Prospective model
Introduction
A cohort study is a type of observational and analytical research (prospective or retrospective) in which a comparison is made of the frequency of occurrence of an event between two groups, one of which is exposed to a factor that is not present in the other group. The individuals that make up the study groups are selected based on the presence or absence of the exposure evaluated.
In prospective cohort studies limited to the field of epidemiology, the individuals selected at the beginning do not have the disease of interest and are followed for a certain period of time to observe the frequency of the disease in each of the groups. It is also called follow-up study, projection or incidence, and its objective is to measure the association between the risk factors and the disease to be studied. In a retrospective cohort study, subjects are studied after the disease has occurred, using databases that have recorded historical information about the disease and the risk factors that may have caused said disease. Classic follow-up studies are prospective studies, characterized by the fact that the study approach occurs prior to the development of the disease. These are very expensive studies because they require large financial and time resources, but they are very solid, since the possibility of them being biased is less than in other types of studies. Despite this, extreme care must be taken in the design aspects and avoid biases, especially that of classification and that of healthy workers.
Steps of a cohort study
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- Select a sample of healthy population studies.
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- Measure exposure variables in the sample, if the risk factor is absent or present.
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- Follow the cohort.
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- Measure the outcome variables, that is, the presence or absence of disease.