Robert Hart&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert Hart (horticultor) (aún no redactado)") acuñó el término "jardinería forestal" durante la década de 1980. Hart comenzó a cultivar en Wenlock Edge") en Shropshire, Inglaterra, con la intención de crear un ambiente saludable y terapéutico para él y su hermano Lacon.[13]​ Aunque comenzó con un terreno relativamente pequeño, Hart pronto se dio cuenta de que la manutención de grandes camas de cultivos anuales, así como la cría de ganado y el cuidado de un huerto frutal, eran tareas que sobrepasaron sus fuerzas. Sin embargo, descubrió que una pequeña cama de hierbas y de verduras perennes que había sembrado, se cuidó a sí misma con poca intervención.

Después de adoptar una dieta crudivegana por razones personales y sanitarias, Hart decidió reemplazar a sus animales de granja con plantas. Los tres productos principales de un jardín forestal son frutas, nueces y verduras de hoja.[14]​ Creó un jardín forestal modelo a partir de un huerto frutal de 500 m² en su granja, e inicialmente tenía la intención de llamar este método de jardinería "horticultura ecológica" o "ecocultivo",[15]​ lo que abandonó cuando se dio cuenta de que ya se estaba utilizando los términos "agroforestería" y "jardines forestales" para describir sistemas similares en otras partes del mundo.[16]​ Se inspiró en los métodos de agricultura forestal") de Toyohiko Kagawa y James Sholto Douglas, y en la productividad de los huertos familiares de Kerala:[17]​.

Seven layer system

Robert Hart&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert Hart (horticulturist) (not yet written)") developed a system based on observation that can distinguish different levels in the natural forest. He used intercropping") to convert an existing small apple and pear orchard into an edible polyculture landscape composed of the following strata or layers:.

A key component of the seven-layer system is plant selection, as most traditional vegetables grown today, such as carrots, are sun-intensive plants that are not appropriate for the shadier system of the forest garden. Hart favored shade-tolerant perennial vegetables.

Later development

The Agroforestry Research Trust (ART), led by Martin Crawford, runs experimental forest gardening projects on a number of plots in Devon, UK. Crawford described the forest garden as a low-maintenance, sustainable way of producing food and other household products.

Ken Fern emphasized that for the success of the forest garden in a temperate climate, a wider range of shade-tolerant edible plants would be needed. To this end, Fern founded the organization Plants for a Future (PFAF), which compiled a database of suitable plants. Fern used the term "woodland gardening", instead of "forest gardening", in her book Plants for a Future.[21]​[22][23]​.

Kevin Bradley coined the phrase "edible forest" in the 1980s as the name of his 5-acre nursery, garden and orchard "Acre" in Frigid Pine Forest Zone 3 in northern Wisconsin, United States. More than two decades after Bradley's "Edible Forest Nursery" and the 2005 publication Edible Forest Gardens by Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeirer, Bradley's example has become a global movement of small "edible forests."

The two-volume publication of Edible Forest Gardens by Dave Jacke") and Eric Toensmeier") provided a well-researched and focused reference to the climates, habitats, and species of North American forest gardening. The book attempts to root forest gardening in ecological science. The Apios Institute wiki emerged from this work, and seeks to document and share global experiences of working with polycultures.[24]​.

Since 2014, Gisela Mir and Mark Biffen have promoted a "Verger" or "edible forest" [25] in Cardedeu, a town near Barcelona, ​​Spain. During their previous years of training in Permaculture they learned about several Edible Forest Gardens projects in Wales and other areas of the United Kingdom. They present it as a space for experimentation and demonstration *"we want to learn and test what it means to have a garden in an area with a Mediterranean climate: what species grow well here, how to manage limiting aspects, such as water, and, above all, what design implications have the characteristics of our climate and our latitude." delving into the particularities of the Mediterranean climate through a book adapted to that climate and those species. It was one of the first works on this topic not written in English.

Permaculture

Bill Mollison, who coined the term permaculture, visited Robert Hart in his forest garden at Wenlock Edge in October 1990.[27] Since then, Hart's seven-layer system has been incorporated as a common permaculture design element. Many permaculturists promote forest gardens or food forests, such as Graham Bell, Patrick Whitefield"), Dave Jacke, Eric Toensmeier and Geoff Lawton. Bell began building his forest garden in 1991 and published the book The Permaculture Garden in 1995, Whitefield published How to Make a Forest Garden in 2002, Jacke and Toensmeier published Edible Forest Gardening in 2005, and Lawton presented their documentary Establishing a Food Forest in 2008.[28][29][30]​.

Austrian Sepp Holzer practices "Holzer Permaculture" on his farm Krameterhof, at different altitudes, from 1100 to 1500 meters above sea level. His designs create microclimates with living rocks, ponds and windbreaks, allowing a variety of fruit trees, vegetables and flowers to be grown in a region that has an average temperature of 4°C, which can drop to -20°C in winter.

Contenido

Los jardines forestales, o huertos familiares, son comunes en los trópicos y suelen caracterizarse por la intercalación de árboles, cultivos, y ganado en la misma parcela de tierra.

Asia

In Kerala in southern India, as well as in northeastern India and Indonesia, the home garden is a very common form of land use. It combines, for example, coconut trees, black pepper, cocoa and pineapple.[7]​ These gardens exemplify polyculture and preserve an important part of the genetic diversity of crops and inherited plants"), a characteristic that does not exist in monocultures.[8]​.

In Nepal, the Ghar Bagaincha, literally "house garden", refers to the traditional system of land use around a farm, where household members grow and maintain various species of plants, intended mainly for family consumption.[9]​ In Nepal, 72% of households have home gardens covering an area of 2 to 11% of the total land.[9]​ Due to their small size, the government never considered home gardens as a very relevant food production unit and therefore was not included in research and development policies.[9]​ However, at the household level the system is very relevant as it is an important source of food for the rural poor and therefore contributes significantly to the food security and livelihood of farming communities in Nepal. Gardens are typically grown with a mix of annuals and perennials that can be harvested daily or seasonally. Biodiversity with immediate value is maintained in home gardens, which are not only sources of food, fodder, fuel, medicines, spices, herbs, flowers, construction materials and income in many countries, they are also important for the in situ conservation of a wide range of unique genetic resources for agriculture and food production (Subedi et al., 2004). Many poorly cultivated and underutilized species could make an important contribution to the dietary diversity of local communities.[9]​.

America

In the Yucatan Peninsula, an important part of the food of the ancient Mayans was grown in "garden-gardens", known as pet kot,[10]​ whose name derives from the low stone walls (pet means circular and kot a wall of loose stones) that enclosed the forest gardens.[11]​

[12]​.

Africa

In many African countries, such as Zambia, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia and Tanzania, forest gardens are very common in rural, peri-urban and even urban areas, and play an important role in the food security of the population. In many countries, women play a central role in home gardening, and food is produced primarily for subsistence. Examples include the Chagga gardens on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, which represent a good example of an agroforestry system. In North Africa, oases are another example of forest gardening in several strata or layers, including tall palm trees that produce dates and provide shade, fruit trees in the middle layer, and legumes in the lowest layer.

Robert Hart&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert Hart (horticultor) (aún no redactado)") acuñó el término "jardinería forestal" durante la década de 1980. Hart comenzó a cultivar en Wenlock Edge") en Shropshire, Inglaterra, con la intención de crear un ambiente saludable y terapéutico para él y su hermano Lacon.[13]​ Aunque comenzó con un terreno relativamente pequeño, Hart pronto se dio cuenta de que la manutención de grandes camas de cultivos anuales, así como la cría de ganado y el cuidado de un huerto frutal, eran tareas que sobrepasaron sus fuerzas. Sin embargo, descubrió que una pequeña cama de hierbas y de verduras perennes que había sembrado, se cuidó a sí misma con poca intervención.

Después de adoptar una dieta crudivegana por razones personales y sanitarias, Hart decidió reemplazar a sus animales de granja con plantas. Los tres productos principales de un jardín forestal son frutas, nueces y verduras de hoja.[14]​ Creó un jardín forestal modelo a partir de un huerto frutal de 500 m² en su granja, e inicialmente tenía la intención de llamar este método de jardinería "horticultura ecológica" o "ecocultivo",[15]​ lo que abandonó cuando se dio cuenta de que ya se estaba utilizando los términos "agroforestería" y "jardines forestales" para describir sistemas similares en otras partes del mundo.[16]​ Se inspiró en los métodos de agricultura forestal") de Toyohiko Kagawa y James Sholto Douglas, y en la productividad de los huertos familiares de Kerala:[17]​.

Seven layer system

Robert Hart&action=edit&redlink=1 "Robert Hart (horticulturist) (not yet written)") developed a system based on observation that can distinguish different levels in the natural forest. He used intercropping") to convert an existing small apple and pear orchard into an edible polyculture landscape composed of the following strata or layers:.

A key component of the seven-layer system is plant selection, as most traditional vegetables grown today, such as carrots, are sun-intensive plants that are not appropriate for the shadier system of the forest garden. Hart favored shade-tolerant perennial vegetables.

Later development

The Agroforestry Research Trust (ART), led by Martin Crawford, runs experimental forest gardening projects on a number of plots in Devon, UK. Crawford described the forest garden as a low-maintenance, sustainable way of producing food and other household products.

Ken Fern emphasized that for the success of the forest garden in a temperate climate, a wider range of shade-tolerant edible plants would be needed. To this end, Fern founded the organization Plants for a Future (PFAF), which compiled a database of suitable plants. Fern used the term "woodland gardening", instead of "forest gardening", in her book Plants for a Future.[21]​[22][23]​.

Kevin Bradley coined the phrase "edible forest" in the 1980s as the name of his 5-acre nursery, garden and orchard "Acre" in Frigid Pine Forest Zone 3 in northern Wisconsin, United States. More than two decades after Bradley's "Edible Forest Nursery" and the 2005 publication Edible Forest Gardens by Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeirer, Bradley's example has become a global movement of small "edible forests."

The two-volume publication of Edible Forest Gardens by Dave Jacke") and Eric Toensmeier") provided a well-researched and focused reference to the climates, habitats, and species of North American forest gardening. The book attempts to root forest gardening in ecological science. The Apios Institute wiki emerged from this work, and seeks to document and share global experiences of working with polycultures.[24]​.

Since 2014, Gisela Mir and Mark Biffen have promoted a "Verger" or "edible forest" [25] in Cardedeu, a town near Barcelona, ​​Spain. During their previous years of training in Permaculture they learned about several Edible Forest Gardens projects in Wales and other areas of the United Kingdom. They present it as a space for experimentation and demonstration *"we want to learn and test what it means to have a garden in an area with a Mediterranean climate: what species grow well here, how to manage limiting aspects, such as water, and, above all, what design implications have the characteristics of our climate and our latitude." delving into the particularities of the Mediterranean climate through a book adapted to that climate and those species. It was one of the first works on this topic not written in English.

Permaculture

Bill Mollison, who coined the term permaculture, visited Robert Hart in his forest garden at Wenlock Edge in October 1990.[27] Since then, Hart's seven-layer system has been incorporated as a common permaculture design element. Many permaculturists promote forest gardens or food forests, such as Graham Bell, Patrick Whitefield"), Dave Jacke, Eric Toensmeier and Geoff Lawton. Bell began building his forest garden in 1991 and published the book The Permaculture Garden in 1995, Whitefield published How to Make a Forest Garden in 2002, Jacke and Toensmeier published Edible Forest Gardening in 2005, and Lawton presented their documentary Establishing a Food Forest in 2008.[28][29][30]​.

Austrian Sepp Holzer practices "Holzer Permaculture" on his farm Krameterhof, at different altitudes, from 1100 to 1500 meters above sea level. His designs create microclimates with living rocks, ponds and windbreaks, allowing a variety of fruit trees, vegetables and flowers to be grown in a region that has an average temperature of 4°C, which can drop to -20°C in winter.