This plan was created to accomplish several tasks, including:.

The CPC Political Bureau had determined that the gross value of agricultural products should increase by 270%; in fact, the gain was a considerably more modest 35%.[9]​ The country experienced increases in capital construction "Capital (economy)") over those seen during the First Five Year Plan and also experienced significant increases in industry (doubling the value of production) and incomes (workers and farmers, increased by up to 30%).

However, the Great Leap Forward, which diverted millions of agricultural workers into industry, and the Great Sparrow Campaign, which led to a locust infestation as well as unprecedented natural and climate problems, caused a large decline in food production. Simultaneously, rural officials, under great pressure to meet their quotas, greatly exaggerated the amount of grain available. Therefore, a massive famine occurred throughout the country.

In 1960-1961, attempts were made to redirect twenty million workers into agricultural production and reallocate investments in those industrial sectors that could further support agriculture. This change contrasted sharply with the rapid industrialization seen in the first five-year plan.[10]​.

The Third Plan was originally due to be presented in early 1963, but at that time China's economy was too dislocated, as a result of the failure of the Great Leap Forward and four crop failures to permit any planned operation.[11] Research and study of the elements of this Plan began in early 1964. The Plan contained two comparatively detailed outlines: one was the Preliminary Tentative Plan of the Third Five-Year Plan (1966-1970) proposed by the State Planning Commission and agreed by the Central Government Work Meeting in May 1964; The other was the Study Plan Report on the Organization of the Third Five-Year Plan prepared by the State Planning Commission and agreed upon by the central government in September 1965.[12]​.

The Tentative Plan established the following basic tasks:[1]​.

The Plan also called for prioritizing national defense in the face of a possible major war, actively preparing for conflicts and accelerating construction in three key areas; national defense, science and technology, and industrial and transportation infrastructure.[13]​.

The outputs of other recently added major products were 68.06 million tons of coal; 8.60 million kilowatts of electricity; 27.77 million tons of oil; 6.53 million tons of steel; 35.90 million tons of iron ore; 2.44 million tons of synthesized ammonia; 2.04 million tons of fertilizers; 15.33 million tons of cement; 187,000 tons of plastics; 3.22 million tons of cotton spindles; 12,300 tons of chemical fibers; 3,894 kilometers of newly built railway tracks and 31,223 kilometers of newly built roads were put into operation; and the handling capacity of coastal ports exceeded 11.91 million tons.[1]​.

This plan was more successful than anticipated, with industrial and agricultural goals exceeded by 14.1% and gross industrial production value goals by 21.1%. Farm profits also beat targets, but more moderately, rising 2.2% above expectations. However, according to the Official Portal of the Chinese Government, the focus on accumulation and rapid development in this and previous plans were impediments to long-term economic development.

A first draft of the Plan was developed and agreed upon in September 1970 at the 2nd Plenary Session of the 9th Central Committee of the Communist Party, which stipulated:[14]​.

In July 1973, the State Planning Commission modified the project, lowering some of the initially set objectives. Steel production was reduced to between 32 and 35 million tonnes and then further reduced to 30 million tonnes. The national economy took a favorable turn in 1972 and 1973. By 1973, all major economic indices had been met or exceeded, making it the year of greatest economic growth.

The central government stipulated the Outline of Ten-Year Plan 1976-1985 for the Development of National Economy (Draft) in 1975, which included the Fifth Five-Year Plan. In March 1978, the Ten-Year Development Scheme was amended because the original 1975 version stipulated that by 1985, steel and oil production should reach 60 and 250 million tons respectively, and 120 large projects, including 10 steel production bases, nine non-ferrous metal bases, eight coal bases, and 10 oil and gas fields, should be built. To achieve these goals, the government would invest 70 billion yuan in infrastructure construction, equivalent to the total national investment over the previous 28 years. These were impossible goals and went against the rules of economic development.

The Plan put forward suggestions for establishing an independent and comparatively complete industrial system and national economic system from 1978 to 1980. With the implementation of the Plan, considerable success was achieved. In 1977, the value of gross output of industry and agriculture reached 505.5 billion yuan, 4.4 percent above the target and representing an increase of 10.4 percent compared with the previous year. The gross domestic product in 1978 reached 301 billion yuan, an increase of 12.3% compared with 1977 and an increase of 19.4% compared with 1976.

However, during this period, the Chinese economy developed too quickly, and too high goals caused another round of mistakes to begin. In December 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party changed the Communist Party's work focus toward modernization. The Session emphasized that development must follow economic rules and proposed readjustment and reform measures, which indicated that national economic development had entered a new phase, one of exploration and development. In April 1979, the central government formally put forward new principles of readjustment, reform, rectification and improvement.[15]​.

This Plan took some time to draft. It was first planned as part of the "Outline of the Ten-Year National Economic Development Plan for 1976-1985". In February 1980, the Council of State decided to reformulate the country's medium and long-term plans. He called a seminar to discuss the compilation of the Sixth Five-Year Plan. To that end, the State Planning Commission and related departments also carried out extensive research and calculation work on the compilation of the Plan, and organized related experts to conduct scientific evaluations. The 1982 national planning meeting again focused primarily on drafting the Plan. Only in December of that year did the fifth meeting of the Fifth National People's Assembly officially ratify the Plan.

It was a more comprehensive plan compared to its predecessors, as it adjusted and placed national economic development on a more stable and healthy path, with overall objectives of:.

Specific objectives included:

The Plan was overall a great success:.

Alternatively, several negative outcomes included a disproportionately high fixed asset ratio, rapid growth in consumption, and fiscal oversupply. All this negatively impacted the stability and growth of the economy.[16]​.

In March 1986, the State Council submitted the "Seventh Five-Year Plan for the National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China, 1986-1990" to the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's Congress for review and ratification. It was the first time in China's history that a comprehensive plan for social and economic development was created at the beginning of a new five-year plan.

The fundamental principles and guidelines of the 7th Five Year Plan were:.

The specific economic development objectives established in the Plan were:.

In March 1991, the fourth session of the Seventh National People's Congress of China (NPC) approved the Report of the State Council entitled "The Ten-Year Design for National Economy and Social Development and the Eighth Five-Year Plan." Under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, this Plan marked the beginning of a new phase in China's development.

The national economy maintained its growth momentum during this time. The gross national product in 1995 reached 5.76 trillion yuan (730 billion US dollars), 4.3 times more than in 1980.

Production of coal, cement, television, food, cotton and cotton clothing were the highest in the world, followed by steel and chemical fibers and electricity supply in third place.

China's economy saw annual growth of 11%, up 4 percentage points from the seventh five-year planning period.

Total fixed asset investment during this time reached 3.89 trillion yuan, with an annual growth rate of 17.9%, up 13.6 percentage points from the previous planning period. Of these, investments by state units experienced an annual growth of 22.9%, much higher than the previous average growth of 4.1%.

845 medium and large-sized infrastructure projects and 374 technical innovation projects were completed and launched. In terms of transportation infrastructure, 5,800 kilometers of trunk road, 3,400 kilometers of double track and 2,600 kilometers of electrified track were built. The length of roads was increased by 105,000 kilometers, including 1,600 kilometers of highway.

Port traffic increased by 138 million tons and 12 new airports were built. 100,000 kilometers of long-distance trunk cable were completed and the number of telephone exchanges was increased to 58.95 million units. Total installed generation capacity increased to 75 million kilowatts and annual electricity supply grew by 9%.

The production value of the primary industry increased at an annual growth rate of 4.1%, the secondary industry at a rate of 17.3%, and the tertiary industry at a rate of 9.5%. The production composition of the three sectors stood at 20.3: 47.7: 32.0; was 28.4:43.1:28.5 at the end of the sixth period and 27.1:41.6:31.3 at the end of the seventh period of the five-year program, respectively.

Significant achievements were also made in the reform of the economic system. The new financial system was installed with tax decentralization at its core and the new tax system with the value added tax as the main component. Policy finance and trade finance gradually separated. A system of macro regulation emerged and the market began to play a larger role in resource allocation. The beginnings of a dominant public sector were also traced.

More than 1,100 county-level cities were opened to the outside world, and 13 free trade zones and many other economic development zones were established.

Foreign trade developed at an astonishing pace with the total trade volume reaching 1.0145 trillion US dollars, with an annual growth rate of 19.5%, higher than the growth rates of 12.8% and 10.6% during the sixth and seventh five-year periods, respectively. The annual export volume value was 100 billion yuan, accounting for 3% of global commodity trade.

By import and export trade volume, China ranked 11th in the world in 1995.

Foreign currency reserves reached 73.6 billion USD, 5.6 times more than at the end of the VII Five Year Period. Significant improvements were also made in people's lives. The per capita income was 1,578 yuan in 1995 ($230). Retail sales reached 6.7275 trillion yuan, representing an annual growth rate of 10.6% compared with 3.3% during the seventh five-year period. Savings deposit balances in urban and rural areas reached 3 trillion yuan, 2 trillion more than at the end of the previous planning period.

The per capita constructed area of ​​newly built housing in urban and rural areas reached 4.3 billion square meters. At the end of 1994, the per capita living area for rural residents was 20.5 square meters and 7.7 square meters for urban residents.

China recorded an increase of 50 million in terms of social workforce, including 37.4 million in urban areas. The extremely poor population decreased from 85 million in the late 1980s to 65 million in 1995.

During this period, population control was achieved, with growth rates falling from 14.4% in 1990 to 10.6% in 1995. Population coverage rates on radio and television reached 78.7% and 84.8% respectively, 4 and 5% respectively more than in 1990.[1]​.

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee adopted the Proposal on the Ninth Five-Year Plan on National Economy and Social Development and Long-Term Objectives for the Year 2010 on September 28, 1995. It was the first medium-term plan carried out under a socialist market economy and centuries-long development strategy.

The basic tasks stipulated in the Plan were to complete the second phase of the modernization drive; limit population growth to 300 million by the year 2000; quadruple GNP per capita compared to 1980; eliminate poverty; and accelerate the establishment of a modern business system.

The long-term objectives for the year 2010 were to double the GNP of 2000; and continue building the socialist market economic system[18]​.

The basic tasks established in the X Plan were:

On the environmental front, increase forest cover to 18.2% and the urban green rate to 35%. The total amount of major urban and rural pollutants discharged will be reduced by 10% compared to the year 2000, and more measures will be taken to protect and save natural resources.[19]​.

The Plan also aimed to increase the growth rates of disposable income of urban residents and net income of rural residents to five percent each. In addition, targets were set to increase the living area per urban resident to 22 m by 2005, and to install cable television in 40% of all households in China.

Another key objective was to improve medical and health services in both urban and rural areas.

According to the draft guidelines presented at the 2006 National People's Congress session, the objectives of the Eleventh Five-Year Guideline were:

Economic growth:.

Economic structure:.

Population, resources, environment:.

Public service, people's lives:.

The Twelfth Five-Year Directive was discussed in mid-October 2010 at the fifth plenary session of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, the same session at which Xi Jinping was selected as vice chairman of the Central Military Commission. A full proposal for the plan was published after the plenum and was approved by the National People's Congress of China on March 14, 2011, with the goals of addressing growing inequality and creating an environment for more sustainable growth by prioritizing greater equity distribution of wealth, increasing domestic consumption, and improving social infrastructure and social safety nets.[21]​.

The plan is representative of China's efforts to rebalance its economy, shifting investment emphasis toward consumption and development from urban and coastal areas to rural and inland areas, initially by developing small towns and greenfield districts to absorb coastal migration. The plan also continues to advocate the objectives set out in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan to improve environmental protection, accelerate the process of opening up and reform, and emphasize Hong Kong's role as a center of international finance.[21][22][23][24]​.

The objectives of the Twelfth Five-Year Guideline in 2011 were to increase GDP by around 8%, annual per capita income growth of 7%, spend 2.2% of GDP on research and development by 2015, reduce the population to less than 1.39 billion by 2015, readjust income distribution to stop the huge gap, firmly curb the excessive rise in housing prices, implement prudent monetary policies, intensify anti-corruption efforts, accelerate economic restructuring and address complex situations developing in 2011.[25]​.

Other highlights of the draft plan distributed to the media before the opening of the Fourth Session of the 11th NPC include:

Contenido

El XIV Plan Quinquenal fue elaborado durante el quinto pleno del XIX Comité Central celebrado del 26 al 29 de octubre de 2020.[28]​ Han Wenxiu"), subdirector de la Oficina de la Comisión Económica y Financiera Central, dijo que el líder chino "Líder Supremo (China)") Xi Jinping había dirigido personalmente el proceso de redacción a través de múltiples reuniones del Politburó, su comité permanente, y el panel de redacción que encabezó.[29]​.

El plan se redactó en el contexto del empeoramiento de las relaciones entre China y Estados Unidos y la pandemia de COVID-19, que provocó que la economía de China se contrajera en el primer trimestre de 2020, por primera vez en 44 años.[30]​ El plan incluye:.

Economy

Broadly outlined in late October 2020, the new plan aims for China to become a "moderately developed" economy by 2035 with GDP per capita of about US$30,000 nearly three times the 2020 level. It anticipates future growth based largely on domestic consumption of goods and services, and aims to reduce disparities between urban and rural living standards. The plan includes the "peaceful development" of relations with Taiwan, considered "a rebellious province "Taiwan Province (People's Republic of China)" and part of Chinese territory."[31]​ The Chinese government also wishes to expand its role in the economy by implementing market restrictions, promoting the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative.[32]​.

Environment

Economists expect the plan's target growth rate for the period to exceed five percent annually. The 2021-2025 plan is expected to have aggressive sustainable energy targets to achieve China's announced goals of carbon neutrality by 2060.[34][35]​.

Energy

Recommendations on the development of hydroelectric capacity of up to 60 gigawatts in Yarlung Tsangbo[39]​.

Research and development

The plan aims to increase China's scientific and technical capabilities.[41]​ China aims to make "major breakthroughs in core technologies".[37]​.

The plan aims to increase R&D spending each year by 7%,[37]​[41]​ with the proportion that goes to basic research increasing from 6% to more than 8%.[41]​ and help the development of real-world applications by fostering closer links between business, industry and academia; Historically, such links have been weak.[41]​.

The plan aims to boost quantum information and computing, brain science, semiconductors, the seed industry, genetic research, regenerative medicine, biotechnology, clinical medicine and health, and deep space, deep sea and pole exploration.

The Chinese government added that it would increase spending on basic research (i.e. studies of possible breakthroughs) by 10.6 percent in 2021 and create a 10-year research strategy.

China is still unable to independently develop advanced semiconductors that match the performance of those made in Taiwan or South Korea.[42]​ Recognizing the challenges ahead, influential officials, businessmen and academics have evoked the "patriotic spirit of scientists" and called on Chinese students and entrepreneurs to "bite through hard bones" to help China build an independent and controllable semiconductor supply chain.

China has more than 7,200 licensed seed companies, but few have the ability to innovate. Tang Renjian, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, said the ministry is studying a plan to help its animal and plant breeding sector close the gap with foreign countries.[43]​.

About $1 trillion of government funds have been set aside under the technology initiative, some of which will be used by central and local governments to jointly invest in a series of third-generation chip projects, according to people with knowledge of the matter.[44]​.

Having restored a viable economic base, the leadership under Chairman Mao Zedong, Premier Zhou Enlai, and other revolutionary veterans were prepared to embark on an intensive program of industrial growth and socialization. To this end, the administration adopted the Soviet economic model, based on state ownership in the modern sector, large collective units in agriculture, and centralized economic planning. The Soviet approach to economic development was manifested in the First Five-Year Plan (1953-1957).

The key tasks highlighted in the Plan were:.

The cumulative capital construction investment was 55 billion yuan, and fixed asset increases reached 46.05 billion yuan, 1.9 times more than at the end of 1952. About 595 large and medium-sized projects were completed and put into production, laying the foundation for China's industrialization. The gross value of industrial products in 1957 increased by 128.6% since 1952.[6]​.

Agricultural production could not keep pace with industrial production. The Plan considered the value of gross industrial production to account for 70% of the value of gross production of industry and agriculture and the means of production to account for 60% of the value of gross industrial production as indicators of industrial modernization, which ignored the development of agriculture in a sense.

Furthermore, capital construction investments in 1956 amounted to 14.735 million yuan, an increase of 70% over the previous year. Fiscal spending in the form of infrastructure loans has increased from 30% to 48% since 1955, putting pressure on the national budget as a result.

As in the Soviet economy, the main objective was a high rate of economic growth, with main emphasis on industrial development at the expense of agriculture and a special concentration on heavy industry and capital-intensive technology. Soviet planners helped their Chinese counterparts formulate the plan. Large numbers of Soviet engineers, technicians, and scientists helped develop and install new heavy industrial facilities, including entire plants and equipment purchased from the Soviet Union.

Government control over the industry was increased during this period by applying financial pressures and incentives to convince owners of modern, private companies to sell them to the state or convert them into public-private joint ventures under state control. By 1956, approximately 67.5% of all modern industrial enterprises were state-owned and 32.5% were jointly public and privately owned, with no privately owned enterprises remaining. During the same period, craft industries were organized into cooperatives, which accounted for 91.7% of all craft workers in 1956.

Agriculture also underwent extensive organizational changes. To facilitate the mobilization of agricultural resources, improve the efficiency of agriculture, and increase government access to agricultural products, authorities encouraged farmers to organize cooperative farming beginning in 1953. Since traditional family farming practices were not sufficient to finance the country's ambitious industrialization projects, party officials encouraged families to pool their farms into small cooperatives to increase agricultural yields. Unlike the large-scale collective farming policies that began in 1958, cooperatives were successful and popular. Local party representatives, such as Geng Xiufeng, largely received support from local farmers.[7] By the end of 1955, nearly 2/3, about 60%, of all Chinese farmers were engaged in cooperative farming. Peasant families, previously largely engaged in subsistence farming, now began raising and selling livestock based on increasing grain surpluses, which was directly responsible for the popularity of the practices and the rapid rate of enrollment. Central committee planning dictated that from tiny, loosely structured mutual aid teams, villages were to advance first to lower-stage agricultural producers' cooperatives, in which families still received some income based on the amount of land they contributed, and finally to advanced cooperatives or collectives beginning in 1958 with the second Five-Year Plan.

In farmer cooperatives, income shares were designed to be based solely on the amount of labor contributed. In fact, small agricultural markets that revolved around the surpluses of the cooperatives emerged throughout the country. The land reforms of 1949 to 1951 increased private land ownership, with typical results increasing farmers' land ownership from just under one acre to about three acres. The cooperative process, which began in 1953, accelerated rapidly and slowly from 1955 to 1956. By 1957, about 93.5% of all agricultural households had joined producer cooperatives.

In terms of economic growth, the First Five-Year Plan was quite successful, especially in those areas emphasized by the Soviet-style development strategy. A solid foundation was created in heavy industry. Key industries including iron and steel manufacturing, coal mining, cement production, electricity generation and machine building were greatly expanded and placed on a firm and modern technological foundation. Thousands of industrial and mining enterprises were built, including 156 major facilities. Industrial production increased at an average annual rate of 19% between 1952 and 1957, and national income grew at a rate of 9% annually.

Despite the lack of state investment in agriculture, agricultural production increased substantially, with increases averaging around 4% annually. This growth was mainly due to the efficiency gains brought about by the reorganization and cooperation achieved through cooperative farming. However, as the First Five-Year Plan progressed, Chinese leaders became increasingly concerned about the relatively slow performance of agriculture and the inability of state trading enterprises to significantly increase the quantity of grain purchased from rural units for urban consumption and to finance the many large urban industrialization projects.[8]​.

This plan was created to accomplish several tasks, including:.

The CPC Political Bureau had determined that the gross value of agricultural products should increase by 270%; in fact, the gain was a considerably more modest 35%.[9]​ The country experienced increases in capital construction "Capital (economy)") over those seen during the First Five Year Plan and also experienced significant increases in industry (doubling the value of production) and incomes (workers and farmers, increased by up to 30%).

However, the Great Leap Forward, which diverted millions of agricultural workers into industry, and the Great Sparrow Campaign, which led to a locust infestation as well as unprecedented natural and climate problems, caused a large decline in food production. Simultaneously, rural officials, under great pressure to meet their quotas, greatly exaggerated the amount of grain available. Therefore, a massive famine occurred throughout the country.

In 1960-1961, attempts were made to redirect twenty million workers into agricultural production and reallocate investments in those industrial sectors that could further support agriculture. This change contrasted sharply with the rapid industrialization seen in the first five-year plan.[10]​.

The Third Plan was originally due to be presented in early 1963, but at that time China's economy was too dislocated, as a result of the failure of the Great Leap Forward and four crop failures to permit any planned operation.[11] Research and study of the elements of this Plan began in early 1964. The Plan contained two comparatively detailed outlines: one was the Preliminary Tentative Plan of the Third Five-Year Plan (1966-1970) proposed by the State Planning Commission and agreed by the Central Government Work Meeting in May 1964; The other was the Study Plan Report on the Organization of the Third Five-Year Plan prepared by the State Planning Commission and agreed upon by the central government in September 1965.[12]​.

The Tentative Plan established the following basic tasks:[1]​.

The Plan also called for prioritizing national defense in the face of a possible major war, actively preparing for conflicts and accelerating construction in three key areas; national defense, science and technology, and industrial and transportation infrastructure.[13]​.

The outputs of other recently added major products were 68.06 million tons of coal; 8.60 million kilowatts of electricity; 27.77 million tons of oil; 6.53 million tons of steel; 35.90 million tons of iron ore; 2.44 million tons of synthesized ammonia; 2.04 million tons of fertilizers; 15.33 million tons of cement; 187,000 tons of plastics; 3.22 million tons of cotton spindles; 12,300 tons of chemical fibers; 3,894 kilometers of newly built railway tracks and 31,223 kilometers of newly built roads were put into operation; and the handling capacity of coastal ports exceeded 11.91 million tons.[1]​.

This plan was more successful than anticipated, with industrial and agricultural goals exceeded by 14.1% and gross industrial production value goals by 21.1%. Farm profits also beat targets, but more moderately, rising 2.2% above expectations. However, according to the Official Portal of the Chinese Government, the focus on accumulation and rapid development in this and previous plans were impediments to long-term economic development.

A first draft of the Plan was developed and agreed upon in September 1970 at the 2nd Plenary Session of the 9th Central Committee of the Communist Party, which stipulated:[14]​.

In July 1973, the State Planning Commission modified the project, lowering some of the initially set objectives. Steel production was reduced to between 32 and 35 million tonnes and then further reduced to 30 million tonnes. The national economy took a favorable turn in 1972 and 1973. By 1973, all major economic indices had been met or exceeded, making it the year of greatest economic growth.

The central government stipulated the Outline of Ten-Year Plan 1976-1985 for the Development of National Economy (Draft) in 1975, which included the Fifth Five-Year Plan. In March 1978, the Ten-Year Development Scheme was amended because the original 1975 version stipulated that by 1985, steel and oil production should reach 60 and 250 million tons respectively, and 120 large projects, including 10 steel production bases, nine non-ferrous metal bases, eight coal bases, and 10 oil and gas fields, should be built. To achieve these goals, the government would invest 70 billion yuan in infrastructure construction, equivalent to the total national investment over the previous 28 years. These were impossible goals and went against the rules of economic development.

The Plan put forward suggestions for establishing an independent and comparatively complete industrial system and national economic system from 1978 to 1980. With the implementation of the Plan, considerable success was achieved. In 1977, the value of gross output of industry and agriculture reached 505.5 billion yuan, 4.4 percent above the target and representing an increase of 10.4 percent compared with the previous year. The gross domestic product in 1978 reached 301 billion yuan, an increase of 12.3% compared with 1977 and an increase of 19.4% compared with 1976.

However, during this period, the Chinese economy developed too quickly, and too high goals caused another round of mistakes to begin. In December 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party changed the Communist Party's work focus toward modernization. The Session emphasized that development must follow economic rules and proposed readjustment and reform measures, which indicated that national economic development had entered a new phase, one of exploration and development. In April 1979, the central government formally put forward new principles of readjustment, reform, rectification and improvement.[15]​.

This Plan took some time to draft. It was first planned as part of the "Outline of the Ten-Year National Economic Development Plan for 1976-1985". In February 1980, the Council of State decided to reformulate the country's medium and long-term plans. He called a seminar to discuss the compilation of the Sixth Five-Year Plan. To that end, the State Planning Commission and related departments also carried out extensive research and calculation work on the compilation of the Plan, and organized related experts to conduct scientific evaluations. The 1982 national planning meeting again focused primarily on drafting the Plan. Only in December of that year did the fifth meeting of the Fifth National People's Assembly officially ratify the Plan.

It was a more comprehensive plan compared to its predecessors, as it adjusted and placed national economic development on a more stable and healthy path, with overall objectives of:.

Specific objectives included:

The Plan was overall a great success:.

Alternatively, several negative outcomes included a disproportionately high fixed asset ratio, rapid growth in consumption, and fiscal oversupply. All this negatively impacted the stability and growth of the economy.[16]​.

In March 1986, the State Council submitted the "Seventh Five-Year Plan for the National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China, 1986-1990" to the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's Congress for review and ratification. It was the first time in China's history that a comprehensive plan for social and economic development was created at the beginning of a new five-year plan.

The fundamental principles and guidelines of the 7th Five Year Plan were:.

The specific economic development objectives established in the Plan were:.

In March 1991, the fourth session of the Seventh National People's Congress of China (NPC) approved the Report of the State Council entitled "The Ten-Year Design for National Economy and Social Development and the Eighth Five-Year Plan." Under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, this Plan marked the beginning of a new phase in China's development.

The national economy maintained its growth momentum during this time. The gross national product in 1995 reached 5.76 trillion yuan (730 billion US dollars), 4.3 times more than in 1980.

Production of coal, cement, television, food, cotton and cotton clothing were the highest in the world, followed by steel and chemical fibers and electricity supply in third place.

China's economy saw annual growth of 11%, up 4 percentage points from the seventh five-year planning period.

Total fixed asset investment during this time reached 3.89 trillion yuan, with an annual growth rate of 17.9%, up 13.6 percentage points from the previous planning period. Of these, investments by state units experienced an annual growth of 22.9%, much higher than the previous average growth of 4.1%.

845 medium and large-sized infrastructure projects and 374 technical innovation projects were completed and launched. In terms of transportation infrastructure, 5,800 kilometers of trunk road, 3,400 kilometers of double track and 2,600 kilometers of electrified track were built. The length of roads was increased by 105,000 kilometers, including 1,600 kilometers of highway.

Port traffic increased by 138 million tons and 12 new airports were built. 100,000 kilometers of long-distance trunk cable were completed and the number of telephone exchanges was increased to 58.95 million units. Total installed generation capacity increased to 75 million kilowatts and annual electricity supply grew by 9%.

The production value of the primary industry increased at an annual growth rate of 4.1%, the secondary industry at a rate of 17.3%, and the tertiary industry at a rate of 9.5%. The production composition of the three sectors stood at 20.3: 47.7: 32.0; was 28.4:43.1:28.5 at the end of the sixth period and 27.1:41.6:31.3 at the end of the seventh period of the five-year program, respectively.

Significant achievements were also made in the reform of the economic system. The new financial system was installed with tax decentralization at its core and the new tax system with the value added tax as the main component. Policy finance and trade finance gradually separated. A system of macro regulation emerged and the market began to play a larger role in resource allocation. The beginnings of a dominant public sector were also traced.

More than 1,100 county-level cities were opened to the outside world, and 13 free trade zones and many other economic development zones were established.

Foreign trade developed at an astonishing pace with the total trade volume reaching 1.0145 trillion US dollars, with an annual growth rate of 19.5%, higher than the growth rates of 12.8% and 10.6% during the sixth and seventh five-year periods, respectively. The annual export volume value was 100 billion yuan, accounting for 3% of global commodity trade.

By import and export trade volume, China ranked 11th in the world in 1995.

Foreign currency reserves reached 73.6 billion USD, 5.6 times more than at the end of the VII Five Year Period. Significant improvements were also made in people's lives. The per capita income was 1,578 yuan in 1995 ($230). Retail sales reached 6.7275 trillion yuan, representing an annual growth rate of 10.6% compared with 3.3% during the seventh five-year period. Savings deposit balances in urban and rural areas reached 3 trillion yuan, 2 trillion more than at the end of the previous planning period.

The per capita constructed area of ​​newly built housing in urban and rural areas reached 4.3 billion square meters. At the end of 1994, the per capita living area for rural residents was 20.5 square meters and 7.7 square meters for urban residents.

China recorded an increase of 50 million in terms of social workforce, including 37.4 million in urban areas. The extremely poor population decreased from 85 million in the late 1980s to 65 million in 1995.

During this period, population control was achieved, with growth rates falling from 14.4% in 1990 to 10.6% in 1995. Population coverage rates on radio and television reached 78.7% and 84.8% respectively, 4 and 5% respectively more than in 1990.[1]​.

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee adopted the Proposal on the Ninth Five-Year Plan on National Economy and Social Development and Long-Term Objectives for the Year 2010 on September 28, 1995. It was the first medium-term plan carried out under a socialist market economy and centuries-long development strategy.

The basic tasks stipulated in the Plan were to complete the second phase of the modernization drive; limit population growth to 300 million by the year 2000; quadruple GNP per capita compared to 1980; eliminate poverty; and accelerate the establishment of a modern business system.

The long-term objectives for the year 2010 were to double the GNP of 2000; and continue building the socialist market economic system[18]​.

The basic tasks established in the X Plan were:

On the environmental front, increase forest cover to 18.2% and the urban green rate to 35%. The total amount of major urban and rural pollutants discharged will be reduced by 10% compared to the year 2000, and more measures will be taken to protect and save natural resources.[19]​.

The Plan also aimed to increase the growth rates of disposable income of urban residents and net income of rural residents to five percent each. In addition, targets were set to increase the living area per urban resident to 22 m by 2005, and to install cable television in 40% of all households in China.

Another key objective was to improve medical and health services in both urban and rural areas.

According to the draft guidelines presented at the 2006 National People's Congress session, the objectives of the Eleventh Five-Year Guideline were:

Economic growth:.

Economic structure:.

Population, resources, environment:.

Public service, people's lives:.

The Twelfth Five-Year Directive was discussed in mid-October 2010 at the fifth plenary session of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, the same session at which Xi Jinping was selected as vice chairman of the Central Military Commission. A full proposal for the plan was published after the plenum and was approved by the National People's Congress of China on March 14, 2011, with the goals of addressing growing inequality and creating an environment for more sustainable growth by prioritizing greater equity distribution of wealth, increasing domestic consumption, and improving social infrastructure and social safety nets.[21]​.

The plan is representative of China's efforts to rebalance its economy, shifting investment emphasis toward consumption and development from urban and coastal areas to rural and inland areas, initially by developing small towns and greenfield districts to absorb coastal migration. The plan also continues to advocate the objectives set out in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan to improve environmental protection, accelerate the process of opening up and reform, and emphasize Hong Kong's role as a center of international finance.[21][22][23][24]​.

The objectives of the Twelfth Five-Year Guideline in 2011 were to increase GDP by around 8%, annual per capita income growth of 7%, spend 2.2% of GDP on research and development by 2015, reduce the population to less than 1.39 billion by 2015, readjust income distribution to stop the huge gap, firmly curb the excessive rise in housing prices, implement prudent monetary policies, intensify anti-corruption efforts, accelerate economic restructuring and address complex situations developing in 2011.[25]​.

Other highlights of the draft plan distributed to the media before the opening of the Fourth Session of the 11th NPC include:

Contenido

El XIV Plan Quinquenal fue elaborado durante el quinto pleno del XIX Comité Central celebrado del 26 al 29 de octubre de 2020.[28]​ Han Wenxiu"), subdirector de la Oficina de la Comisión Económica y Financiera Central, dijo que el líder chino "Líder Supremo (China)") Xi Jinping había dirigido personalmente el proceso de redacción a través de múltiples reuniones del Politburó, su comité permanente, y el panel de redacción que encabezó.[29]​.

El plan se redactó en el contexto del empeoramiento de las relaciones entre China y Estados Unidos y la pandemia de COVID-19, que provocó que la economía de China se contrajera en el primer trimestre de 2020, por primera vez en 44 años.[30]​ El plan incluye:.

Economy

Broadly outlined in late October 2020, the new plan aims for China to become a "moderately developed" economy by 2035 with GDP per capita of about US$30,000 nearly three times the 2020 level. It anticipates future growth based largely on domestic consumption of goods and services, and aims to reduce disparities between urban and rural living standards. The plan includes the "peaceful development" of relations with Taiwan, considered "a rebellious province "Taiwan Province (People's Republic of China)" and part of Chinese territory."[31]​ The Chinese government also wishes to expand its role in the economy by implementing market restrictions, promoting the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative.[32]​.

Environment

Economists expect the plan's target growth rate for the period to exceed five percent annually. The 2021-2025 plan is expected to have aggressive sustainable energy targets to achieve China's announced goals of carbon neutrality by 2060.[34][35]​.

Energy

Recommendations on the development of hydroelectric capacity of up to 60 gigawatts in Yarlung Tsangbo[39]​.

Research and development

The plan aims to increase China's scientific and technical capabilities.[41]​ China aims to make "major breakthroughs in core technologies".[37]​.

The plan aims to increase R&D spending each year by 7%,[37]​[41]​ with the proportion that goes to basic research increasing from 6% to more than 8%.[41]​ and help the development of real-world applications by fostering closer links between business, industry and academia; Historically, such links have been weak.[41]​.

The plan aims to boost quantum information and computing, brain science, semiconductors, the seed industry, genetic research, regenerative medicine, biotechnology, clinical medicine and health, and deep space, deep sea and pole exploration.

The Chinese government added that it would increase spending on basic research (i.e. studies of possible breakthroughs) by 10.6 percent in 2021 and create a 10-year research strategy.

China is still unable to independently develop advanced semiconductors that match the performance of those made in Taiwan or South Korea.[42]​ Recognizing the challenges ahead, influential officials, businessmen and academics have evoked the "patriotic spirit of scientists" and called on Chinese students and entrepreneurs to "bite through hard bones" to help China build an independent and controllable semiconductor supply chain.

China has more than 7,200 licensed seed companies, but few have the ability to innovate. Tang Renjian, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, said the ministry is studying a plan to help its animal and plant breeding sector close the gap with foreign countries.[43]​.

About $1 trillion of government funds have been set aside under the technology initiative, some of which will be used by central and local governments to jointly invest in a series of third-generation chip projects, according to people with knowledge of the matter.[44]​.