it uses the combined term rebuild/remanufacture. In Spanish, reconstruction is used for the process of recovering something that has been destroyed or severely damaged. For remanufacturing activities, other terms that have been used are repair, renovation, upgrade and reconditioning.

Some Anglo-Saxon railway companies also often use the term rebuild. They can apply it to a steam locomotive that is fitted with a new "Boiler (engine)") boiler, or a diesel locomotive that is fitted with a new engine. This saves money by continuing to use the chassis and some other components, which still have years of useful life, and allows for the incorporation of improved technology. For example, a new diesel engine may have lower fuel consumption, lower emissions and greater reliability. Recent examples include British Rail Class 57 and British Rail Class 43 "British Rail Class 43 (HST)").

1. • Lower Cost: Remanufactured diesel engines cost up to 50% less than new, not including associated engineering costs, and offer even greater savings compared to purchasing new equipment. Maintenance on some new Tier 4 engines (a 2004 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emissions reduction standard)[11]​ can also be costly. In addition to being more complex to maintain, additional costs for post-treatment cleaning and for the urea solution that reduces nitrogen oxide emissions (see AdBlue) can add up quickly.[12]​.

2. • Less Downtime - Replacing existing engines with new ones typically requires significant engineering time that can leave rental equipment out of service for months. The integration and testing process also takes much longer with a new Tier 4 engine than with remanufactured engines.[12]​.

3. • Higher resale value of equipment: currently there are 2 main factors that make it difficult to sell equipment with a Tier 4 engine to less regulated countries. The first is maintenance: the lack of established service programs for the new technology (imposed to reduce emissions from diesel engines) makes product support difficult. This, along with high product costs, causes companies to avoid Tier 4 engine equipment. Additionally, many less regulated countries do not have high availability of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel, which is necessary for Tier 4 engines to operate effectively. With other fuel, the diesel particulate filter can quickly become clogged and cause major operational problems.[12]​.

4. • More Sustainable Option: Purchasing remanufactured engines keeps old engine cores and many usable components out of landfills, which can greatly reduce the impact on the environment. According to Andy Machin of Perkins Pacific, approximately 73 percent of old engines can be recovered through remanufacturing, diverting thousands of tons of waste from landfills. The production of new engines requires completely new materials, substantial amounts of energy for manufacturing and additional transportation costs. By using recycled components, remanufacturing an engine typically uses around 80% less energy than manufacturing it new, making it a much greener option. For rental fleet owners, remanufacturing offers the opportunity to expand their sustainability practices while saving money.[12]​.

• - Corrective maintenance.

• - Remanufacturing of printer parts.

• - Remanufacturing of printer parts.

• - UK Center for Remanufacturing and Reuse.

• - APRA Europe.

• - Remanufactured engines.

• - Ivor Searle Engine Remanufacturing Process Archived March 5, 2016 at the Wayback Machine.

• - The environmental impact of engine reconditioning.

1. • Reuseː implies that the items are used by a second customer without prior repair operations or as originally designed. It is the second hand of all life.

2. • Repair: the process of returning damaged components to a functional condition, usually incorporating new and original replacement parts.

3. • Reconditioningː is the process of restoring components to a functional or satisfactory state according to the original specifications, using methods such as repainting, surface restoration, etc.

4. • Recycling: the material from which the article is made is used (for example paper, plastic) and processed to produce the same material or useful degraded material.

5. • Cannibalization (pieces)ː to repair an item, pieces are taken from an item that is stored in order to supply spare parts.

There are many formal definitions of remanufacturing in the economics literature, but the first published report on remanufacturing, by R. Lund (1984), describes it as “...an industrial process in which worn-out products are made like new. Through a series of industrial processes in a factory environment, a discarded product is completely disassembled, usable parts are cleaned, reworked and placed in inventory. The product is then reassembled from the old parts (and, where necessary, some new parts) to produce a unit fully equivalent to, and sometimes superior in performance and lifespan to, the original.

Additionally, the Association of Automotive Parts Remanufacturers (APRA) realized that communication problems can arise when people from different countries with disparate language skills talk about remanufacturing. Certain terms can have different meanings, as definitions vary between countries and individuals. In 2013, APRA attempted to resolve these issues by publishing a translation list Archived 28 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine. common in many different languages ​​for the benefit of all those dealing with the automotive industry.

• - Aerospace.

• - Auto parts.

• - Air conditioning devices.

• - Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) or lithium oxide (LIO) batteries.

• - Baking equipment.

• - Carpet pieces.

• - Compressors.

• - Information and communication technologies.

• - Armament.

• - Motors and electrical devices.

• - Excavators.

• - Fashion clothing and accessories.

• - Game machines.

• - Hydraulic cylinders.

• - Food processing machinery.

• - Machine tools.

• - Medical instruments.

• - Musical instruments.

• - Office furniture.

• - Photocopiers.

• - Toner cartridges.

• - Bearing balls.

• - Drive pumps.

• - Robots.

• - Rolling stock (railway).

• - Surgical operating tables.

• - Telecommunications equipment.

• - Automatic vending machines.

3 main types of remanufacturing activities are considered.

1. • Singular remanufacturing without loss of identityː with this method a machine is built on the basis of a previous one, receiving all the improvements, the expected useful life and the guarantee of a new machine. The physical structure (the chassis) is inspected for soundness. The entire product is refurbished and critical modules are reviewed, updated or replaced. Any defects in the original design are eliminated. This is the case for custom remanufacturing of machine tools, aircraft, mainframes, large medical equipment and other high-value "Asset (accounting)" assets. Due to its uniqueness, this recovery product is characterized as a project.

2. • Remanufacturing with loss of the original identity of the productː the used product is disassembled, the damaged parts are repaired and all (also the functional ones) remain in stock, ready to be reassembled into a remanufactured product. This is the case of the remanufacturing of automobile components, photocopiers, toner cartridges, furniture, cameras and personal computers. This remanufacturing with loss of original product identity involves issues of inventory management and development of disassembly sequences. Some of the issues relate to the similarity of parts in products from different generations, the uncertainty in the supply of used products and its relationship with production planning. The National Center for Remanufacturing and Resource Recovery (NCR3) at the Rochester Institute of Technology (New York "New York (state)") is researching remanufacturing processes, including testing standards for remanufactured products.

3. • Repetitive remanufacturing without loss of identityː the remanufacturing process is designed to be carried out more than once on the same product. For example, in a first remanufacturing certain parts are replaced, while in a second others are replaced. After each remanufacturing, the product maintains its original appearance and functions as if it were new.[9]​.

In addition to these types, there is an additional, less important one, remanufacturing by coating worn engine parts. This type of remanufacturing works for many engine parts and other large, expensive components that wear out with use. An example is the engine block, particularly the gaps through which the cylinders move, which must resist combustion and friction. Instead of discarding worn engine blocks (because they can hold less pressure, making the engine less powerful), remanufacturing allows them to be reused by coating the worn surfaces with plasma transferred wire arc (PTWA) spraying. Remanufacturing by coating parts is also common in aviation and geothermal pipelines.

In English, rebuilding (literally reconstruction) has been used to refer to remanufacturing. It is still widely used in the automotive industry. For example, the Association of Automotive Parts Remanufacturers (APRA),[10]​has the new term in its name, but just in case on its website it uses the combined term rebuild/remanufacture. In Spanish, reconstruction is used for the process of recovering something that has been destroyed or severely damaged. For remanufacturing activities, other terms that have been used are repair, renovation, upgrade and reconditioning.

Some Anglo-Saxon railway companies also often use the term rebuild. They can apply it to a steam locomotive that is fitted with a new "Boiler (engine)") boiler, or a diesel locomotive that is fitted with a new engine. This saves money by continuing to use the chassis and some other components, which still have years of useful life, and allows for the incorporation of improved technology. For example, a new diesel engine may have lower fuel consumption, lower emissions and greater reliability. Recent examples include British Rail Class 57 and British Rail Class 43 "British Rail Class 43 (HST)").

1. • Lower Cost: Remanufactured diesel engines cost up to 50% less than new, not including associated engineering costs, and offer even greater savings compared to purchasing new equipment. Maintenance on some new Tier 4 engines (a 2004 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emissions reduction standard)[11]​ can also be costly. In addition to being more complex to maintain, additional costs for post-treatment cleaning and for the urea solution that reduces nitrogen oxide emissions (see AdBlue) can add up quickly.[12]​.

2. • Less Downtime - Replacing existing engines with new ones typically requires significant engineering time that can leave rental equipment out of service for months. The integration and testing process also takes much longer with a new Tier 4 engine than with remanufactured engines.[12]​.

3. • Higher resale value of equipment: currently there are 2 main factors that make it difficult to sell equipment with a Tier 4 engine to less regulated countries. The first is maintenance: the lack of established service programs for the new technology (imposed to reduce emissions from diesel engines) makes product support difficult. This, along with high product costs, causes companies to avoid Tier 4 engine equipment. Additionally, many less regulated countries do not have high availability of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel, which is necessary for Tier 4 engines to operate effectively. With other fuel, the diesel particulate filter can quickly become clogged and cause major operational problems.[12]​.

4. • More Sustainable Option: Purchasing remanufactured engines keeps old engine cores and many usable components out of landfills, which can greatly reduce the impact on the environment. According to Andy Machin of Perkins Pacific, approximately 73 percent of old engines can be recovered through remanufacturing, diverting thousands of tons of waste from landfills. The production of new engines requires completely new materials, substantial amounts of energy for manufacturing and additional transportation costs. By using recycled components, remanufacturing an engine typically uses around 80% less energy than manufacturing it new, making it a much greener option. For rental fleet owners, remanufacturing offers the opportunity to expand their sustainability practices while saving money.[12]​.

• - Corrective maintenance.

• - Remanufacturing of printer parts.

• - Remanufacturing of printer parts.

• - UK Center for Remanufacturing and Reuse.

• - APRA Europe.

• - Remanufactured engines.

• - Ivor Searle Engine Remanufacturing Process Archived March 5, 2016 at the Wayback Machine.

• - The environmental impact of engine reconditioning.