The Madrid Arena is a multi-purpose "Arena (venue)" pavilion located in the city of Madrid, Spain, in the Casa de Campo fairgrounds, a few minutes from the center of the capital. It was built from the old Rockódromo, with the aim of being part of a hypothetical Olympic Games in Madrid, being part of the Madrid 2012, Madrid 2016 and Madrid 2020 bids. Thanks to its entirely retractable stands, it allows its capacity to be adapted both in number and configuration to different uses: sports, shows or fairs. It was sponsored by Telefónica[2] and was marked by the tragedy that occurred inside it on November 1, 2012, when an avalanche in one of its hallways during a show by DJ Steve Aoki ended up causing the death of five girls, one of them a minor.
Structure and design
The Madrid Arena was designed by Estudio Cano Lasso together with Sara de la Mata Medrano and Myriam Abarca Corrales. Its light prestressed structure, designed by Julio Martínez Calzón, is supported by twelve pairs of pillars. It is conceptually conceived as a large floating disk that compresses and contains space.[3].
The contrast between said circular shape with the rectangular geometries of the stands reminded the authors of the project of a series of Suprematist paintings by Malevich in which the circle violates the square edge of the canvas. The aim is to create a spatial game in the lobby area that allows the building to be understood as a simple, clear, direct and versatile architectural piece.[3].
It has a maximum capacity of 10,248 spectators for basketball games and 12,000 for boxing matches and an area of 30,000 m² and 11,000 m² of roof. The façade is made up of a double curve of glass of variable transparency that surrounds the building.
Construction
It was built as part of the facilities planned for the Madrid 2012 Olympic candidacy. It was planned to host the basketball competitions. Its first phase was ready in 2002, expanding the following year.
It is distributed over three floors (access, middle and ground floor). Its central court varies in size depending on the layout of the aforementioned retractable stands and the uses to be accommodated.
The pavilion has a satellite building with an area of 2100 m².
Passive anchoring
Introduction
The Madrid Arena is a multi-purpose "Arena (venue)" pavilion located in the city of Madrid, Spain, in the Casa de Campo fairgrounds, a few minutes from the center of the capital. It was built from the old Rockódromo, with the aim of being part of a hypothetical Olympic Games in Madrid, being part of the Madrid 2012, Madrid 2016 and Madrid 2020 bids. Thanks to its entirely retractable stands, it allows its capacity to be adapted both in number and configuration to different uses: sports, shows or fairs. It was sponsored by Telefónica[2] and was marked by the tragedy that occurred inside it on November 1, 2012, when an avalanche in one of its hallways during a show by DJ Steve Aoki ended up causing the death of five girls, one of them a minor.
Structure and design
The Madrid Arena was designed by Estudio Cano Lasso together with Sara de la Mata Medrano and Myriam Abarca Corrales. Its light prestressed structure, designed by Julio Martínez Calzón, is supported by twelve pairs of pillars. It is conceptually conceived as a large floating disk that compresses and contains space.[3].
The contrast between said circular shape with the rectangular geometries of the stands reminded the authors of the project of a series of Suprematist paintings by Malevich in which the circle violates the square edge of the canvas. The aim is to create a spatial game in the lobby area that allows the building to be understood as a simple, clear, direct and versatile architectural piece.[3].
It has a maximum capacity of 10,248 spectators for basketball games and 12,000 for boxing matches and an area of 30,000 m² and 11,000 m² of roof. The façade is made up of a double curve of glass of variable transparency that surrounds the building.
Construction
It was built as part of the facilities planned for the Madrid 2012 Olympic candidacy. It was planned to host the basketball competitions. Its first phase was ready in 2002, expanding the following year.
It is owned by the Madrid City Council and is managed by the municipal company Madrid Destino"), successor to Madrid Espacios y Congresos"), dissolved in 2013 with a financial hole of 336 million euros that was assumed by its sole shareholder, also the Madrid City Council.
The building was designed to be partially buried on its southwest façade, in order to adapt to the orography of the old valley on which it is built, thus following in both aspects the classical Greco-Latin models for this type of use and construction. It is released towards the northeast, forming a façade in which the elevation appears completely free. The project underwent a modification during the execution of the works. The reason was the level of the roof, which was not wanted to be lowered to the level indicated in the project, choosing one higher than it. In order that this modification of elevation does not vary the dimensions-volume of the pavilion, it was not excavated-emptied to the final elevation, but to an intermediate one.
The Pavilion consists of three floors, the base floor and two floors made up of a prefabricated interior structural complex of 14,100 m² with a use overload of 15 kN/m² that will allow the circulation of trucks over the structure for fair uses.
The roof, like any type of building in which great light is required (144 windows and a central skylight that can be opened to natural light), openness and versatility, is the most characteristic and identifying element, being also structurally unique, with a “bicycle wheel” typology, which is self-balancing through post-tensioning.
It is made up of a mixed structure with an outer ring of compressed reinforced concrete, supported by 12 pairs of pillars that are piloted until they cross the alluvial terrain of the valley and are embedded in the competent stratum. On said concrete ring, 6 reinforced metal beams are supported that converge on a central tensile hexagonal ring of steel, said ring is supported by 24 post-tensioned braces anchored to it and to the outer ring that tensile and compress both respectively. In this way, a flat-looking roof is obtained, with a free span of 125 m. Secondarily, a triangulated framework of cylindrical steel bars joined by cast spheres supported on the six beams define the spatial structure that makes up the interbeam on which a light deck-type roof rests.
Up to 188 points were planned for this deck, from which 10 kN of point load can be hung, allowing for multiple scenic possibilities.
The facades are made using an in situ structure of exposed concrete and a double glass curtain wall with an internal exposed metal structure, which is independent of the pillar structure that supports the roof and is also responsible for transmitting the horizontal wind forces to the ground.
The interior enclosures, also independent of the roof structure,** are built with concrete walls formworked on two sides. A prefabricated structure formed by prestressed concrete beams with average spans between 8 and 12 m is supported on these walls and a set of prefabricated pillars. On top of them, honeycomb plates with a compression layer of in-situ concrete are placed.
The Auxiliary Pavilion has a rectangular floor plan and a flat roof and has structural characteristics similar to those of the interior enclosures.
Structural system and implementation
The execution of the project and each of the structural elements involved a series of construction subprocesses, of which the most characteristic are the following:
Execution of the foundation. Subsequently, the pillars and the outer concrete ring are built. The 24 metal anchors (active) were left embedded in the outer ring before concreting.
The lower traction ring is arranged on 6 shoring towers or formwork, after which 24 anchor heads (passive) were manufactured in the workshop. Subsequently, the uprights and the upper hexagonal compression ring formed by reinforced pieces (L=16 m), as well as the upper circular crown with uprights inclined to the lower traction ring.
Placement of the 6 radial beams (L=45 m), which in this phase remain double-supported (working in pure flexion) in the outer concrete ring and in the hexagonal ring, still supported.
Next, using crane trucks, the pods that go from the interior face of the concrete ring to the metal exterior were lifted. The support of the roof is formed by a metal structure supported on a concrete ring and a prestressed system 24 cables, each with 31 0.6” strands.
The cables are tensioned in two first phases of single-wire tensioning, cable by cable, until reaching 750 and 1500 kN, respectively. Then, a final phase of multi-strand tensioning of all the cables at the same time, of each pair of stays up to a final force per stay of 2000 kN, the definitive force in the first phase of the work. In all phases, the diametrically opposed stays were tensioned simultaneously to avoid significant imbalances in the structure, controlling the tensioning using calibrated pressure gauges.
After the tensioning of the stay cables, they began to transmit a large part of the load, initially supported by the support towers to the pillars and the concrete ring, leaving the 6 large upper beams working in flexo-compression. The rest of the load, a small percentage of the total, remained on the formwork awaiting release and, with the expected descent, would be transmitted to the stays and in turn supported by the pillars. To do this, 8 jacks were loaded, 2 for each tower, not counting the two corresponding to the smaller radii of the oval, and the structure was raised 2 cm. The two aforementioned towers were thus left unloaded and could be dismantled. By periodically repeating this maneuver, it was possible to lower the ring assembly to a maximum of 320 mm. The entire maneuver set was coordinated by a hydraulic central so that the jacks worked together and there were no asymmetric descents. In the event that the 320 mm of clearance available to the towers had not been sufficient, another detachment operation would have been carried out with a new auxiliary structure.
Once the formwork was released and the load of the metal structure was absorbed by the stays and pillars, the auxiliary clearance structures and subsequently the towers were dismantled. *The actual decline values coincided with the expected calculations. The maneuver time was six hours.
The fact of excavating to a level intermediate to that initially projected posed the problem that two of the pile caps were at an intermediate height in one of the main access areas. To solve this problem, it was thought to cut these caps and lower them to a position where they would not disturb the functionality of the building.
Lastly, the prefabricated structure of the interior areas of the pavilion and the execution of the curtain wall of the façade, 9 m high, were carried out.[4].
Uses
From 2002 to 2008, it hosted the Masters Series Madrid tennis tournament. The Estudiantes Basketball Club played its games at the Madrid Arena from the 2005-2006 season to the 2009-2010 season. Real Madrid Basketball played one game at home during the 2010-2011 season (November 7, 2010) because its usual court was occupied.[5].
It was one of the venues for Eurobasket 2007, hosting matches in the final phase of the tournament. In July 2011 it hosted performances of Olivier Messiaen's opera San Francisco de Asís "Saint Francis of Assisi (opera)"), corresponding to the Teatro Real season.
Awards
The building has been the subject of various awards and recognitions, detailed below:[6][7].
• - Mention in the XVII Architecture, Urban Planning and Public Works Awards of the Madrid City Council in 2002.
• - Finalist of the Construmat Prize") 2003 for Construction. Barcelona. 2003.
Transportation
Metro:.
• - Alto de Extremadura Station.
• - Lago Station.
Buses: .
Events held at Madrid Arena
sporting events
• - FIM: X-Trial World Championship Test 2022") (April 2022).
• - World Padel Tour: Estrella Damm Madrid Open 2015 (September 2015).
• - BodyBuilding Fair and Competitions, and other small, less noisy sports modalities") (annually since 2012, in October).
• - Madrid Masters Series (annually from 2002 to 2008).
• - Sony Ericsson WTA Tour Championships (November 2006).
• - European National Team Basketball Championship (September 2007).
El 1 de noviembre de 2012 a las 3:33 de la madrugada (hora local) se produjo un taponamiento durante una fiesta de música electrónica en la que se celebraba un concierto de Halloween, con el resultado de cinco jóvenes fallecidas (dos en el recinto, la tercera al llegar al hospital, la cuarta, menor de edad, a los 3 días y la quinta casi un mes después de estar en coma).[8] Las cinco jóvenes fallecidas se llamaban María Teresa Alonso, Rocío Oña, Cristina Arce, Katia Esteban, y Belén Langdon. En un principio, el vicealcalde de Madrid Miguel Ángel Villanueva (que acabaría dimitiendo) señaló el lanzamiento de una bengala dentro del pabellón como posible causa, y negó que hubiera exceso de aforo.[9] Finalmente esta hipótesis fue descartada ya que la bengala se encendió 20 minutos después de la avalancha mortal[10] y la Policía acabó confirmando que había unas 16.791 personas en el recinto, cuando el aforo máximo estaba fijado en 10 600 personas.[11].
A pesar del incidente, la fiesta continuó hasta las 06:30 (hora local), ya que la policía decidió no intervenir para evitar escenas de pánico o protestas que hubiesen devenido en una tragedia mayor.[12].
Algunos medios de comunicación se apresuraron a afirmar que la empresa promotora del concierto (Diviertt S.L.) no podía alquilar el recinto porque tenía deudas con la Seguridad Social,[13] si bien el alquiler es un negocio expresamente excluido de los requisitos de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público. Por otra parte, algunos medios han afirmado que Madrid Arena nunca ha tenido licencia de apertura al no reunir los requisitos de seguridad.[14] A este respecto tanto el Ayuntamiento como el Colegio de Arquitectos indicaron que la Ley del Suelo de la Comunidad de Madrid, en su artículo 151, permitía a los Ayuntamientos no tener que pedirse licencia a sí mismos, sin que eso supusiera que los edificios no cumplieran la normativa.[15]
[16].
Por otra parte, el empresario de eventos y dueño de Diviertt Miguel Ángel Flores"), el cual no fue a prisión en primera instancia por el pago de una fianza, también ha abierto en varias ocasiones la discoteca «Adraba")» (anteriormente conocida como «Alcalá 20») sin licencia.[17] Finalmente, obtuvo licencia para la sala en el Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Madrid, que obligaron al Ayuntamiento, que le exigía importantes mejoras de seguridad, a concederle licencia y permitir la apertura.[18].
Case investigation
According to the police investigation and the media, the main cause was the excess capacity in the premises[19] and the subsequent errors in the actions of the private security guards inside the building and the errors of the police outside. According to various sources, the promoting company sold between 16,791 (according to the count of the ballot boxes where they were deposited)[19] and 22,000 tickets (according to the Scientific Police report after examining the company's computers),[20][21] when the venue was prepared to accommodate a maximum of 10,600 people.[19].
The police investigations revealed that, in addition, thousands more people could have entered due to the resale of the tickets that the assistants gave to the doormen when entering the venue, which were discovered to be neither cut nor marked - a common technique to confirm the use of the ticket. and 14 more defendants, including Emilio Monteagudo, the then chief inspector of the Madrid Municipal Police, considering them co-authors of five crimes of homicide due to serious recklessness and thirty crimes of injury;[23] The Madrid City Council, whose mayor was Ana Botella, from the Popular Party, and the companies Madridec, Diviertt, Grupo Seguriber and Kontrol 34, were also found to be civilly responsible.[23].
In 2014, the name of Madrid Arena was changed to Multipurpose Pavilion I by the public space manager Madrid Destino, a municipal company that replaced Madrid Espacios y Congresos[24] in this work.
In popular culture
In 2015, the novel Aforo Completo was published,[25] by writer Saúl Cepeda Lezcano, who worked for the main defendant in the case, Miguel Ángel Flores. The book describes numerous illegal behaviors in nightlife companies that lead to an outcome similar to that of the tragedy.[26].
• - Accident at Madrid Arena in 2012.
General
Literature
• - Alvarez, M. A., Córdoba, F. J., Pelluz, F. J., Díaz, E., Sánchez and M., Barbero, J. M. (April-June 2009) «Construction process of the Rockódromo Arena in Madrid, Spain». Construction Reports Vol. 61, 514, 5-18.
• - Martínez Calzón, J. and Castañón Jiménez, C. (2004) CEA 2004, Congress of Steel Structure / Santiago Hernández (dir. congr.), 2004, ISBN 84-609-1865-3, pp. 177-186.
• - MARTÍN-SÁIZ, R. (2014) Composition of Non-circular Compression Rings with Optimal Behavior in Radial Tensile Roofs. Arch-DOC. The e-journal for the dissemination of doctoral research in architecture. Vol. 2 (I), pp. 40-49. Available online at: http://www.enhsa.net/archidoct/ Archived June 14, 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
Additional bibliography
• - Wikimedia Commons hosts a multimedia category about Madrid Arena.
• - Description of the Madrid Arena on the municipal website.
• - Germain & Cano Lasso: Tour of the work of the Cano Lasso Studio.
[4] ↑ Santiago., Hernández Ibáñez, ([2004]). CEA 2004, Congreso de la Estructura de Acero. Artécnium. ISBN 8460918653. OCLC 433359711.: https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/433359711
[7] ↑ «Obra-Edificios deportivos-Madrid Arena» (Flashplayer). estudio cano lasso arquitectos. Consultado el 15 de diciembre de 2012.: http://www.canolasso.com/canolasso.html
It is distributed over three floors (access, middle and ground floor). Its central court varies in size depending on the layout of the aforementioned retractable stands and the uses to be accommodated.
The pavilion has a satellite building with an area of 2100 m².
It is owned by the Madrid City Council and is managed by the municipal company Madrid Destino"), successor to Madrid Espacios y Congresos"), dissolved in 2013 with a financial hole of 336 million euros that was assumed by its sole shareholder, also the Madrid City Council.
The building was designed to be partially buried on its southwest façade, in order to adapt to the orography of the old valley on which it is built, thus following in both aspects the classical Greco-Latin models for this type of use and construction. It is released towards the northeast, forming a façade in which the elevation appears completely free. The project underwent a modification during the execution of the works. The reason was the level of the roof, which was not wanted to be lowered to the level indicated in the project, choosing one higher than it. In order that this modification of elevation does not vary the dimensions-volume of the pavilion, it was not excavated-emptied to the final elevation, but to an intermediate one.
The Pavilion consists of three floors, the base floor and two floors made up of a prefabricated interior structural complex of 14,100 m² with a use overload of 15 kN/m² that will allow the circulation of trucks over the structure for fair uses.
The roof, like any type of building in which great light is required (144 windows and a central skylight that can be opened to natural light), openness and versatility, is the most characteristic and identifying element, being also structurally unique, with a “bicycle wheel” typology, which is self-balancing through post-tensioning.
It is made up of a mixed structure with an outer ring of compressed reinforced concrete, supported by 12 pairs of pillars that are piloted until they cross the alluvial terrain of the valley and are embedded in the competent stratum. On said concrete ring, 6 reinforced metal beams are supported that converge on a central tensile hexagonal ring of steel, said ring is supported by 24 post-tensioned braces anchored to it and to the outer ring that tensile and compress both respectively. In this way, a flat-looking roof is obtained, with a free span of 125 m. Secondarily, a triangulated framework of cylindrical steel bars joined by cast spheres supported on the six beams define the spatial structure that makes up the interbeam on which a light deck-type roof rests.
Up to 188 points were planned for this deck, from which 10 kN of point load can be hung, allowing for multiple scenic possibilities.
The facades are made using an in situ structure of exposed concrete and a double glass curtain wall with an internal exposed metal structure, which is independent of the pillar structure that supports the roof and is also responsible for transmitting the horizontal wind forces to the ground.
The interior enclosures, also independent of the roof structure,** are built with concrete walls formworked on two sides. A prefabricated structure formed by prestressed concrete beams with average spans between 8 and 12 m is supported on these walls and a set of prefabricated pillars. On top of them, honeycomb plates with a compression layer of in-situ concrete are placed.
The Auxiliary Pavilion has a rectangular floor plan and a flat roof and has structural characteristics similar to those of the interior enclosures.
Structural system and implementation
The execution of the project and each of the structural elements involved a series of construction subprocesses, of which the most characteristic are the following:
Execution of the foundation. Subsequently, the pillars and the outer concrete ring are built. The 24 metal anchors (active) were left embedded in the outer ring before concreting.
The lower traction ring is arranged on 6 shoring towers or formwork, after which 24 anchor heads (passive) were manufactured in the workshop. Subsequently, the uprights and the upper hexagonal compression ring formed by reinforced pieces (L=16 m), as well as the upper circular crown with uprights inclined to the lower traction ring.
Placement of the 6 radial beams (L=45 m), which in this phase remain double-supported (working in pure flexion) in the outer concrete ring and in the hexagonal ring, still supported.
Next, using crane trucks, the pods that go from the interior face of the concrete ring to the metal exterior were lifted. The support of the roof is formed by a metal structure supported on a concrete ring and a prestressed system 24 cables, each with 31 0.6” strands.
The cables are tensioned in two first phases of single-wire tensioning, cable by cable, until reaching 750 and 1500 kN, respectively. Then, a final phase of multi-strand tensioning of all the cables at the same time, of each pair of stays up to a final force per stay of 2000 kN, the definitive force in the first phase of the work. In all phases, the diametrically opposed stays were tensioned simultaneously to avoid significant imbalances in the structure, controlling the tensioning using calibrated pressure gauges.
After the tensioning of the stay cables, they began to transmit a large part of the load, initially supported by the support towers to the pillars and the concrete ring, leaving the 6 large upper beams working in flexo-compression. The rest of the load, a small percentage of the total, remained on the formwork awaiting release and, with the expected descent, would be transmitted to the stays and in turn supported by the pillars. To do this, 8 jacks were loaded, 2 for each tower, not counting the two corresponding to the smaller radii of the oval, and the structure was raised 2 cm. The two aforementioned towers were thus left unloaded and could be dismantled. By periodically repeating this maneuver, it was possible to lower the ring assembly to a maximum of 320 mm. The entire maneuver set was coordinated by a hydraulic central so that the jacks worked together and there were no asymmetric descents. In the event that the 320 mm of clearance available to the towers had not been sufficient, another detachment operation would have been carried out with a new auxiliary structure.
Once the formwork was released and the load of the metal structure was absorbed by the stays and pillars, the auxiliary clearance structures and subsequently the towers were dismantled. *The actual decline values coincided with the expected calculations. The maneuver time was six hours.
The fact of excavating to a level intermediate to that initially projected posed the problem that two of the pile caps were at an intermediate height in one of the main access areas. To solve this problem, it was thought to cut these caps and lower them to a position where they would not disturb the functionality of the building.
Lastly, the prefabricated structure of the interior areas of the pavilion and the execution of the curtain wall of the façade, 9 m high, were carried out.[4].
Uses
From 2002 to 2008, it hosted the Masters Series Madrid tennis tournament. The Estudiantes Basketball Club played its games at the Madrid Arena from the 2005-2006 season to the 2009-2010 season. Real Madrid Basketball played one game at home during the 2010-2011 season (November 7, 2010) because its usual court was occupied.[5].
It was one of the venues for Eurobasket 2007, hosting matches in the final phase of the tournament. In July 2011 it hosted performances of Olivier Messiaen's opera San Francisco de Asís "Saint Francis of Assisi (opera)"), corresponding to the Teatro Real season.
Awards
The building has been the subject of various awards and recognitions, detailed below:[6][7].
• - Mention in the XVII Architecture, Urban Planning and Public Works Awards of the Madrid City Council in 2002.
• - Finalist of the Construmat Prize") 2003 for Construction. Barcelona. 2003.
Transportation
Metro:.
• - Alto de Extremadura Station.
• - Lago Station.
Buses: .
Events held at Madrid Arena
sporting events
• - FIM: X-Trial World Championship Test 2022") (April 2022).
• - World Padel Tour: Estrella Damm Madrid Open 2015 (September 2015).
• - BodyBuilding Fair and Competitions, and other small, less noisy sports modalities") (annually since 2012, in October).
• - Madrid Masters Series (annually from 2002 to 2008).
• - Sony Ericsson WTA Tour Championships (November 2006).
• - European National Team Basketball Championship (September 2007).
El 1 de noviembre de 2012 a las 3:33 de la madrugada (hora local) se produjo un taponamiento durante una fiesta de música electrónica en la que se celebraba un concierto de Halloween, con el resultado de cinco jóvenes fallecidas (dos en el recinto, la tercera al llegar al hospital, la cuarta, menor de edad, a los 3 días y la quinta casi un mes después de estar en coma).[8] Las cinco jóvenes fallecidas se llamaban María Teresa Alonso, Rocío Oña, Cristina Arce, Katia Esteban, y Belén Langdon. En un principio, el vicealcalde de Madrid Miguel Ángel Villanueva (que acabaría dimitiendo) señaló el lanzamiento de una bengala dentro del pabellón como posible causa, y negó que hubiera exceso de aforo.[9] Finalmente esta hipótesis fue descartada ya que la bengala se encendió 20 minutos después de la avalancha mortal[10] y la Policía acabó confirmando que había unas 16.791 personas en el recinto, cuando el aforo máximo estaba fijado en 10 600 personas.[11].
A pesar del incidente, la fiesta continuó hasta las 06:30 (hora local), ya que la policía decidió no intervenir para evitar escenas de pánico o protestas que hubiesen devenido en una tragedia mayor.[12].
Algunos medios de comunicación se apresuraron a afirmar que la empresa promotora del concierto (Diviertt S.L.) no podía alquilar el recinto porque tenía deudas con la Seguridad Social,[13] si bien el alquiler es un negocio expresamente excluido de los requisitos de la Ley de Contratos del Sector Público. Por otra parte, algunos medios han afirmado que Madrid Arena nunca ha tenido licencia de apertura al no reunir los requisitos de seguridad.[14] A este respecto tanto el Ayuntamiento como el Colegio de Arquitectos indicaron que la Ley del Suelo de la Comunidad de Madrid, en su artículo 151, permitía a los Ayuntamientos no tener que pedirse licencia a sí mismos, sin que eso supusiera que los edificios no cumplieran la normativa.[15]
[16].
Por otra parte, el empresario de eventos y dueño de Diviertt Miguel Ángel Flores"), el cual no fue a prisión en primera instancia por el pago de una fianza, también ha abierto en varias ocasiones la discoteca «Adraba")» (anteriormente conocida como «Alcalá 20») sin licencia.[17] Finalmente, obtuvo licencia para la sala en el Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Madrid, que obligaron al Ayuntamiento, que le exigía importantes mejoras de seguridad, a concederle licencia y permitir la apertura.[18].
Case investigation
According to the police investigation and the media, the main cause was the excess capacity in the premises[19] and the subsequent errors in the actions of the private security guards inside the building and the errors of the police outside. According to various sources, the promoting company sold between 16,791 (according to the count of the ballot boxes where they were deposited)[19] and 22,000 tickets (according to the Scientific Police report after examining the company's computers),[20][21] when the venue was prepared to accommodate a maximum of 10,600 people.[19].
The police investigations revealed that, in addition, thousands more people could have entered due to the resale of the tickets that the assistants gave to the doormen when entering the venue, which were discovered to be neither cut nor marked - a common technique to confirm the use of the ticket. and 14 more defendants, including Emilio Monteagudo, the then chief inspector of the Madrid Municipal Police, considering them co-authors of five crimes of homicide due to serious recklessness and thirty crimes of injury;[23] The Madrid City Council, whose mayor was Ana Botella, from the Popular Party, and the companies Madridec, Diviertt, Grupo Seguriber and Kontrol 34, were also found to be civilly responsible.[23].
In 2014, the name of Madrid Arena was changed to Multipurpose Pavilion I by the public space manager Madrid Destino, a municipal company that replaced Madrid Espacios y Congresos[24] in this work.
In popular culture
In 2015, the novel Aforo Completo was published,[25] by writer Saúl Cepeda Lezcano, who worked for the main defendant in the case, Miguel Ángel Flores. The book describes numerous illegal behaviors in nightlife companies that lead to an outcome similar to that of the tragedy.[26].
• - Accident at Madrid Arena in 2012.
General
Literature
• - Alvarez, M. A., Córdoba, F. J., Pelluz, F. J., Díaz, E., Sánchez and M., Barbero, J. M. (April-June 2009) «Construction process of the Rockódromo Arena in Madrid, Spain». Construction Reports Vol. 61, 514, 5-18.
• - Martínez Calzón, J. and Castañón Jiménez, C. (2004) CEA 2004, Congress of Steel Structure / Santiago Hernández (dir. congr.), 2004, ISBN 84-609-1865-3, pp. 177-186.
• - MARTÍN-SÁIZ, R. (2014) Composition of Non-circular Compression Rings with Optimal Behavior in Radial Tensile Roofs. Arch-DOC. The e-journal for the dissemination of doctoral research in architecture. Vol. 2 (I), pp. 40-49. Available online at: http://www.enhsa.net/archidoct/ Archived June 14, 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
Additional bibliography
• - Wikimedia Commons hosts a multimedia category about Madrid Arena.
• - Description of the Madrid Arena on the municipal website.
• - Germain & Cano Lasso: Tour of the work of the Cano Lasso Studio.
[4] ↑ Santiago., Hernández Ibáñez, ([2004]). CEA 2004, Congreso de la Estructura de Acero. Artécnium. ISBN 8460918653. OCLC 433359711.: https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/433359711
[7] ↑ «Obra-Edificios deportivos-Madrid Arena» (Flashplayer). estudio cano lasso arquitectos. Consultado el 15 de diciembre de 2012.: http://www.canolasso.com/canolasso.html