Regeneration of obsolete areas
Introduction
The eradication of informal settlements in the United Kingdom has been used as an urban renewal strategy to regenerate degraded urban areas, rehabilitating existing buildings or constructing new ones with new infrastructure that generate community vitality. The first major actions took place in the cities of the north of the country, especially in Liverpool and Leeds, in neighborhoods with obsolete terraced housing. Since 1930, city councils have been developing plans to clean up unhealthy housing in degraded neighborhoods, a process that was paralyzed when the Second World War began.
The eradication of these areas was resumed after the war, thus, in the 1960s there was the greatest number of housing renovation processes promoted by local authorities, especially in Manchester, where 27% of the residential stock was evaluated as unsuitable for housing due to habitability deficiencies. In 1969, a housing law provided financial tools for authorities and owners, with the aim of improving the housing stock, extending the useful life of existing buildings.
The Labor government launched the Housing Market Renewal Initiative in 2002, with the primary aim of demolishing homes assessed as obsolete and replacing them with new developments. Known as the Pathfinder program, the process ended in 2011 with many areas saved from demolition and some renovated.
Early 20th century
During 1895-1918, Liverpool undertook large-scale slum clearance, building more housing than any other city apart from London. New housing was built for tenants evicted from the demolished buildings, although not all evicted people were rehoused, only those who could pay the rent were offered new housing.[1] In the city of Leeds, where many marginal urban areas were terraced housing, the plot they occupied was very small, inadequate to build profitable developments that would compensate for the investment.[2].
Although new council housing was built, little was done to solve the problem of slums in the urban centre. Eradication strategies were predominantly used in the early 20th century to renew urban communities, as established by the Housing Act 1930 (also known as the Greenwood Act), which required councils to develop slum eradication processes and some progress was made before the Second World War began.[3][4] By February 1932, 394 areas were declared eradicated in England and Wales, affecting 64,000 people. Estimates made in 1933 by local authorities in Scotland estimated the need to build nearly 62,000 new homes to replace housing in demolished neighborhoods, of which 90% were expected to be built within a five-year period. Godfrey Collins, then Secretary of State for Scotland, believed it was possible to end Scotland's slums by the end of 1938. By 1936 across the United Kingdom, around 25,000 people living in slums were being rehoused a month, totaling around 450,000 in August 1936.