Repair of technical floors | Construpedia

Repair of technical floors

Introduction

Agriculture is the set of economic and technical activities related to the treatment of soil and the cultivation of land for food production. It includes a whole set of human actions that transforms the natural environment.

The related actions are those that make up the so-called agricultural sector. All the economic activities of the sector are based on the exploitation of the resources that the earth produces, favored by the action of human beings: plant foods such as cereals, fruits, vegetables, cultivated pastures "Grass (livestock)" and forage "Grass (livestock)"); fibers used by the textile industry; energy crops "Biomass (energy)"), etc.

Agriculture[1] also includes a global demand for the branch and the global food service depends largely on the climate and the techniques to make the land fertile, it retains its origin in private property and in the exploitation of the land given to families to be able to establish themselves. It is an activity of great strategic importance as a fundamental basis for the self-sufficient development and money of nations. The science that studies the practice of agriculture is agronomy.

Etymology

The word agriculture derives from the Latin agri 'field' and cultūra 'cultivation', 'rearing'.[2][3].

History

Beginning of agriculture

Agriculture began once people planted herbs for their seeds (or grains) in the Near East, in Guangdong (China), and in Latin America; and perhaps they planted root vegetables in Peru and Indonesia, too. The Fertile Crescent of southwest Asia, Egypt and India were the places where hydraulic planting and harvesting of plants that had previously been collected in the wild was initially developed.

The independent development of agriculture occurred in northern and southern China, in the African Sahel, in New Guinea, and in several regions of the Americas. The so-called eight founding crops of the Neolithic, starch marks on stone implements found in New Guinea suggest that sweet potato has been cultivated there for at least 30,000 years; Water chestnuts and beans may have been cultivated near the Spirit Cave in Thailand from 11,000 to 7,500 BC. c.

Repair of technical floors

Introduction

Etymology

The word agriculture derives from the Latin agri 'field' and cultūra 'cultivation', 'rearing'.[2][3].

History

Beginning of agriculture

How agriculture was born in the world

The beginning of agriculture is found in the Neolithic, when the economy of human societies evolved from gathering, hunting and fishing to agriculture and livestock. The first cultivated plants were wheat and barley. Its origins are lost in prehistory and its development took place in several cultures that practiced it independently, such as those that emerged in the so-called Fertile Crescent (area of the Middle East from Mesopotamia to Ancient Egypt), the pre-Columbian cultures of Central America, the culture developed by the Chinese in East Asia, etc.

In America, crops domesticated in Mesoamerica (other than teosinte) include squash, beans, and cacao.[4] Cacao was domesticated by the Mayo Chinchipe of the upper Amazon around 3000 BC. C.[4] The turkey was probably domesticated in Mexico or the southwestern United States.[5] The Aztecs developed irrigation systems, terraced hillsides, fertilized their soil, and developed chinampas or artificial islands. The Mayans used extensive canal systems and raised fields to cultivate swampy lands from 400 BC. C.[6][7][8] In South America, agriculture may have begun around 9000 BC. C. with the domestication of squash (Cucurbita) and other plants.[9] Coca was domesticated in the Andes, as were peanuts, tomatoes, tobacco and pineapples.[10] Utco was domesticated in Peru around 3600 BC. C.[11] Animals such as llamas, alpacas and guinea pigs were domesticated there.[12] In North America, indigenous peoples of the East domesticated crops such as sunflower, tobacco, pumpkin and Chenopodium.[13] The domesticated strawberry is a hybrid of a Chilean and a North American species, developed through breeding in Europe and North America.[14].

In New Guinea, starch marks were found on stone implements, suggesting that sweet potatoes had been cultivated there at least 30,000 years ago. There is a transition, generally gradual, from the economy of hunting and gathering agricultural products. The reasons for the development of agriculture could be due to climatic changes towards more temperate temperatures; They could also have been due to a shortage of hunting or gathering food, or the desertification of large regions. Despite its advantages, according to some anthropologists, agriculture meant a reduction in dietary variety, creating a shift in the evolution of the human species toward more vulnerable and enclave-dependent individuals than their predecessors.

Agriculture and women's dedication to motherhood[15]allowed a greater population density than the hunting and gathering economy due to the availability of food for a greater number of individuals. With agriculture, societies become more sedentary and property stops being a right only over mobile objects and also moves to real estate, the division of labor expands and a more complex society emerges with specialized artisanal and commercial activities, agricultural settlements and conflicts over the interpretation of property boundaries give rise to the first legal and governmental systems.

Middle Ages

Throughout the European Middle Ages, important technological innovations emerged that contributed some positive elements to the work of peasants. The main innovations in medieval agriculture were due to the greater dynamism of the feudal mode of production, which provided serfs with a greater incentive to improve production than for slaves. The Partidas of Alfonso This active peasantry was the fundamental force of labor in medieval society.

The introduction of heavy plows (with wheels and mouldboards) allowed deeper cultivation of the soils of northern Europe (it was incorporated throughout the century in the regions north of the Alps, while the fragile soils of the Mediterranean area remained linked to the Roman plow). Hydraulic mills (later windmills were introduced from Persia) significantly increased labor productivity, as did the gradual improvement of agricultural implements, such as new types of threshing machines "Threshing (agriculture)"), sickles "Sickle (tool)") and scythes.

The shift from the ox to the horse as a draft animal was the result of two technological advances—the use of the horseshoe and the development of the collera "Collera (harness)"—that allowed the horse to pull larger loads more easily. This increased the efficiency of land transportation, both for trade and military campaigns, and added to the general improvement of the road network increased commercial opportunities for better-connected rural communities. In some areas with especially fertile lands, three-leaf crop rotation was introduced (three-year rotation, associating a spring cereal or a legume with a winter cereal), which reduced the need for fallow to 33% instead of 50% compared to the year and time system, increasing production and making it more diversified. The possibility of subscribing was restricted to the availability of associated livestock, which, in the areas and periods in which it increased, had an important impact on peasant life, although not always positive for the farmers, whose interests were in contradiction with those of the livestock breeders, usually of privileged status (the Council of La Mesta and similar livestock associations in the peninsular Christian kingdoms). The example of the monasteries, especially of the Benedictine Order spread throughout Western Europe (Cluny and Cistercian), spread agricultural, property management and food industry practices.

These changes caused growth, both in the variety and quantity of crops, which had important effects on the population's diet. The countryside was the great protagonist in the European Middle Ages. The resources provided by agriculture and livestock were the basis of the economy and the land was the center of social relations, the distribution of its surpluses being what allowed the urban revolution that took place between the centuries and , the peak of the period called optimal medieval, benefited by a particularly benign climate. The average annual growth rate of the European population during the period 1000-1300 was 0.2%. Among the causes of the reduction in the mortality rate that allowed this slight but sustained growth, the improvement in diet as a result of the incorporation of the eighth amino acid, thanks to the consumption of lentils, has been suggested.[16].

The agricultural expansion of arable lands was done at the cost of the reduction of the forest surface and the incorporation of marginal lands and although it contributed to the growth of food production, it inevitably led to the negative consequences of the law of diminishing returns, which was among the distant causes or preconditions of the crisis of the century. Despite the progress, medieval agriculture always showed signs of precariousness due to the impossibility of making productive investment of the surpluses (extracted in the form of feudal rent by the nobility and the clergy) and its close dependence on natural conditions.

Contemporary Age

The ideology of economic liberalism advocated the liberation of the land market and the imposition of private property on them, with different manifestations depending on the countries (enclosures in England since the century; in Spain suppression of estates and lordships from the Cortes of Cádiz, confiscation of Mendizábal in 1836). The formation of unified national markets implied the unification of weights and measures, and the liberalization of prices in the face of the previous mercantilist protectionism, a task that enlightened despotism had initiated from supposed physiocrats in the middle of the century. The suppression of the wheat tax in Spain in 1765 was among the causes of the Esquilache mutiny, from which the slow processing of an Agrarian Law did not achieve effective results (Report by Jovellanos, 1795).

In the Austrian Empire, serfdom was abolished (Joseph II, 1785), which in the Russian Empire did not come until 1861 (reform of Alexander II). In France, the Revolution of 1789 suppressed feudal rights, providing a base of small landowners but with sufficient capitalization capacity, closely involved with their land, which characterized the vitality and special social and political strength of the French countryside ever since. In England, the predominance of landowners and gentry in Parliament managed to maintain the protectionism of the Corn Laws until well into the century to prevent a decline in the price of wheat, to the detriment of the industrialists who sponsored the Manchester School. What had occurred was the drastic reduction of the active agricultural population in the face of increasing labor productivity. The lack of job expectations in the countryside for a growing population (demographic explosion) and the breakdown of traditional solidarity networks in rural parishes (Poor Laws, disappearance of communal lands - in Spain with the confiscation of Madoz, 1855 -) led to an unstoppable rural exodus that fed the suburbs of industrial cities.

The use of chemical fertilizers (phosphates, nitrates, etc.), mechanization and scientific studies of soil science and agricultural engineering transformed agriculture, at the end of the century, into an activity similar to industry in terms of its connection with science and technology. However, the dependence on the weather and the periodic outbreak of pests (Irish famine of 1845-1849, affecting the potato, phylloxera since 1863, affecting the vine) produced periodic agricultural crises.

The division of the world into developed and underdeveloped countries had one of its aspects in agriculture: the former characterized by specialized and market agriculture with high yields (even in the so-called new countries where population pressure on the surface is less); while in the latter there was a division by zones between subsistence agriculture of family farms with traditional technology and subject to the pressure of demographic growth, and monoculture plantation agriculture destined for the international market, which also puts pressure on the increasingly reduced natural spaces (deforestation).

The green revolution of the second half of the century meant a qualitative leap in the modernization of agriculture around the world, based on advanced technological improvements such as high-yield seeds, which at the end of the century experienced a new boost with biotechnology (GMO). Simultaneously, the widespread evolution towards market agriculture produced increasing dependence on pesticides and intensive fertilization, with serious environmental problems such as contamination of soils and aquifers and a drastic reduction in biodiversity; to which we have attempted to respond with the approach of a so-called sustainable agriculture. The total global area dedicated to agricultural activities has been between 35% and 40% since the late 1950s.[18].

Present

Contenido

En el siglo , especialmente con la aparición del tractor, las exigentes tareas de sembrar, cosechar y trillar pueden realizarse de forma rápida y a una escala antes inimaginable. Según la Academia Internacional de Ingeniería de Estados Unidos, la mecanización agraria es uno de los 20 mayores logros de la ingeniería del siglo . A principios del siglo , en Estados Unidos se necesitaba un granjero para alimentar de 2 a 5 personas, mientras que hoy, gracias a la tecnología, los agroquímicos y las variedades actuales, un granjero puede alimentar a 130 personas. El costo de esta productividad es un gran consumo energético, generalmente de combustibles fósiles.

La difusión de la radio "Radio (medio de comunicación)") y la televisión (medios de comunicación), así como de la informática, son de gran ayuda, al facilitar informes meteorológicos, estudios de mercado, etc.

Además de comida para humanos y sus animales, se produce cada vez con más amplia utilidad tales como flores, plantas ornamentales, madera, fertilizantes, pieles, cuero, productos químicos (etanol, plásticos, azúcar, almidón), fibras (algodón, cáñamo, lino), combustible (biodiésel, el propio etanol, que ahora ya se está obteniendo del maíz), productos biofarmacéuticos, y drogas tanto legales como ilegales (tabaco, marihuana, opio, cocaína). También existen plantas creadas por ingeniería genética que producen sustancias especializadas (como, por ejemplo, el maíz transgénico, que, al igual que la obtención de etanol, está modificando la economía de los cultivos de esta planta y la vida de las comunidades que de ella siguen dependiendo).

La manipulación genética, la mejor gestión de los nutrientes del suelo y la mejora en el control de las semillas han aumentado enormemente las cosechas por unidad de superficie, a cambio estas semillas se han vuelto más sensibles a plagas y enfermedades, lo que conlleva una necesidad mayor de estos últimos por parte del agricultor; prueba de ello es el resurgimiento de antiguas variedades, muy resistentes a las enfermedades y plagas, por su rusticidad. Al mismo tiempo, la mecanización ha reducido la exigencia de mano de obra. Las cosechas son generalmente menores en los países más pobres, al carecer del capital, la tecnología y los conocimientos científicos necesarios.

La agricultura moderna depende en gran medida de la tecnología y las ciencias físicas y biológicas. La irrigación, el drenaje, la conservación y la sanidad, que son vitales para una agricultura exitosa, exigen el conocimiento especializado de ingenieros agrónomos. La química agrícola, en cambio, trata con la aplicación de fertilizantes, insecticidas y fungicidas, la reparación de suelos, el análisis de productos agrícolas, etc.

Las variedades de semillas han sido mejoradas hasta el punto de poder germinar más rápido y adaptarse a estaciones más breves en distintos climas. Las semillas actuales pueden resistir a pesticidas capaces de exterminar a todas las plantas verdes. Los cultivos hidropónicos, un método para cultivar sin tierra, utilizando soluciones de nutrientes químicos, pueden ayudar a cubrir la creciente necesidad de producción a medida que la población mundial aumenta.

Otras técnicas modernas que han contribuido al desarrollo de la agricultura son las de empaquetado, procesamiento y mercadeo. Así, el procesamiento de los alimentos, como el congelado rápido y la deshidratación han abierto nuevos horizontes a la comercialización de los productos y aumentado los posibles mercados.

La mayoría de las personas en situación de pobreza alrededor del mundo dependen de la agricultura. Por ello, la seguridad alimentaria y la agricultura están siendo promovidas por gobiernos y organismos de desarrollo como una estrategia para favorecer a las personas en situación de pobreza y estimular el crecimiento económico. Estas intervenciones agrícolas incluyen tecnología, habilidades y el entorno regulatorio. Se ha planteado analizar el impacto de varias de estas intervenciones como, por ejemplo, la titulación de tierras, la capacitación y tecnología, las escuelas de campo para agricultores, el pago por servicios ambientales y la gestión forestal descentralizada.

Un análisis de cinco revisiones sistemáticas concluyó, entre varios resultados, que las reformas de titulación de tierras tienen efectos positivos sobre la productividad agrícola y en los ingresos de aquellos beneficiados. Asimismo, las innovaciones tecnológicas impactan positivamente en la seguridad alimentaria familiar, mientras que las escuelas de campo para agricultores demostraron ser eficaces en aumentar la producción agrícola. A pesar de que también se obtuvieron otros resultados, todavía queda pendiente comprender por qué algunos programas son más eficaces que otros, por lo que es recomendable realizar más investigaciones que estudien la gama completa de impactos relevantes y evalúen resultados sociales más amplios.[19].

Agricultural sector

The agricultural sector is the sector of the economy dedicated to the production of agricultural products, that is, raw materials of plant origin.

It is important not to confuse it with the agricultural sector, which also includes livestock and other economic activities in the countryside, or with the primary sector, which includes other sectors that produce raw materials, such as mining and forestry.

The expression "agricultural sector" is commonly used to refer to the interests of agricultural companies or, in a broader sense, those of the population of agricultural areas, given their determining role in the economy of many rural regions. In the politics of some countries, especially in the United States, the agricultural sector functions as a lobby or pressure group.

Agricultural product

Agricultural product is the generic name for each of the products of agriculture, the human activity that obtains raw materials of plant origin through cultivation. Strictly those from forest exploitation are not considered agricultural products. Less common is the distinction with products from harvesting, which in some cases is still an estimable economic activity (for example, the harvesting of mushrooms – which are not actually vegetables, but mushrooms–).

Depending on the destination of the product, a division can be made between food agricultural products and industrial agricultural products. Of the foodstuffs, the most important (as they are the basis of human nutrition and livestock), cereals stand out (wheat, rice, corn, tomato, etc.); potatoes and other tubers; legumes; oilseed plants (olive, sunflower, soybean, rapeseed); the vine and other plants capable of producing different alcoholic beverages; sugar plants; and horticultural products. Of the industrial materials, essential for many industrial processes, the raw materials for the textile industry stand out, such as cotton, textile linen, esparto grass, etc.; and others of great economic importance, such as rubber and tobacco. "Dyeing plants", which were of great importance until the Industrial Revolution, have been replaced by chemical dyes. The production of biofuels from plant remains or those cultivated expressly for this purpose has been the subject of great development in recent years.

Agricultural production should not be confused with agricultural production, which includes, in addition to agricultural products, those of other agricultural activities, especially livestock. Another confluent concept is that of all rural products") or rural products") (rural). Strictly speaking, rural production also includes the products of rural industry, especially those of the local or traditional food industry and those of rural crafts.

Nor should it be confused with the contribution of the primary sector to total production "Production (economy)" (GDP or GNP depending on how it is considered), which is usually divided into the three sectors of the economy, since the primary sector also includes fishing. In order for farmers to produce food, they make use of two important natural resources:

the soil and water. This work is often carried out in areas where the topography is mountainous with high slopes where practices for weed management and erosion control are required. Soil and water are also vital resources for all human activity. For this reason, the farmer must know the recommended practices for the effective use and conservation of these essential resources.

Types of agriculture

The types of agriculture can be divided according to many different classification criteria:.

According to their dependence on water:

• - Rainfed: is agriculture produced without the contribution of water by the farmer himself. The soil is nourished by rain or groundwater.

• - Irrigated: it is produced with the contribution of water by the farmer, through the supply collected from natural or artificial surface channels, or through the extraction of groundwater from wells.

Depending on the magnitude of the production and its relationship with the market:.

• - Subsistence agriculture: It consists of the production of the minimum amount of food necessary to cover the needs of the farmer and his family, with hardly any surplus to market. The technical level is primitive.

• - Industrial agriculture: Large quantities are produced, using expensive means of production, to obtain surpluses and market them. Typical of industrialized countries, developing countries and the internationalized sector of the poorest countries. The technical level is technological. It can also be defined as market agriculture.

Depending on whether you want to obtain maximum performance or minimal use of other means of production, which will determine a greater or lesser ecological footprint:

• - Intensive agriculture: seeks large production in a small space. It leads to greater wear and tear on the site. Typical of industrialized countries.

• - Extensive agriculture: it depends on a larger surface area, that is, it causes less pressure on the place and its ecological relationships, although its commercial benefits are usually lower.

According to the method and objectives:

• - Traditional agriculture"): uses the typical systems of a place, which have shaped its culture, over more or less prolonged periods.

• - Industrial agriculture: based mainly on intensive systems, it is focused on producing large quantities of food in less time and space—but with greater ecological wear—, aimed at generating large commercial benefits.

• - Organic agriculture: biological or ecological (they are synonyms): they create diverse production systems that respect the ecological characteristics of the places and the geobiological characteristics of the soils, trying to respect the seasons and the natural distributions of plant species, promoting soil fertility.

• - Natural agriculture: products produced without human intervention are collected and consumed.

• - Contract farming: is an agreement between a farmer and a company, established before production begins. This agreement varies by region, and commits the company to providing resources and services to the farmer, such as transportation, certification, supply of inputs or credit. For farmers to give up their autonomy in the production and marketing of their products, it is necessary to offer them significant profits. A review summarizes the findings of 75 reports, covering 26 empirical examples of contract farming in 13 developing countries. The conclusion of this review is that contract farming can increase farmers' income between 23% and 54%. Likewise, it is concluded that the poorest farmers are generally not part of these schemes. These results, however, must be examined carefully due to possible biases in the estimates, since there is no data on farmers who withdraw from the program or who fail in the first years, for example.[20].

Negative impact on the environment

Loss of biodiversity and deforestation

Land concentration, deforestation and draining of marshes for agricultural exploitation reduce the area available for wildlife and fragment natural habitats. Pesticides and herbicides destroy large numbers of insects and unwanted plants, affecting larger species that see their food sources reduced. These affected life forms can be important recyclers of soil nutrients, pollinators of crops, and predators of harmful insects. That is, the loss of biodiversity begins with the phase of preparing the land for agricultural development and continues thereafter. This loss of biodiversity is a constant that does not reduce even in those countries that value and protect nature. Likewise, land degradation, salinization and excess water extraction caused by agriculture affect the foundation of its own future.[30].

Many of these problems deplete and desertify the soil, forcing some land to be abandoned to plow new ones, which, in turn, become depleted, creating a vicious circle that destroys the environment. A clear example is the progressive deforestation of the Amazon rainforest.

Greenhouse gas emissions

Agriculture is also a major source of air pollution and greenhouse gases. Ammonia is one of the main causes of acid rain that damages trees, acidifies soils, lakes and rivers, harming biodiversity. Ammonia emissions from mineral fertilizers account for approximately 16% and the combustion of biomass "Biomass (energy)") and crop residues account for 18%. Additionally, the combustion of plant biomass causes the emission of other powerful air pollutants, such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and smoke particles. Humans are responsible for approximately 90% of biomass combustion, mainly through the deliberate burning of forest vegetation, associated with deforestation, and pasture and crop residues to promote the growth of new crops and destroy habitats of harmful insects. Rice cultivation is another major agricultural source of methane, accounting for approximately one-fifth of total emissions.[30].

Erosion and land use

Agriculture, especially intensive or industrial agriculture, has a negative impact on the soil. Among the frequent problems we can mention:

• - Soil erosion.

• - Depletion of soil minerals.

• - Soil salinization in dry areas.

• - Competition between agrofuels and food.

Agrochemicals

Pesticides, herbicides and other types of agrochemicals affect the ecosystem in several ways. Some of these problems include:

• - Pollution by nitrogen and phosphorusmagnesium in rivers, lakes and groundwater.

• - Contamination by pesticide residues of soil, water and air.

• - Cause imbalances in the biota due to the indiscriminate use of pesticides.

Agricultural machinery, equipment and tools

Agricultural machinery

Machineries are elements that are used to direct the action carried out by work forces based on energy; For its part, in the agricultural field, the motor mechanisms used in these tasks lighten production and improve cultivation techniques.[31] Among the agricultural machines most used in field work, the following are mentioned:

• - Tractor: it is a very useful agricultural machine, with wheels or chains designed to move easily over the terrain and "Power (physical)") traction power that allows large agricultural tasks to be carried out, even in waterlogged terrain. It has two brake pedals and is equipped to pull harrows. There are two types of tractors: the caterpillar one, with great stability and strength, and the wheel one, capable of moving even on roads; It has greater speed than the caterpillar.

• - Motocultor: it is a single-axis agricultural machine and is operated by handlebars; It usually has medium power but, on the other hand, it can be very versatile with the numerous tools and implements that have been developed. It is the ideal machinery for small plots or smallholdings, very common in southern European countries, and also in Southeast Asia, as well as other parts of the world; The power of the engine is quite low (single-cylinder gasoline or diesel engines of about 200 cm³ on average) but it is compensated by the low speed, which gives it great power. Although it can also be used on relatively large plots with a seat for the driver, its use has been partially replaced by larger tractors, essential in land integration work, such as that carried out in France and other countries, so its use has been increasingly limited to horticultural, gardening and ornamental work on smallholder plots. The implements of the motocultor can vary from harvesters, seeders, fumigators, transport and even power take-off for irrigation pumps and other purposes. It will continue to be essential in plots on land that is quite uneven and fragmented by the relief.

• - Harvester: or reaper is an agricultural machine with a powerful motor, a cutting comb to mow mature cereal plants and a long rake that goes in front of the machine and rotates on a horizontal axis.

Agricultural equipment

Agricultural equipment is a group of devices designed to open furrows in the soil, break up, fumigate and fertilize the soil.

• - Plow "Plow (agriculture)"): is an agricultural equipment designed to open furrows in the land; It is composed of a blade, share, moldboard, heel, bed, rudder and handle, which serve to cut and level the land, support the pieces of the plow, fix the draft and serve as a handle. There are various types of plows, but the best known are:

moldboard plow, formed by the share, blades and the moldboard.

disc plow: formed by concave discs to open deep furrows.

surface plowing"), to remove the top layer of soil.

subsoil plow, to remove the earth in depth.

• - Harrow: is an agricultural equipment designed to break up the parts or portions of land that have been removed by the plow; They are made up of a frame that can be made of wood or metal, the teeth and the hitch that connects it to the tractor.

• - Sprayer"): is an agricultural equipment designed for fumigation; it is composed of a liquid tank, pressure pump, lid, mouth, tank and pressure valve, belts, hose, key and the nozzle through which the liquid to spray comes out, be it insecticide, fungicide or herbicide. The manual sprayer is placed on the back of the sprayer and the sprayer has a special mask placed over his mouth and nose to prevent the strong odors emitted by the substance expelled by the sprayer. hurt him.

• - Direct sowing seeder: it is a piece of equipment to place the seeds on the seed bed, without prior tillage.

• - Fertilizer: it is agricultural equipment designed to distribute fertilizers; It is made up of three main parts: the hopper or fertilizer tank, the fertilizer drop tube and the fertilizer distributor.

• - Baler: is an agricultural equipment designed to bale or pack cereal straw or other forage herbaceous plants into bales (also called "Paca (agriculture)" bales or alpacas).

Agricultural tools

Agricultural tools are instruments used to till the land, load sand, weed, remove soil, open ditches, transport fertilizer or material, etc. There are many and very varied agricultural tools, among which are mentioned:

• - Hoes: they are tools with a shovel-shaped end; They are made of metal with a sharp lower edge; They serve to remove the earth.

• - Barretones"): are steel levers finished with a flat and semi-flat blade of the same metal, medium-length handle.

• - Wheelbarrows: they are small loads that have one wheel and are used to load and unload agricultural material, be it sand, earth, fertilizers.

• - Weeding: they are variants of hoes, of smaller width, used for weeding, that is, to clean thistle crops and other undesirable herbs and plants.

• - Machetes: are tools designed to cut; They have a long, sharp steel blade, attached to a wooden handle.

• - Shovels: they are metal sheets, preferably steel, that are used to till the land; They can be pointed or wide in shape; They have a lower edge with a cutting edge and a long wooden handle ending in a metal handle.

• - Pickaxes "Pico (tool)"): are instruments composed of a steel part whose ends end in the shape of a rectangular shovel, on one side, and on the ground vertically; It has a rectangular shovel with a sharp lower edge and a wooden or metal handle.

• - Rakes "Rake (tool)"): designed to cover or rake seeds; They have a horizontal part made of metal and made up of thin or thick teeth depending on the use.

• - Watering cans: they are metal containers with a water tank, with a tube that ends in a round piece with many small holes; It is used to water plants.

• - Transplanter"): they are small metal shovels in the shape of a small spoon, with sharp edges and a wooden handle. They are used to remove seeds.

Differences between machinery, equipment and tools according to their use

The difference is that the machinery is in charge of removing the earth, while the equipment is in charge of helping the soil, getting rid of what should not be in the earth, and the tools help transport and excavate to plant a new crop.

Importance of machinery, equipment and tools in agricultural work

The importance that exists in:.

• - Agricultural machinery is used for dragging, crumbling or removing soil, cleaning and sowing.

• - Agricultural equipment is used to till the land, eliminate weeds, spray plants and fertilize the soil.

• - Agricultural tools are used to open trenches, load soil, extract roots, pull up weeds, drill into the soil, and spray water on plants.