plumbing, plumbing or gasfitting is the activity related to the installation and maintenance of pipe networks for the supply of drinking water and the evacuation of wastewater, as well as heating installations in buildings and other constructions.
Etymology
The name "plumbing" derives from "plumber",[1] which comes from "fontana",[2] which is synonymous with "fountain "Fountain (urbanism)")"[3] and in turn comes from the Latin fontāna.[4].
The name "plumbing", used in some Latin American countries,[5][6] comes from the traditional use of lead in pipes. Repair of glass and windows.
The term "gasfitería" derives from "gasfiter" or "gasfitero", an anglicism used in Peru and Chile that comes from the English gasfitter.[7].
History
Plumbing originated during ancient civilizations as they developed public toilets and needed to provide drinking water and wastewater disposal for a greater number of people.[8].
The Mesopotamians introduced clay sewer pipes to the world around 4000 BC. C., with the first examples found in the Temple of Bel in Nippur and in Eshnunna,[9] used to remove wastewater from the sites and capture rainwater in wells. The city of Uruk contains the oldest known examples of brick-built latrines, built over interconnecting fired clay sewer pipes, around 3200 BC. Clay pipes were later used in the Hittite city of Hattusa. They had easily removable and replaceable segments, and allowed for cleaning.
Standardized earthen plumbing pipes with wide flanges that used asphalt to prevent leaks appeared in the urban settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization around 2700 BC. C.[13].
Copper pipes appeared in Egypt around 2400 BC. C., with the Pyramid of Sahure") and the adjacent temple complex at Abusir, which was found connected by a copper drainage pipe.[14].
The history of plumbing dates back to the times of ancient Rome"),[15] who already built stone aqueducts to carry water to the facilities of their emperors' palaces and their famous baths, as well as sewers to remove it once it was used. The Latin term for lead is . Roman roofs used lead in conduits and drainage pipes[16] and some were also covered in lead. Lead was also used for pipes and to make bathrooms.[17].
plumbing installation
Introduction
plumbing, plumbing or gasfitting is the activity related to the installation and maintenance of pipe networks for the supply of drinking water and the evacuation of wastewater, as well as heating installations in buildings and other constructions.
Etymology
The name "plumbing" derives from "plumber",[1] which comes from "fontana",[2] which is synonymous with "fountain "Fountain (urbanism)")"[3] and in turn comes from the Latin fontāna.[4].
The name "plumbing", used in some Latin American countries,[5][6] comes from the traditional use of lead in pipes. Repair of glass and windows.
The term "gasfitería" derives from "gasfiter" or "gasfitero", an anglicism used in Peru and Chile that comes from the English gasfitter.[7].
History
Plumbing originated during ancient civilizations as they developed public toilets and needed to provide drinking water and wastewater disposal for a greater number of people.[8].
The Mesopotamians introduced clay sewer pipes to the world around 4000 BC. C., with the first examples found in the Temple of Bel in Nippur and in Eshnunna,[9] used to remove wastewater from the sites and capture rainwater in wells. The city of Uruk contains the oldest known examples of brick-built latrines, built over interconnecting fired clay sewer pipes, around 3200 BC. Clay pipes were later used in the Hittite city of Hattusa. They had easily removable and replaceable segments, and allowed for cleaning.
Standardized earthen plumbing pipes with wide flanges that used asphalt to prevent leaks appeared in the urban settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization around 2700 BC. C.[13].
Copper pipes appeared in Egypt around 2400 BC. C., with the Pyramid of Sahure") and the adjacent temple complex at Abusir, which was found connected by a copper drainage pipe.[14].
plumbum
With the Fall of Rome"), both water supply and sanitation stagnated, or regressed, for more than 1,000 years. Improvement was very slow, with little effective progress until the growth of densely populated modern cities in the 20th century. During this period, public health authorities began to push for better waste disposal systems to be installed, to prevent or control disease epidemics. Previously, the waste disposal system consisted of collecting waste and depositing it in the ground or in a river. Eventually, the development of separate underground sewage and water systems eliminated open sewage ditches and cesspools.
In post-classical Kilwa, the wealthy enjoyed indoor plumbing in their stone houses.[18][19].
Modern plumbing has its beginnings at the end of the century with the use of cast iron tubes to conduct water, which were soldered with lead, which was melted using a burner and then poured into the joints. This system was used until the end of the seventies, although it is still used for other types of facilities not related to human consumption.
The use of lead for drinking water decreased dramatically after World War II due to increased awareness of the dangers of lead poisoning. At that time, copper pipes were introduced as a better and safer alternative to lead pipes.[20].
Currently, in most Western countries the use of the cast iron-lead system is prohibited, both for the conduction of drinking water and for the evacuation of wastewater. The reasons are that with the internal wear of the pipes due to friction, small lead particles mix with the water, causing plumbosis to consumers; On the other hand, its work is slow, complex and very expensive compared to other more modern materials such as copper, PVC, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and many others.
Nowadays lead solder") has been replaced by several systems, depending on the pipe material: steel solder, for steel pipes; gas-welded tin, for copper pipes; solvent adhesive, for PVC pipes; thermofusion") for polypropylene and/or polybutene pipes; cement mortar "Mortar (construction)") for concrete pipes and special pastes for asbestos-cement pipes. There are also mechanical joints, which can be compression or flanged "Flange (pipes)") or threaded.[21].
water pipes
Contenido
Una tubería de agua es una red de transporte de agua formada por tubos&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tubería (conducción de fluidos) (aún no redactado)"), frecuentemente de plástico o metal,[22] que transporta agua dulce presurizada y tratada") a un edificio (como parte de un sistema municipal de agua")), así como al interior del edificio.
Evolution
Lead was the preferred material for water pipes for many centuries, as its malleability made it practical to shape into desired shapes. Its use was so common that the word plmoería ("plumbing") derives from plumbum, the Latin word for lead. In the years before the health risks of lead ingestion were fully known, lead was a source of lead-related health problems, including stillbirths and high infant mortality rates. Lead water pipes were still widely used at the turn of the century and remain in many homes. Lead-tin alloy solder was commonly used to join copper pipes, but modern practice instead uses tin-antimony alloy solder to eliminate the dangers of lead.[23].
Despite the Romans' regular use of lead pipes, their aqueducts rarely poisoned people. Unlike other parts of the world where lead pipes cause poisoning, Roman water had so much calcium that a plate of calcium carbonate prevented the water from coming into contact with the lead itself. What often causes confusion is the large number of cases of widespread lead poisoning, especially among those who would have had easy access to running water,[24] an unfortunate result of the use of lead in cookware and as an additive in processed foods and beverages (for example as a preservative in wine).[25] Roman lead pipe inscriptions provided information about the owner to prevent water theft.
Wooden pipes were used in London and elsewhere during the 20th centuries. The pipes were hollowed logs that tapered at the end with a small hole through which water passed.[26] The multiple pipes were sealed together with hot animal fat. Wooden pipes were used in Philadelphia, Boston, and Montreal in the 1800s. Embedded wooden pipes were widely used in the United States during the 1800s. These pipes (used in place of corrugated iron or reinforced concrete pipes) were made from sections cut from short lengths of wood. Locking adjacent rings with hardwood pins produced a flexible structure. During World War II, some 30,000 meters of these wooden tubes were installed in drainage culverts, storm drains and ducts, under highways and in army camps, naval stations, airfields and artillery plants.
Cast iron and ductile iron pipes were long an economical alternative to copper before the advent of durable plastic materials, but special non-conductive fittings must be used at transitions to other metal pipes (except terminal fittings) to prevent corrosion due to electrochemical reactions between dissimilar metals (see galvanic cell).[28].
Bronze fittings and short pipe segments are commonly used in combination with various materials.[29][30].
Plumbing System Categories
The main categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are:[31].
Tools
Estas son las herramientas principales necesarias para llevar a cabo una obra de fontanería.
Lead Repair Tools
Lead installations still exist, the following tools are used to repair them:
[32].
References
[1] ↑ «Fontanería», en Diccionario de la Lengua Española (22ª ed.). Real Academia Española (2001). Consultado el 22 de junio de 2009.: http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=fontanería
[4] ↑ «Fontana», en Diccionario de la Lengua Española (22ª ed.). Real Academia Española (2001). Consultado el 22 de junio de 2009.: http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=fontana
[22] ↑ Los materiales utilizados para fabricar tuberías de agua son cloruro de polivinilo, polipropileno, polietileno, fundición dúctil, fundición gris, acero, cobre y antiguamente plomo.
[24] ↑ Hansen, Roger. waterhistory.org/histories/rome/ «SISTEMAS DE AGUA Y AGUAS RESIDUALES EN LA ROMA IMPERIAL». Waterhistory.org. Consultado el 22 de enero de 2014.: http://www.
The history of plumbing dates back to the times of ancient Rome"),[15] who already built stone aqueducts to carry water to the facilities of their emperors' palaces and their famous baths, as well as sewers to remove it once it was used. The Latin term for lead is plumbum. Roman roofs used lead in conduits and drainage pipes[16] and some were also covered in lead. Lead was also used for pipes and to make bathrooms.[17].
With the Fall of Rome"), both water supply and sanitation stagnated, or regressed, for more than 1,000 years. Improvement was very slow, with little effective progress until the growth of densely populated modern cities in the 20th century. During this period, public health authorities began to push for better waste disposal systems to be installed, to prevent or control disease epidemics. Previously, the waste disposal system consisted of collecting waste and depositing it in the ground or in a river. Eventually, the development of separate underground sewage and water systems eliminated open sewage ditches and cesspools.
In post-classical Kilwa, the wealthy enjoyed indoor plumbing in their stone houses.[18][19].
Modern plumbing has its beginnings at the end of the century with the use of cast iron tubes to conduct water, which were soldered with lead, which was melted using a burner and then poured into the joints. This system was used until the end of the seventies, although it is still used for other types of facilities not related to human consumption.
The use of lead for drinking water decreased dramatically after World War II due to increased awareness of the dangers of lead poisoning. At that time, copper pipes were introduced as a better and safer alternative to lead pipes.[20].
Currently, in most Western countries the use of the cast iron-lead system is prohibited, both for the conduction of drinking water and for the evacuation of wastewater. The reasons are that with the internal wear of the pipes due to friction, small lead particles mix with the water, causing plumbosis to consumers; On the other hand, its work is slow, complex and very expensive compared to other more modern materials such as copper, PVC, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and many others.
Nowadays lead solder") has been replaced by several systems, depending on the pipe material: steel solder, for steel pipes; gas-welded tin, for copper pipes; solvent adhesive, for PVC pipes; thermofusion") for polypropylene and/or polybutene pipes; cement mortar "Mortar (construction)") for concrete pipes and special pastes for asbestos-cement pipes. There are also mechanical joints, which can be compression or flanged "Flange (pipes)") or threaded.[21].
water pipes
Contenido
Una tubería de agua es una red de transporte de agua formada por tubos&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tubería (conducción de fluidos) (aún no redactado)"), frecuentemente de plástico o metal,[22] que transporta agua dulce presurizada y tratada") a un edificio (como parte de un sistema municipal de agua")), así como al interior del edificio.
Evolution
Lead was the preferred material for water pipes for many centuries, as its malleability made it practical to shape into desired shapes. Its use was so common that the word plmoería ("plumbing") derives from plumbum, the Latin word for lead. In the years before the health risks of lead ingestion were fully known, lead was a source of lead-related health problems, including stillbirths and high infant mortality rates. Lead water pipes were still widely used at the turn of the century and remain in many homes. Lead-tin alloy solder was commonly used to join copper pipes, but modern practice instead uses tin-antimony alloy solder to eliminate the dangers of lead.[23].
Despite the Romans' regular use of lead pipes, their aqueducts rarely poisoned people. Unlike other parts of the world where lead pipes cause poisoning, Roman water had so much calcium that a plate of calcium carbonate prevented the water from coming into contact with the lead itself. What often causes confusion is the large number of cases of widespread lead poisoning, especially among those who would have had easy access to running water,[24] an unfortunate result of the use of lead in cookware and as an additive in processed foods and beverages (for example as a preservative in wine).[25] Roman lead pipe inscriptions provided information about the owner to prevent water theft.
Wooden pipes were used in London and elsewhere during the 20th centuries. The pipes were hollowed logs that tapered at the end with a small hole through which water passed.[26] The multiple pipes were sealed together with hot animal fat. Wooden pipes were used in Philadelphia, Boston, and Montreal in the 1800s. Embedded wooden pipes were widely used in the United States during the 1800s. These pipes (used in place of corrugated iron or reinforced concrete pipes) were made from sections cut from short lengths of wood. Locking adjacent rings with hardwood pins produced a flexible structure. During World War II, some 30,000 meters of these wooden tubes were installed in drainage culverts, storm drains and ducts, under highways and in army camps, naval stations, airfields and artillery plants.
Cast iron and ductile iron pipes were long an economical alternative to copper before the advent of durable plastic materials, but special non-conductive fittings must be used at transitions to other metal pipes (except terminal fittings) to prevent corrosion due to electrochemical reactions between dissimilar metals (see galvanic cell).[28].
Bronze fittings and short pipe segments are commonly used in combination with various materials.[29][30].
Plumbing System Categories
The main categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are:[31].
Tools
Estas son las herramientas principales necesarias para llevar a cabo una obra de fontanería.
Lead Repair Tools
Lead installations still exist, the following tools are used to repair them:
[32].
References
[1] ↑ «Fontanería», en Diccionario de la Lengua Española (22ª ed.). Real Academia Española (2001). Consultado el 22 de junio de 2009.: http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=fontanería
[4] ↑ «Fontana», en Diccionario de la Lengua Española (22ª ed.). Real Academia Española (2001). Consultado el 22 de junio de 2009.: http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=fontana
[22] ↑ Los materiales utilizados para fabricar tuberías de agua son cloruro de polivinilo, polipropileno, polietileno, fundición dúctil, fundición gris, acero, cobre y antiguamente plomo.
[24] ↑ Hansen, Roger. waterhistory.org/histories/rome/ «SISTEMAS DE AGUA Y AGUAS RESIDUALES EN LA ROMA IMPERIAL». Waterhistory.org. Consultado el 22 de enero de 2014.: http://www.