A palace is a large and sumptuous building used as the residence of the head of state or other magnate.
They emerged in ancient times, with the beginning of history, in all civilizations; hosting events and leading political, social and economic processes of historical significance.
In the European Old Regime, palaces were the royal residences, those of the nobility and the high clergy; although also of the enriched bourgeoisie. They were built, furnished and decorated with the criteria of the most demanding artistic taste and the greatest luxury, helping to establish the artistic styles of each era.
In the Contemporary Age many palaces have been transformed for other uses, such as parliaments or museums. The term is also commonly used to refer to new constructions of especially luxurious public buildings that function as urban landmarks; whatever its use, an extreme case being the corridors of the Moscow Metro, inspired by luxurious palatial rooms, built in the Stalinist era with explicit reference to the tsarist palaces.
In its current use, the term "palace" also applies to a monumental or large building with outstanding architecture, especially the headquarters of some important public entity or corporation (such as the headquarters of a government, a national museum, etc.), sometimes within a combined phrase (national palace, courthouse, royal palace, government palace, municipal palace, etc.).[1][2][3].
Etymology
The Spanish word "palace" comes from the Latin palatium, and is from the place name of one of the seven hills of Rome, the Palatium or Palatinus Mons ("Palatine Mount"). The original palace on the Palatine Hill was the residence of the Roman emperor"), while the Capitolium or Mons Capitolinus ("Capitol" and "Capitoline Hill") was the seat of Rome's religious centers. Although the city grew beyond the seven hills, the Palatine remained the most prestigious residential area. Caesar Augustus lived there in an intentionally modest dwelling (the Domus Augustea, built over Romulus' hut)[4] and next to the Lupercal[5] —the cave where the she-wolf nursed Romulus and Remus—),[6] distinguished from its neighbors only by two laurel trees flanking the front entrance, as a symbol of triumph granted by the Senate. His successors, especially Nero, with his ("Golden House"), expanded the residence and gardens until they encompassed the entire top of the hill. became synonymous with the residence of the emperor") and, by metonymy, designated the imperial institution itself.
palatial architecture
Introduction
A palace is a large and sumptuous building used as the residence of the head of state or other magnate.
They emerged in ancient times, with the beginning of history, in all civilizations; hosting events and leading political, social and economic processes of historical significance.
In the European Old Regime, palaces were the royal residences, those of the nobility and the high clergy; although also of the enriched bourgeoisie. They were built, furnished and decorated with the criteria of the most demanding artistic taste and the greatest luxury, helping to establish the artistic styles of each era.
In the Contemporary Age many palaces have been transformed for other uses, such as parliaments or museums. The term is also commonly used to refer to new constructions of especially luxurious public buildings that function as urban landmarks; whatever its use, an extreme case being the corridors of the Moscow Metro, inspired by luxurious palatial rooms, built in the Stalinist era with explicit reference to the tsarist palaces.
In its current use, the term "palace" also applies to a monumental or large building with outstanding architecture, especially the headquarters of some important public entity or corporation (such as the headquarters of a government, a national museum, etc.), sometimes within a combined phrase (national palace, courthouse, royal palace, government palace, municipal palace, etc.).[1][2][3].
Etymology
The Spanish word "palace" comes from the Latin palatium, and is from the place name of one of the seven hills of Rome, the Palatium or Palatinus Mons ("Palatine Mount"). The original palace on the Palatine Hill was the residence of the Roman emperor"), while the Capitolium or Mons Capitolinus ("Capitol" and "Capitoline Hill") was the seat of Rome's religious centers. Although the city grew beyond the seven hills, the Palatine remained the most prestigious residential area. Caesar Augustus lived there in an intentionally modest dwelling (the , built over Romulus' hut)[4] and next to the [5] —the cave where the she-wolf nursed Romulus and Remus—),[6] distinguished from its neighbors only by two laurel trees flanking the front entrance, as a symbol of triumph granted by the Senate. His successors, especially Nero, with his ("Golden House"), expanded the residence and gardens until they encompassed the entire top of the hill. became synonymous with the residence of the emperor") and, by metonymy, designated the imperial institution itself.
Domus Aurea
Palatium
Already in the Middle Ages, the use of the Latin word palatium in the sense of "government" is evident in a commentary by Paul the Deacon, written in 790 and narrating events from the years 660: Huic Lupo, quando Grimuald Beneventum perrexit, suum palatium commendavit ("When Grimuald set out on his way to Beneventum, he entrusted his palace to Lupo").[7] In that At the same time, Charlemagne revived the use of the term as an imperial residence in his "palace" at Aachen, of which only the chapel survived. Previously, the Germanic kingdoms, such as the Ostrogothic, but especially the Visigothic and the Frankish, had each developed their respective officium palatinum with different positions around the king; The Merovingian "palatines" gave rise to the legendary figures of the paladins.
Palas "Palas (architecture)") was the name given to the government residence in some Germanic cities of the Early Middle Ages. The powerful prince-electors were housed in palaces (Paläste), evidence of the decentralization of power in the Holy Roman Empire. In a similar way, in most feudal monarchies, although initially it was only the king who allowed himself to call his residence * palace, such a name was emulated by the nobility and the clergy.*.
In France and in the French language there is a clear distinction between palais ("palace") and château ("castle"). The palais has always been urban, like the Palais de la Cité in Paris (which was the royal palace and is now the Supreme Court of Justice), or the Palais des Papes in Avignon ("Palace of the Popes"). In contrast, the château has always had rural characteristics, supported by its demesne"),[8] even when it was not fortified. The Palace of Versailles, residence of the king of France, and with it the source of power, is far from the city, and has always been called in French as Château de Versailles, while the name palais is reserved for the urban building of the Louvre in Paris. This distinction is not usual in other languages or countries, such as in England and in the English language, where terms with very diverse initial content are used interchangeably (palace, castle, manor or house). Nor in Spain and its languages; for example, from the century onwards, the Galician nobility transformed castles and towers into pazos (cognate word for "palace" in the Galician language), both architectural typologies being eminently rural. but for its function: military in castles and residential or courtly in manors and palaces. The identification between the term "palace" and bureaucracy, in Spanish, has produced the sentence palace things go slowly.
Palaces by civilizations
Historical civilizations
The Minoans were among the first to build what we could truly call palaces in human history.
The first known palace in an architectural sense—that is, a large organized complex that served as a political, economic, religious, and administrative center—was the Palace of Knossos, on the island of Crete, built by the Minoan civilization around 1900 BC. C. (almost 4,000 years ago).
Since the birth of civilization, the palace and the temple appeared as architectural manifestations of the duality of power (political power and religious power). In both cases, they are born with history, that is, with writing; The issuance, reception and conservation of letters and all types of documents in an archive being one of the functions of the palaces since their origin. Another very important one was the custody of all types of warehouses (food, raw materials for construction and crafts, goods for foreign trade or coming from it, weapons), and especially the treasury (the warehouse of the most prestigious goods: precious metals and jewelry). To the increasingly complex bureaucracy generated by the chancelleries and treasuries (in Egypt, with the name of scribes) was added the rest of the palace offices named for their function in the domestic service of the king's house, which ended up becoming a royal court of ennobled high officials (such as the cupbearer who appears in the biblical narration of the story of Joseph in Egypt "Joseph (patriarch)"), where very significant details of the life of Joseph are described. palatial).
The relatively ephemeral nature of the materials used in their construction has meant that little more than archaeological remains have remained of the Sumerian and Egyptian palaces, which contrasts, in the case of Egypt, with the greater durability of the materials used in religious buildings and tombs; whose conception (as a house of God or a house for eternity) allows us to get an idea of what those would be like.
In the High Empire, several constructions took place around the Palatine Hill that served as an imperial residence and administrative center:
Some emperors chose environments far from the city of Rome, following the bucolic ideal that poetry and architectural precepts (Vitruvius) established for the rest and pleasures of a supposed "country life".
In the Late Empire, the imperial institution became the Dominated (from dominus -"lord"-), and the imperial palace was renamed Sacrum Palatium ("sacred palace").
Diocletian built a Palace in Spalatum as a residence for his final years (he abdicated in 305).
Constantine the Great moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople, founding the Great Palace of Constantinople. Rome became mainly the city of the pope.
In the Roman provinces, in addition to the Hellenistic palaces of the East, there were other buildings of a palatial nature: some linked to the administration (praetorium); and others belonging to the wealthy families of the senatorial order, especially in rural environments (villae). The imperial court of Augustus resided in Tarraco between 29 and 26 BC (Cantabrian Wars); while in the final moments of the empire the court of Gala Placidia resided in Barcino. In both cities there must have been some building used as a palace.
In addition to the Great Palace of Constantinople, others were built:
The expansion of Islam meant the construction of new political spaces in a wide swath of the Old World, between the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. "Islamic palaces" or "Muslim palaces") are not limited to "Arab palaces" (in Arabia or the rest of the Arab world), but include those in non-Arab Islamic areas, such as the Ottoman Turkish Empire and the Moghul Empire of India. In general, in Arab or Muslim palaces there is a marked contrast between the austerity of the exterior versus the richness of the interior (labyrinthine structure of halls, galleries, porticos, horseshoe and mixtilinear arches, coffered ceilings, muqarnas, patios, fountains, gardens), characterized by what has become a literary cliché: the "oriental luxury" and sophistication typical of The Thousand and One Nights. This feature implied its ephemeral character, due to the nature of its construction materials.[26].
During the Reconquista, buildings in a very peculiar style, the Mudejar, were built in the peninsular Christian kingdoms, which used Islamic architectural elements. The word "alcázar" (from the Arabic qasr) was preserved as the name of the royal palaces of the kings of Castile. It is said that they cast spells on them and made a lot of food.
Other palaces of Western civilization
Since the Late Middle Ages, the development of European cities was manifested in notable civil architecture that included royal, episcopal and noble palaces; and also municipal palaces and palatial homes of wealthy bourgeois in the main urban centers (especially Flanders and Italy). From the Modern Age onwards, the palaces of certain European cities constitute characteristic models and names, adapting the successive formal innovations of the artistic styles of each period (the Renaissance, the Baroque and the Neoclassicism). With colonial expansion, the European palace model spread to the rest of the world.
Flanders and Italy were the two main centers of medieval urban development, which continued throughout the Modern Age. In particular, each of the large Italian cities developed palazzo models that were very peculiar to each one.
The capital cities "Capital (political)") of the monarchies that formed modern states housed impressive palaces, both of the royal houses and of the aristocracy that was attracted to the permanent court") (as opposed to the medieval itinerant court).
The city of London grew around the power of the king of England symbolized by the Tower of London (other royal residences were built nearby, such as the Savoy Palace, destroyed in the riots of 1381), while the power of the English parliament was manifested in nearby Westminster. The urban reconstruction after the fire of London in 1666 and its economic strength with the industrial revolution and the expansion of the British empire turned this metropolis into the most important city in the world, which determined the palatial status of many of its buildings, including some very characteristic ones, such as the clubs.
Medieval Paris grew up around the royal fortress-palace on the Île de la Cité. During the Old Regime, many other palaces were built in the city, at the royal initiative or by private individuals. Urban growth during the century (Haussmann expansion) allowed the construction of palaces to bourgeois taste, such as the one inhabited by the exiled queen of Spain Isabel II, called Palacio de Castilla.
In the Late Middle Ages, Madrid was a second-class city, but it benefited from the sporadic presence of the itinerant court thanks to the fact that the Alcázar was an obligatory stopover in the network of royal residences of the Crown of Castile. Even a private palace, the Torre de los Lujanes (near the Plaza de la Villa, next to the Casa de Cisneros), was chosen as the residence-prison of Francisco I of France, captured in the Battle of Pavia. The central location of the city determined its choice as a permanent court by Philip II. The Alcázar became the official royal residence, the bureaucracy settled in it and in other buildings (such as the Palace of the Councils, the Palace of Santa Cruz "Palacio de Santa Cruz (Madrid)") or the Palace of the Marquis of Grimaldi) and at a relatively close distance a network of Royal Sites was created as recreational residences, among which a ritualized circuit of displacements ()[31] was established in different stations of the year; but even when Felipe V spent a long time in Seville, the institutions of power remained in Madrid. The fire of the Alcázar motivated its reconstruction with the criteria of the Bourbon palace of Versailles (which had already been attempted to be imitated on a small scale in the Palacio de la Granja). "Palacio de Buenavista (Madrid)"), to which in the century the New Liberal Regime added the initiative of an oligarchy formed by both the traditional high nobility and the enriched and ennobled bourgeoisie (Palacio del Marqués de Salamanca, Palacio de Linares, Museo Cerralbo, Museo Lázaro Galdiano); which characterized the architecture of the urban axis of Paseo de la Castellana. in two palaces (Palacio de las Cortes or the Congress and the Senate Palace "Palacio del Senate (Spain)")
[7] ↑ Historia gentis Langobardorum, Libro V, xvii (Historia Langobardorum/Liber V). Véase también Grimoaldo I de Benevento -Grimoald I of Benevento- y Lupo de Friuli -Lupus of Friuli-.
[8] ↑ Cassell's Latin Dictionary, Marchant & Charles. Fuente citada en Demesne.
[9] ↑ De los palacios sumerios (Eridu, Kiš, Tell Brak, Ur, Ešnunna) es también poco lo conservado, con excepción del palacio de Mari, reconstruido y ampliado a lo largo de su historia.Artehistoria «Sin embargo, son muchos más numerosos los ejemplos de arquitectura civil en el arte mesopotámico. Han quedado bastantes restos que nos han permitido levantar planos de los palacios reales de Ugarit, el palacio real de Ebla o el palacio real de Buyukkale. Estos edificios presentan como elemento común la organización de las estancias a través de diferentes patios, esquema que se continuará hasta el mundo romano». La arquitectura civil en el arte antiguo.: https://web.archive.org/web/20120326073631/http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/civilizaciones/contextos/7593.htm
[20] ↑ Anales del Imperio Carolingio, años 800-843, Akal, 1997, ISBN 844600450X.
[21] ↑ * Orígenes de la nación española: Estudios críticos sobre la historia del reino de Asturias, Instituto de Estudios Asturianos, 1975, ISBN 8400041682, vol. 3, p. 98.
[31] ↑ Ignacio Ezquerra, Jornadas reales, red viaria y espacio cortesano en tiempo de Felipe IV: las prevenciones camineras del doctor Juan de Quiñones, alcalde de Casa y Corte.: http://www.librosdelacorte.es/?p=563
Already in the Middle Ages, the use of the Latin word palatium in the sense of "government" is evident in a commentary by Paul the Deacon, written in 790 and narrating events from the years 660: Huic Lupo, quando Grimuald Beneventum perrexit, suum palatium commendavit ("When Grimuald set out on his way to Beneventum, he entrusted his palace to Lupo").[7] In that At the same time, Charlemagne revived the use of the term as an imperial residence in his "palace" at Aachen, of which only the chapel survived. Previously, the Germanic kingdoms, such as the Ostrogothic, but especially the Visigothic and the Frankish, had each developed their respective officium palatinum with different positions around the king; The Merovingian "palatines" gave rise to the legendary figures of the paladins.
Palas "Palas (architecture)") was the name given to the government residence in some Germanic cities of the Early Middle Ages. The powerful prince-electors were housed in palaces (Paläste), evidence of the decentralization of power in the Holy Roman Empire. In a similar way, in most feudal monarchies, although initially it was only the king who allowed himself to call his residence * palace, such a name was emulated by the nobility and the clergy.*.
In France and in the French language there is a clear distinction between palais ("palace") and château ("castle"). The palais has always been urban, like the Palais de la Cité in Paris (which was the royal palace and is now the Supreme Court of Justice), or the Palais des Papes in Avignon ("Palace of the Popes"). In contrast, the château has always had rural characteristics, supported by its demesne"),[8] even when it was not fortified. The Palace of Versailles, residence of the king of France, and with it the source of power, is far from the city, and has always been called in French as Château de Versailles, while the name palais is reserved for the urban building of the Louvre in Paris. This distinction is not usual in other languages or countries, such as in England and in the English language, where terms with very diverse initial content are used interchangeably (palace, castle, manor or house). Nor in Spain and its languages; for example, from the century onwards, the Galician nobility transformed castles and towers into pazos (cognate word for "palace" in the Galician language), both architectural typologies being eminently rural. but for its function: military in castles and residential or courtly in manors and palaces. The identification between the term "palace" and bureaucracy, in Spanish, has produced the sentence palace things go slowly.
Palaces by civilizations
Historical civilizations
The Minoans were among the first to build what we could truly call palaces in human history.
The first known palace in an architectural sense—that is, a large organized complex that served as a political, economic, religious, and administrative center—was the Palace of Knossos, on the island of Crete, built by the Minoan civilization around 1900 BC. C. (almost 4,000 years ago).
Since the birth of civilization, the palace and the temple appeared as architectural manifestations of the duality of power (political power and religious power). In both cases, they are born with history, that is, with writing; The issuance, reception and conservation of letters and all types of documents in an archive being one of the functions of the palaces since their origin. Another very important one was the custody of all types of warehouses (food, raw materials for construction and crafts, goods for foreign trade or coming from it, weapons), and especially the treasury (the warehouse of the most prestigious goods: precious metals and jewelry). To the increasingly complex bureaucracy generated by the chancelleries and treasuries (in Egypt, with the name of scribes) was added the rest of the palace offices named for their function in the domestic service of the king's house, which ended up becoming a royal court of ennobled high officials (such as the cupbearer who appears in the biblical narration of the story of Joseph in Egypt "Joseph (patriarch)"), where very significant details of the life of Joseph are described. palatial).
The relatively ephemeral nature of the materials used in their construction has meant that little more than archaeological remains have remained of the Sumerian and Egyptian palaces, which contrasts, in the case of Egypt, with the greater durability of the materials used in religious buildings and tombs; whose conception (as a house of God or a house for eternity) allows us to get an idea of what those would be like.
In the High Empire, several constructions took place around the Palatine Hill that served as an imperial residence and administrative center:
Some emperors chose environments far from the city of Rome, following the bucolic ideal that poetry and architectural precepts (Vitruvius) established for the rest and pleasures of a supposed "country life".
In the Late Empire, the imperial institution became the Dominated (from dominus -"lord"-), and the imperial palace was renamed Sacrum Palatium ("sacred palace").
Diocletian built a Palace in Spalatum as a residence for his final years (he abdicated in 305).
Constantine the Great moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople, founding the Great Palace of Constantinople. Rome became mainly the city of the pope.
In the Roman provinces, in addition to the Hellenistic palaces of the East, there were other buildings of a palatial nature: some linked to the administration (praetorium); and others belonging to the wealthy families of the senatorial order, especially in rural environments (villae). The imperial court of Augustus resided in Tarraco between 29 and 26 BC (Cantabrian Wars); while in the final moments of the empire the court of Gala Placidia resided in Barcino. In both cities there must have been some building used as a palace.
In addition to the Great Palace of Constantinople, others were built:
The expansion of Islam meant the construction of new political spaces in a wide swath of the Old World, between the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. "Islamic palaces" or "Muslim palaces") are not limited to "Arab palaces" (in Arabia or the rest of the Arab world), but include those in non-Arab Islamic areas, such as the Ottoman Turkish Empire and the Moghul Empire of India. In general, in Arab or Muslim palaces there is a marked contrast between the austerity of the exterior versus the richness of the interior (labyrinthine structure of halls, galleries, porticos, horseshoe and mixtilinear arches, coffered ceilings, muqarnas, patios, fountains, gardens), characterized by what has become a literary cliché: the "oriental luxury" and sophistication typical of The Thousand and One Nights. This feature implied its ephemeral character, due to the nature of its construction materials.[26].
During the Reconquista, buildings in a very peculiar style, the Mudejar, were built in the peninsular Christian kingdoms, which used Islamic architectural elements. The word "alcázar" (from the Arabic qasr) was preserved as the name of the royal palaces of the kings of Castile. It is said that they cast spells on them and made a lot of food.
Other palaces of Western civilization
Since the Late Middle Ages, the development of European cities was manifested in notable civil architecture that included royal, episcopal and noble palaces; and also municipal palaces and palatial homes of wealthy bourgeois in the main urban centers (especially Flanders and Italy). From the Modern Age onwards, the palaces of certain European cities constitute characteristic models and names, adapting the successive formal innovations of the artistic styles of each period (the Renaissance, the Baroque and the Neoclassicism). With colonial expansion, the European palace model spread to the rest of the world.
Flanders and Italy were the two main centers of medieval urban development, which continued throughout the Modern Age. In particular, each of the large Italian cities developed palazzo models that were very peculiar to each one.
The capital cities "Capital (political)") of the monarchies that formed modern states housed impressive palaces, both of the royal houses and of the aristocracy that was attracted to the permanent court") (as opposed to the medieval itinerant court).
The city of London grew around the power of the king of England symbolized by the Tower of London (other royal residences were built nearby, such as the Savoy Palace, destroyed in the riots of 1381), while the power of the English parliament was manifested in nearby Westminster. The urban reconstruction after the fire of London in 1666 and its economic strength with the industrial revolution and the expansion of the British empire turned this metropolis into the most important city in the world, which determined the palatial status of many of its buildings, including some very characteristic ones, such as the clubs.
Medieval Paris grew up around the royal fortress-palace on the Île de la Cité. During the Old Regime, many other palaces were built in the city, at the royal initiative or by private individuals. Urban growth during the century (Haussmann expansion) allowed the construction of palaces to bourgeois taste, such as the one inhabited by the exiled queen of Spain Isabel II, called Palacio de Castilla.
In the Late Middle Ages, Madrid was a second-class city, but it benefited from the sporadic presence of the itinerant court thanks to the fact that the Alcázar was an obligatory stopover in the network of royal residences of the Crown of Castile. Even a private palace, the Torre de los Lujanes (near the Plaza de la Villa, next to the Casa de Cisneros), was chosen as the residence-prison of Francisco I of France, captured in the Battle of Pavia. The central location of the city determined its choice as a permanent court by Philip II. The Alcázar became the official royal residence, the bureaucracy settled in it and in other buildings (such as the Palace of the Councils, the Palace of Santa Cruz "Palacio de Santa Cruz (Madrid)") or the Palace of the Marquis of Grimaldi) and at a relatively close distance a network of Royal Sites was created as recreational residences, among which a ritualized circuit of displacements ()[31] was established in different stations of the year; but even when Felipe V spent a long time in Seville, the institutions of power remained in Madrid. The fire of the Alcázar motivated its reconstruction with the criteria of the Bourbon palace of Versailles (which had already been attempted to be imitated on a small scale in the Palacio de la Granja). "Palacio de Buenavista (Madrid)"), to which in the century the New Liberal Regime added the initiative of an oligarchy formed by both the traditional high nobility and the enriched and ennobled bourgeoisie (Palacio del Marqués de Salamanca, Palacio de Linares, Museo Cerralbo, Museo Lázaro Galdiano); which characterized the architecture of the urban axis of Paseo de la Castellana. in two palaces (Palacio de las Cortes or the Congress and the Senate Palace "Palacio del Senate (Spain)")
[7] ↑ Historia gentis Langobardorum, Libro V, xvii (Historia Langobardorum/Liber V). Véase también Grimoaldo I de Benevento -Grimoald I of Benevento- y Lupo de Friuli -Lupus of Friuli-.
[8] ↑ Cassell's Latin Dictionary, Marchant & Charles. Fuente citada en Demesne.
[9] ↑ De los palacios sumerios (Eridu, Kiš, Tell Brak, Ur, Ešnunna) es también poco lo conservado, con excepción del palacio de Mari, reconstruido y ampliado a lo largo de su historia.Artehistoria «Sin embargo, son muchos más numerosos los ejemplos de arquitectura civil en el arte mesopotámico. Han quedado bastantes restos que nos han permitido levantar planos de los palacios reales de Ugarit, el palacio real de Ebla o el palacio real de Buyukkale. Estos edificios presentan como elemento común la organización de las estancias a través de diferentes patios, esquema que se continuará hasta el mundo romano». La arquitectura civil en el arte antiguo.: https://web.archive.org/web/20120326073631/http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/civilizaciones/contextos/7593.htm
[20] ↑ Anales del Imperio Carolingio, años 800-843, Akal, 1997, ISBN 844600450X.
[21] ↑ * Orígenes de la nación española: Estudios críticos sobre la historia del reino de Asturias, Instituto de Estudios Asturianos, 1975, ISBN 8400041682, vol. 3, p. 98.
[31] ↑ Ignacio Ezquerra, Jornadas reales, red viaria y espacio cortesano en tiempo de Felipe IV: las prevenciones camineras del doctor Juan de Quiñones, alcalde de Casa y Corte.: http://www.librosdelacorte.es/?p=563
The decentralized condition of the Holy Roman Empire was manifested in the construction of palatial courts in buildings of different denominations (Residenz) -"residence"- Hof -"court"-, Schloss -"castle"-, etc.) for the prince-electors (Kurfürsten) and other aristocrats of the high nobility and high clergy (Fürsten -"princes"-) who acted in practice as independent sovereigns; while the elective status of emperor of the Holy Empire fell from the end of the Middle Ages to the Archdukes of Austria of the House of Habsburg, who maintained their court in Vienna. Some cities had the status of free city or imperial city (freie Städte and Reichsstadt), with very different degrees of autonomy, although they did not reach the degree of independence of the cities. Italian city-states or Swiss cantons. The German unification of the century determined the capital of Berlin during the German Empire (Deutsches Reich between 1871 and 1918).
In the Kingdom of Castile, among others, the nobles lived part of the year in their manors and there they built their palaces that often became centers of culture for small municipalities, such as Alba de Tormes where the first Duke of Alba had his palace (Kamen, 2004). In other cases it was not in their place of origin, but in lands to which they felt united, such as the case of the Marquis of Benavites when he built a tower in his palace in Ávila where he set up two museums open to the people of Avila. Thus, in small towns (such as the Palace of Cogolludo, the Palace of the Marquis of Santa Cruz, the Ducal Palace of Lerma or the Royal Palace of Olite), there are palaces or even groups of numerous palaces (such as the monumental groups of Cáceres, Úbeda, Villaviciosa or Espinosa de los Monteros); that respond to the social configuration of the Old Regime in Spain.
A different case is constituted by the "Indiano palaces" or "Indiano houses"), the sumptuous buildings built at the end of the century and the beginning of the century by the wealthy Indians, upon their return from their emigration, in their towns of origin, especially in the north of the peninsula. In the Canary Islands, the site occupied by a pre-Hispanic cave-palace (the Chinguaro Cave) is preserved. In Galicia, palatial residences of an eminently rural type called pazos are characteristic.
In addition to the royal and aristocratic residences known as Châteaux de la Loire, in France there are many urban palais and rural châteaux that respond to the peculiar historical configuration of the Old Regime in France. The peripheral regions (Brittany, Normandy, Burgundy, Provence, Aquitaine), with autonomous power centers until their incorporation into the kingdom of France, were characterized by maintaining particularistic institutions such as the Parlements, expressed in palatial buildings.
With a neo-Gothic historicist criterion, Viollet le-Duc rebuilt the Pierrefonds Castle as a palace for Napoleon III.
The rural palatial residences of the English aristocracy, initially in Tudor style (Hunsdon House"), Oxburgh Hall"), Owlpen Manor"), East Barsham Manor") and Elizabethan style (Hardwick Hall, Burghley House, Wollaton Hall, Longleat House) later reflected the architectural ideal of Palladianism (Wilton House, Holkham Hall, Woburn Abbey, Saltram House"), Wentworth Woodhouse"), and other styles (Blenheim Palace - the only building that bears the name palace apart from those linked to the royal family, which was built for the Duke of Marlborough -, Castle Howard, Flete House, Compton Castle, Trafalgar House, Montacute House, Groombridge Place, Knole House). In a notable way, they developed their own style of landscaping (the English garden), differentiated from the geometry of the Versailles gardens. An palatial in urban environments, in addition to that of the city of London.
In Scotland there are royal residences: Holyrood Palace (the royal palace of the kings of Scotland" since the 19th century) and Balmoral Castle (residence of the kings of England since Queen Victoria).
During Ceaucescu's communist regime, a gigantic complex of buildings (the Casal Popuruli or "House of the People"), currently called the Palace of the Romanian Parliament, was built with aesthetic criteria typical of Soviet architecture or Stalinist architecture.
In Latin America, the concept of the palace evolved since colonial times as a name for official residences, elite stately homes, administrative headquarters and centers of political power. From the century, early buildings stand out such as the Palacio de Cortés in Cuernavaca (Mexico), one of the oldest civil palaces on the continent, built by Hernán Cortés as a residence and government headquarters after the conquest. Within the scope of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, the San Carlos Palace in Bogotá stands out, one of the best preserved viceregal mansions, which functioned as the headquarters of schools, accommodation for viceroys and even presidential residence of Colombia during the century, making it the oldest palace in all of South America.
During the centuries and , with the consolidation of republican states, many Latin American countries built palaces of greater monumentality to house the new executive, legislative and administrative powers. In this stage, the Nariño Palace stands out, which was a Neoclassical reconstruction on top of the old colonial house of Antonio Nariño; the Government Palace of Peru, successively rebuilt since the viceregal era; the La Moneda Palace in Santiago de Chile, considered one of the most important neoclassical works in the Southern Cone; the National Palace of Mexico, whose origin dates back to the residence of Cortés but which was transformed by the viceregal and republican administrations; and the Miraflores Palace in Caracas, a notable example of the eclecticism of the beginning of the century. These buildings represent the continuity between the colonial palatial tradition and republican reinterpretations, incorporating neoclassical, academic, eclectic elements and, in some cases, modern adaptations. Currently, many of them fulfill functions as presidential, ministerial headquarters or national museums, and are a fundamental part of the architectural and political heritage of their respective countries.
royal days")
The decentralized condition of the Holy Roman Empire was manifested in the construction of palatial courts in buildings of different denominations (Residenz) -"residence"- Hof -"court"-, Schloss -"castle"-, etc.) for the prince-electors (Kurfürsten) and other aristocrats of the high nobility and high clergy (Fürsten -"princes"-) who acted in practice as independent sovereigns; while the elective status of emperor of the Holy Empire fell from the end of the Middle Ages to the Archdukes of Austria of the House of Habsburg, who maintained their court in Vienna. Some cities had the status of free city or imperial city (freie Städte and Reichsstadt), with very different degrees of autonomy, although they did not reach the degree of independence of the cities. Italian city-states or Swiss cantons. The German unification of the century determined the capital of Berlin during the German Empire (Deutsches Reich between 1871 and 1918).
In the Kingdom of Castile, among others, the nobles lived part of the year in their manors and there they built their palaces that often became centers of culture for small municipalities, such as Alba de Tormes where the first Duke of Alba had his palace (Kamen, 2004). In other cases it was not in their place of origin, but in lands to which they felt united, such as the case of the Marquis of Benavites when he built a tower in his palace in Ávila where he set up two museums open to the people of Avila. Thus, in small towns (such as the Palace of Cogolludo, the Palace of the Marquis of Santa Cruz, the Ducal Palace of Lerma or the Royal Palace of Olite), there are palaces or even groups of numerous palaces (such as the monumental groups of Cáceres, Úbeda, Villaviciosa or Espinosa de los Monteros); that respond to the social configuration of the Old Regime in Spain.
A different case is constituted by the "Indiano palaces" or "Indiano houses"), the sumptuous buildings built at the end of the century and the beginning of the century by the wealthy Indians, upon their return from their emigration, in their towns of origin, especially in the north of the peninsula. In the Canary Islands, the site occupied by a pre-Hispanic cave-palace (the Chinguaro Cave) is preserved. In Galicia, palatial residences of an eminently rural type called pazos are characteristic.
In addition to the royal and aristocratic residences known as Châteaux de la Loire, in France there are many urban palais and rural châteaux that respond to the peculiar historical configuration of the Old Regime in France. The peripheral regions (Brittany, Normandy, Burgundy, Provence, Aquitaine), with autonomous power centers until their incorporation into the kingdom of France, were characterized by maintaining particularistic institutions such as the Parlements, expressed in palatial buildings.
With a neo-Gothic historicist criterion, Viollet le-Duc rebuilt the Pierrefonds Castle as a palace for Napoleon III.
The rural palatial residences of the English aristocracy, initially in Tudor style (Hunsdon House"), Oxburgh Hall"), Owlpen Manor"), East Barsham Manor") and Elizabethan style (Hardwick Hall, Burghley House, Wollaton Hall, Longleat House) later reflected the architectural ideal of Palladianism (Wilton House, Holkham Hall, Woburn Abbey, Saltram House"), Wentworth Woodhouse"), and other styles (Blenheim Palace - the only building that bears the name palace apart from those linked to the royal family, which was built for the Duke of Marlborough -, Castle Howard, Flete House, Compton Castle, Trafalgar House, Montacute House, Groombridge Place, Knole House). In a notable way, they developed their own style of landscaping (the English garden), differentiated from the geometry of the Versailles gardens. An palatial in urban environments, in addition to that of the city of London.
In Scotland there are royal residences: Holyrood Palace (the royal palace of the kings of Scotland" since the 19th century) and Balmoral Castle (residence of the kings of England since Queen Victoria).
During Ceaucescu's communist regime, a gigantic complex of buildings (the Casal Popuruli or "House of the People"), currently called the Palace of the Romanian Parliament, was built with aesthetic criteria typical of Soviet architecture or Stalinist architecture.
In Latin America, the concept of the palace evolved since colonial times as a name for official residences, elite stately homes, administrative headquarters and centers of political power. From the century, early buildings stand out such as the Palacio de Cortés in Cuernavaca (Mexico), one of the oldest civil palaces on the continent, built by Hernán Cortés as a residence and government headquarters after the conquest. Within the scope of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, the San Carlos Palace in Bogotá stands out, one of the best preserved viceregal mansions, which functioned as the headquarters of schools, accommodation for viceroys and even presidential residence of Colombia during the century, making it the oldest palace in all of South America.
During the centuries and , with the consolidation of republican states, many Latin American countries built palaces of greater monumentality to house the new executive, legislative and administrative powers. In this stage, the Nariño Palace stands out, which was a Neoclassical reconstruction on top of the old colonial house of Antonio Nariño; the Government Palace of Peru, successively rebuilt since the viceregal era; the La Moneda Palace in Santiago de Chile, considered one of the most important neoclassical works in the Southern Cone; the National Palace of Mexico, whose origin dates back to the residence of Cortés but which was transformed by the viceregal and republican administrations; and the Miraflores Palace in Caracas, a notable example of the eclecticism of the beginning of the century. These buildings represent the continuity between the colonial palatial tradition and republican reinterpretations, incorporating neoclassical, academic, eclectic elements and, in some cases, modern adaptations. Currently, many of them fulfill functions as presidential, ministerial headquarters or national museums, and are a fundamental part of the architectural and political heritage of their respective countries.