Following a report from the Royal Academy of History based on documents from the 19th century, in which the arms of the municipality were defined as an Easter lamb and a cross, the coat of arms was approved on June 25, 1976 with the following blazon:[14]​.

Contenido

Se encuentra situado en la parte occidental de la isla de Mallorca, junto a la sierra de Tramontana y se extiende hasta la sierra de Na Burguesa.[5]​ Tiene una superficie aproximada de 145,02 km². De un total de 14 372 ha, el 81 % corresponde a suelo rústico con niveles de protección, el 18 % suelo urbanizable o urbano y el uno por ciento restante a suelo de baja protección.[15]​ Limita por el norte con los términos de Puigpuñent y Estellenchs, por el este con el de Palma de Mallorca, por el oeste con el de Andrach, y por el sur con el mar Mediterráneo.

La mayor cota de la zona es el pico de Galazón con 1026 , la segunda cima "Cima (topografía)"), con 926 es el Esclop, monte formado por un laberinto de barrancos "Barranco (geografía)") extendidos entre colinas como el pico Batiat y la peña Blanca.[16]​.

Su terreno urbanizable se encuentra muy delimitado geográficamente debido a que la península sobre la que se asienta está marcada por la presencia de zonas húmedas al este y oeste (salobrar de Magaluf, de Palma Nova y el de Santa Ponsa) que de cierto modo, dan lugar a un estrechamiento similar a un istmo que se cierra al norte.[17]​.

El terreno urbano se ha expandido por todo su litoral, constituyéndose varios núcleos de población en las principales playas. El litoral se extiende desde el cabo Andritxol, hasta la zona de Cas Català Ses Illetes. Posee 54 km de longitud y es muy rocoso, hecho que no impide que se cuenten hasta 34 playas y calas.[18]​ En él existen cinco hábitats naturales distintos: 35,5 km de costas rocosas, 4,5 km de costas arenosas, tres salobrales, 10 islotes, y 7000 ha de mar litoral, con una profundidad de hasta 50 m Sus islotes más destacados son: el Sec, Sa Porrassa, d'en Sales, Ses Illetes, d'estenedor y Sa Caleta. Los de mayor relevancia y de cierto interés ecológico son las Malgrats y el de El Toro "El Toro (Baleares)"), por haber sido declarados como reserva marina y área de especial protección para las aves. El territorio del término municipal que contiene el núcleo urbano está representado en la hoja 698 del Mapa Topográfico Nacional.[19]​.

Population centers

It is divided into eighteen population centers. The most relevant are its tourist complexes, such as Palma Nova, which was one of the first tourist towns to be built on the island, within the grounds of an old estate called Ses Planes which, like the rest, began with a project that intended to build a garden city-type residential area, but which was paralyzed due to the Spanish civil war. In 2009, it is considered one of the most relevant tourist areas of Mallorca.[20] Another of its towns, Santa Ponsa, has historical relevance for being the place of James I's landing. The town of Portals Nous, whose relevance lies in the fact that it has the renowned Portals marina (a meeting point for businessmen, celebrities, high society figures, as well as members of the Spanish royal family during their summer stays at the Palace of Marivent).[21]​[22]​ Another of its tourist centers is Peguera "Peguera (Balearic Islands)"), where many Germans spend their summers and reside, whose fame gained due to the fact that two films were filmed in the late 1950s. Likewise, it is worth mentioning the towns adjacent to the complexes, such as the El Toro urbanization "El Toro (Baleares)"), which is a residential area with a marina and a small beach, the Son Ferrer urbanization, born as a residence for the first emigrants during the 1960s, and the Galazón urbanization, where the Son Bugadelles industrial estate is located.

Town planning

Its urban development is strongly influenced by the impact of tourism, which has led it to become one of the main tourist destinations in Europe.[24] In 1975, the accelerated construction of the town of Palmanova had more than twenty hotel establishments. From this series of events the term Balearicization was born, a subject used in international urban planning faculties as an example of poor urban planning. It was coined in the early 1970s, especially for urbanizing on the coastline, almost inside the sea, building massively and without prior planning, a multitude of hotel establishments and other peculiar buildings (during the 1960s some housing towers were built that were taken as the stereotypical image of Balearicization in Palmanova "Palmanova (Baleares)") and Magaluf).[25] Until then, the municipality was not important, It did not have any port and its economy was based on agriculture dominated by large estates. In 1936 it only had three tourist accommodations, which rose to thirteen in 1955.[26] However, with the massive arrival of tourism in the 1960s, it rose to 112 accommodations, with an approximate capacity of 6,800 beds, transforming the coastal space of little agricultural value into high-priced plots, except for Cape Cala Figuera, which was a military zone.[26]​ For these reasons dates, the municipality quickly became the main destination for tourist masses in the Mediterranean.[26]​.

Before 1934, the current tourist complexes consisted of a garden city-type urbanization project for residential areas, but during the Civil War it came to a standstill. In 1970, due to the tourism boom, they were resumed with a different concept than the original, uncontrollably building a multitude of establishments on the coast, with the consequent destruction of the landscape.

In 1983, Francisco Obrador Moratinos assumed the mayor's office, becoming the first socialist councilor in the municipality since the establishment of democracy.[27] He built schools, sports facilities and the bases and infrastructure to develop the municipality. Moratinos received the Cemento award from the environmental association Grup d'Ornitologia Balear (GOB),[28]​ for his considerable lack of planning and foresight, causing dysfunctions in the environment.[29]​ Years later, in 1973, three architects, Joana Roca, Joan Morey and Guillem Oliver, developed an urban study that consisted of drawing attention to the negative consequences that basing their entire economy on the systematic development of the landscape would have for the landscape. tourism.

The politician Josep Meliá denounced in 1977 that:

The process of change occurred extraordinarily quickly; between 1968 and 1973 the environment was altered in such a way that in 2009, despite the enormous volume of construction in recent years, it continues to resemble that of 1973. In the same decade, other important testimonies cite the destruction of the landscape in the towns of Magaluf and Palmanova "Palmanova (Balearic Islands)") as hopeless.

Eco-responsible ordinance

The general review of the Urban Planning Plan of Calviá 2000 incorporated a series of Urban Planning Standards that all newly constructed buildings must comply with, which regarding environmental issues establishes the following in some of its articles:[31]​.

Geology and relief

Its relief is marked by the contrast between the mountain ranges in the north of the municipality and the rest of the municipality, with much flatter characteristics.

Its main mountain range is called Na Burguesa and is located between the Son Falconer estate in Calvi and the Son Vida urbanization in Palma, and like the rest of the mountains of Mallorca, it has its origin in the Alpine orogeny. It is the southernmost area of ​​the Tramontana mountain range. In the past it was known as Portopí or d'en Bou. It has a height of 500 meters and is covered by important formations of pine forest and Mediterranean garrigue.[5]​

The mountain ranges are composed of Triassic and Jurassic materials, mainly limestone and dolomite, with the presence of marl and gypsum as well.[32]​ The mountain ranges present a complicated tectonic structure, which forms a folded relief with numerous thrusts, and quite fractured.

The karstic character of the Tramontana causes peculiar physiognomies in the rocks, especially numerous caves, and some sinkholes "Dolina (geology)") and lapiaces, etc.[33]​.

The rest of the municipal area is relatively flat, with wide valleys filled with slightly deformed Quaternary and Tertiary materials, in a subhorizontal arrangement, and small hills, of Mesozoic materials, occasionally emerging.[34]​.

Its coastline "Litoral (geography)") is made up of calcareous materials (Calcarenite and similar), on which a varied vegetation settles depending on the substrate, rocky or sandy, and the adaptation to salt, wind and lack of water as determining factors.

Climate

Given the proximity to the Palma de Mallorca airport, the data available in its observatory is taken.

It has a temperate Mediterranean climate with an average annual temperature of 16.5 °C and an average annual precipitation of 410 mm. It is influenced by two types of atmospheric circulation that manifest themselves in two well-differentiated seasons: warm and dry summer, with a low pressure gradient, and occasional precipitation as opposed to a wet and cool winter. The coldest month is January, with 15.1/3.5 °C and the hottest month is August, with 31.0/18.2 °C. There is precipitation for approximately 51 days a year and about 2,756 hours of sunshine. The average temperature in summer is 27 degrees and in winter 14 °C. The driest month is July, dropping to an average of 7.8 l/m², while the rainiest is December, with an average of 81.1 l/m².).[35]​ The area is sheltered from the Nordic wind of the Tramuntana by mountains more than a thousand meters high.

The thermal variation of its waters has an amplitude of around 15 degrees Celsius. During winter it drops to about 13 °C. In late spring, a warming occurs that raises the temperature by one degree each week. During the summer there is a surface layer of 25 cm that warms above 25 degrees (something like a thermocline).

Hydrology

According to reports from the Geological and Mining Institute of Spain, it receives 4.9 hectometers

cubic of rain per year, 0.1 of irrigation return and 0.2 of infiltration

of waste water. Pumping output is 6.7 cubic hectometers annually, but

A project was carried out following the Balearic Hydrological Plan to reduce it to 4.1 hectometers.[36]​.

Due to the torrential nature of the rainfall that occurs between the months of October and November, its hydrographic network contains a large flow with various torrents "Torrente (hydrography)") that run through its geography, presenting abrupt profiles that channel the currents towards the sea. Among them is the Gorg torrent, which originates in Capdellá and flows into Peguera. The Vial torrent, which begins on the outskirts of the town and flows into the Santa Ponsa cove, is the result of the confluence of hundreds of ravines and other small torrents, among which the Cobaix ravine and the Pas de la Mula ravine are worth mentioning. One of the longest of them is Galazón, with a length of 23 kilometers and a hydrographic basin of 72 km². Its source occurs on the western slope of the Galazón peak and also flows into the bay of Santa Ponsa.[35]​.

Fauna and flora

Of its 14,552 hectares, more than 49% correspond to forests and garrigues, mainly pine forests, although in recent decades it has suffered deforestation. The arable land is around 32%, in which almond trees, carob trees (Ceratonia siliqua), olive trees and, to a lesser extent, fig trees stand out. Some estates also grow cereals.

The animal species in the environment are not of special relevance due to the high human presence, lack of resources and harsh climate. The areas to highlight consist of its rocky coastline and the islets of Cala Figuera, such as El Toro, the islet of Refeubetx and the Malgrats Islands, which were internationally recognized when the European Commission declared them Area of Special Interest for Birdlife.[35]​ In 2008, a diver reported and photographed in this reserve a specimen of monk seal (Monachus monachus) of which It is estimated that there are less than 500 specimens left worldwide. The Balearic Government studied the possibility of reintroducing them to the islands.[37]​.

Among its vegetation are the native species of the islands along with holm oak and pine forests. In its fauna there are more than a thousand species, among which the Cory's shearwater, the cormorant, the swift, the pigeon shearwater and also a large number of reptiles, such as the endemic Balearic lizard, a species present in the different islets of the archipelago. Murcia and Almería).[40]​.

Although the vegetation on the cliffs is scarce, some species such as the penyal violet and the cantil carnation (Dianthus alpinus) deserve special interest due to their endemism status. Eleanor's falcons, and ospreys, along with the last black island vultures in the world.[42]​[43]​ It is worth mentioning, mainly as part of the gastronomy, the varieties of snail Helix aspersa and Helix pomatia.

As for fungi, the autumn rains allow the appearance of their reproductive structures (mushrooms); The esclata-sang stands out, a type of Iberian chanterelle.[44]​ It is highly appreciated for its unique flavor and gastronomic value, because it is the most used mushroom in the gastronomy recipes of the archipelago.[44]​.

The different species of wild plants found in this region can be classified into four groups of interest:

• - Herbaceous plants: nettles, sorrel (Rumex pulcher) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) are most frequently found, as well as other wild plants such as heather (Calluna vulgaris). It exclusively has five endemic species of saladina, species that develop on old salt marshes, found in the old salt mines of Magaluf.[45]​[46]​ In the Santa Ponsa garrigue there are some varieties of orchid Orchis collina.

• - : the most widespread and common is the shrub from the Mediterranean basin called mastic (), but there are also other species such as rosemary, thyme, a species of white steppe () and asparagus of various species (, , ). You can also find ivy () and another series of plants that are protected, such as palmetto (), myrtle and juniper ().[47]​.

Prehistory and Ancient Age

Its history begins as a town two thousand years before the Christian era, although its first settlers date back to the Neolithic era.[49] Later, eastern navigators arrived who stopped before reaching the Iberian Peninsula, where they went in search of metals. They came from Italy, other Mediterranean islands and the East and built small towns along the coasts, becoming its first inhabitants. Historians agree in calling this period the "Cave Culture", due to the frequent use of these as rooms and funerary enclosures. In the Galazón municipal estate "Galazón (finca)") you can find at the bottom of the valley, in the Ses Sinyes area, a cave with human remains, which proves to have been inhabited. Some other vestiges of that period are cataloged in an archaeological site called the Puig de sa Morisca archaeological park,[50]​ in which remains of what was a talayot ​​nine meters in diameter are preserved.[51]​ It is located on a small mountainous elevation in the town of Santa Ponsa. In addition, it is worth highlighting a nave called Alemany, the Turó de Ses Abelles, a necropolis located on the Son Boronat estate and the Son Ferrer tumulus.[52]​.

From its Roman era, which lasted since the island was conquered by Quintus Caecilius Metellus in the year 123 BC. C. until the century, there are no significant vestiges. Only a few archaeological testimonies remain, among which the siquia and the mills that convey water to the houses of Galazón and the remains of a Roman villa in the area of ​​Santa Ponsa known as Sa Mesquida, which contains an oven that was used for the manufacture of ceramics, stand out.[53]

In the year 425 it was invaded by the Vandals, a town that ended up settling. The absence of vestiges has not allowed us to find out much about this era, apart from the decline that began with the destruction of Pollensa. When the Byzantine general Flavius ​​Belisarius ordered the conquest of the archipelago in the year 534, this period ended.

The first recorded Muslim landing dates back to the year 707, which marked the end of Byzantine domination. During the next two centuries no relevant events occurred, until in 903, the island fell into the power of the Muslim dynasty of the Umayyads.[54]​.

Middle Ages

In 903, Mallorca was conquered by the Almoravid general Issam al-Khawlaní, who had the approval of the emir of Córdoba "Córdoba (Spain)") Abd Allah and called it Madina Mayurqa. It later passed into the hands of the Almohads, finally being incorporated into the kingdoms of Taifas. The lands of Calviá were included in the administrative division of Juz' d' Ahwaz al-Madina.[55]​.

In 1229 and after the conquest of James I, the term of Calvía ​​was colonized, among others, by Catalan families who brought their language and culture with them.[56]​ In the repartimiento, the term of Calviá was part of the medietas magnatum, which the king donated to the four porcioneros. Specifically, it was awarded to the bishop of Barcelona, Berenguer de Palou, forming part of the Barony of the Bishops of Barcelona.[57]​ The distribution among the nobles who had contributed to the king's campaign caused quite a bit of tension until the Pariatge formula was adopted, an agreement that consolidated the feudal rights of the bishops of Barcelona that would prevail until 1834.[58][59][60]​

The conquerors came from different places and in different proportions. Thus, and according to the Llibre del Repartiment, the conquered lands were distributed among people from what would now be Catalonia but which at that time belonged to the crown of Aragon, Occitania (24.26%), Italy (16.19%), Aragon (7.35%), Navarre (5.88%), France (4.42%), Castile (1.47%) and Flanders (0.73%). extermination or expulsion of most of the native population, there was not enough labor to cultivate the countryside. In 1230 the charter of frankness was issued, privileges that attracted more settlers to cultivate the countryside. The new population of Mallorca essentially came from Catalonia, more specifically from the northeast and within this, from Ampurdán.

Since 1248 it had its own parish church, Sante Ihoannes Caviano, dedicated to Saint John and in 1285, 55 years later and during the reign of James II of Aragon, the second son of James I,[61]​ it was established as a town. By then it already had its own mayor appointed by the king or the governor, who was in charge of executing their orders, as well as public order and administering justice. However, they did not have the power to administer the town, which was the responsibility of the juries of pro-men.[62]​ (medieval figure who had certain functions).

In medieval times the presence of pirates in the Mediterranean Sea forced the construction of numerous defense towers.[63]​.

To support the parishes "Parish (religion)") and their clerics, the king and the landowners who held jurisdiction, gave up a quarter of the tithes they received from the farmers. This amount was divided into four other parts, of which three of them were in the possession of the rector of the parish and the last was granted to the priest or vicar.[64]​.

The health system was served mostly by Jewish doctors, those known as chuetas, a group of descendants of a part of the Majorcan Jews who converted to Christianity. The nearest hospital was in San Telmo "San Telmo (Mallorca)"), which had been founded in 1303 by James II. Fundamentally, it was dedicated to serving and picking up merchants and sailors from the ships that were heading to Barcelona from Palma. They also used it as a shelter when the weather was bad.

Modern Age

From the century until the middle of the century, agriculture constituted the only dedication of the population. At first, agricultural activity was carried out around the bay of Santa Ponsa, and at that time the area was called Santa Ponsa; The expression term of Calviá was applied much later. Despite its long coastline, the population lived with their backs to the sea, busy taking advantage of a dry and infertile land.

In the century the town was freed from the scourge of the plague that decimated the population, despite the fact that other municipalities such as neighboring Andrach suffered the epidemic.[66]​ At that time and due to their way of life, the population suffered from epidemics and diseases such as malaria, which only some, such as the priest and some artisans, were spared by not working in Ses Rotes, where they transformed the cereal. A worker's daily wage consisted of four or six sous (a dozen eggs cost one and a half sou). During these centuries there were Arab slaves, except in maritime areas, in order to avoid escape or complicity with pirates.[67]​.

In 1748 the situation of misery in the municipality became so tragic that a chronicler of the time described it like this:

Landownership organized the economic and social life of the town from century to century and the territory was mostly owned by a few lords. In 1863, 66.3% of the land was distributed, following a centuries-old tradition, between four owners. The Marquis of la Romana had 2,516 hectares, which covered Bendinat and Peguera, but he also owned another 990 in the municipality of Andrach. The Marquis of Bellpuig owned 4,376 hectares in Santa Ponsa, the largest estate in Mallorca until the beginning of the century. On the other hand, there was a small group of peasants known as els roters, to whom the lords had given portions of land near the sea, farmers who grew cereals and lived in miserable conditions.

In the 19th century, a persistent drought and a poor cereal harvest on the municipality's lands caused a long period of famine. On November 28, 1715, Philip V suppressed the privileges and privileges of the Balearic Islands through the New Planta decree that extended the administrative organization of the Kingdom of Castile, the prohibition of Catalan and the mandatory use of Castilian in the islands.[69]​.

In 1838 the Barcelona-Palma maritime line of steamships was inaugurated, a fact that facilitated the arrival of travelers from the peninsula and from abroad, who came to enjoy the coves and beaches of the municipality. At this time, travelers arrived motivated by a desire for adventure, an interest in exploring a world and a society different from the one they knew, or even for therapeutic reasons, as was the case of Frédéric Chopin, for example. Days in which the publication and dissemination of works referring to the island contributed to making it a preferred destination for many travelers, scholars, artists and geographers.

Contemporary Age

Due to the caciquil attitude that had prevailed since ancient times, Calviá was one of the first areas to develop a critical and non-conformist attitude, despite having hardly any industry, since there were only two companies producing cement and gypsum. At the beginning of the century, on an economic structure based on self-sufficient large-scale agriculture, the first socialist workers' associations were created. The land workers were day laborers who barely managed to survive and the weak industry was dedicated to transporting the products of the land to Palma. Social structure that was maintained until the early 1960s.

The first developments in the municipality began to take shape in 1920, when when the owners of the land died, their loved ones sold the properties or the owners themselves sold them due to ignorance of their true value. By 1960, ownership changes were so fundamental that they facilitated immediate development. Rapid urbanization of three-quarters of the coast began, cementing its best areas. Some of the last landowners, such as Miguel Nigorra Oliver, the president of the Banco de Crédito Balear, came to control almost the entire development of Santa Ponsa through their real estate subsidiaries.

The union movement and socialism played an important role in its politics until the Second Republic. In 1923 the Federació Obrera Calvianera was founded, a member of UGT "General Union of Workers (Spain)") and later the Unió Agrària de Calvià, in addition to La Fraternal. On September 30 of this same year, the Casa del Pueblo "Casa del Pueblo (Spain)") was inaugurated with a budget of half a million pesetas. Years later, in 1962, it had four butcher shops, three bakeries, a dairy, ten grocery stores, three cafes, two haberdasheries, five carpentry shops, two blacksmiths, a bicycle workshop and a bus line. Its meager industry consisted of five masonry masters, several transporters, two cement and gypsum factories, a nut dealer, an almond shelling machine, a flour mill, a carob crusher, a firewood dealer and an oil mill. In 1964, Calviá was, along with the towns of Pollensa and Sóller, among the main municipalities receiving tourism on the island, having quadrupled the number of rooms and quintupled the number of beds ten years later.[71]​ In 1986, it had more than ten thousand chalets throughout the municipality.[72]​.

On July 30, 2009, around two in the afternoon, the town of Palmanova suffered an attack by the terrorist group ETA, placing limpet explosives in two civil guard vehicles, only one of which exploded, causing casualties and the death of two civil guards, Diego Salvà Lezaun, 27 years old, and Carlos Sáenz de Tejada García, 28 years old, next to the house. barracks.[73]​[74]​.

Calviá has a population of (INE "National Institute of Statistics (Spain)") 2025).

The demographic explosion of Calviá is considered unprecedented in Mallorca, having grown by 50,000 inhabitants in 50 years.[77]​ The population of Mallorcan roots is scarce, mostly made up of Spaniards of peninsular origin who come mainly from Andalusia, who arrived on the island in the first important remittances of workers in the 1960s, along with their descendants, as well as foreign immigrants.[78]​

In 2008 it had a census of 50,777 inhabitants, of which 25,548 were men and 25,229 were women (50.31% compared to 49.69% men).[79] It is the second municipality, in number of inhabitants, in the entire Balearic archipelago, only behind the capital, Palma.[80]​.

After the Reconquista, its population, like that of the rest of the island, was basically made up of Catalan, Occitan and Italian families who had immigrated encouraged by the conquerors.

After the Civil War, the town was completely impoverished. Hunger, smuggling and lack of employment forced locals to resume agricultural activities that had been abandoned due to their low productivity. To revitalize the economy, the Administration carried out a public works policy, building the port of Palma, along with a campaign that promoted honeymoons in Mallorca, with the aim of attracting national tourism that would enhance the wealth of the island. Starting in 1970, there was a spectacular increase in the population as a result of tourism development. The continuous arrival of foreigners, both from Spanish regions and other countries, increased the demand for employment.

Municipal government

The political administration of the municipality is carried out through a democratically managed city council, whose members are elected every four years by universal suffrage. The electoral roll is made up of all residents registered in Calviá, over 18 years of age and with nationality of any of the member countries of the European Union. According to the provisions of the Law of the General Electoral Regime,[81]​ which establishes the number of eligible councilors based on the population of the municipality, the municipal corporation is made up of 25 councilors. In the 2015 Municipal Elections, the Socialist Party was the most voted force, obtaining 10 councilors, followed by the Popular Party with 9, Sí Se Podemos Calviá with 2, Ciudadanos with 2 and Izquierda Abierta de Calviá (EOC) with 2. Through an agreement with SSPC and EOC the PSOE appointed its candidate, Alfonso Luis Rodríguez Badal, as mayor.

The plenary session of the City Council, meeting in an extraordinary meeting on December 9, 2010, approved the municipal budget for the 2011 financial year.

The government team presented to the plenary session a municipal budget of €99,761,573.81, 6.85% less than in 2010. To this figure we must add the budgets of municipal companies and autonomous organizations, that is, IMEB, IFOC, Llar de Calvià S.A. and Calvià 2000 S.A. The consolidated budget (obtained from the sum of the previous budgets without counting the amounts derived from operations between them) reaches 107,122,083.16 euros, which represents a decrease compared to 2010 of 13.22%.

The municipal plenary session constitutes the body of maximum political representation of citizens in the municipal government. It has, among other powers, the approval of Municipal Ordinances, municipal budgets, urban planning plans and the control and supervision of government bodies. The Plenary Session is convened and chaired by the mayor, and is made up of the 25 councilors.

Municipal executive management is organized into management areas headed by a councilor from the government team. Each government area has several delegations depending on the powers assigned to it and which vary from one municipal government to another. The current management areas of the City Council are the following:[83]​.

• - Agriculture. Town hall. Supply. Quality. Calvia 2000. Foreign Citizens. Trade. Communication. Culture. Citizen Ombudsman. Sports. Education and Libraries (IMEB). Beach and Coastal Management. IFOC (training and employment). Youth. Llar de Majors. Maintenance. Environment. Mobility and Urban Services. Heritage. Local Police.

Autonomous administration

It is the Island Council of Mallorca that is responsible for the autonomous government of the island of Mallorca. The Government of the Balearic Islands is the autonomous executive body for the entire Balearic archipelago, which includes: Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza "Ibiza (island)") and Formentera. The main powers managed by the Government are non-university education, public health and territorial planning.

Justice

The municipality belongs to the judicial district "Judicial District (Spain)") number 3 of the Balearic Islands, whose courts of first instance and investigation are located in the city of Palma de Mallorca, on Vía Alemanya, 5. The municipality has a magistrate's court, located in the Palmanova Services Center on Diego Salvà Lezaun Street, no. 2, which develops the powers of this legal figure.[84]​.

La actividad económica se basa principalmente en el turismo, cuya oferta comprende el conjunto completo de su territorio. En 1996, el municipio estaba considerado como el más rico de España, así como uno de los más ricos de Europa, debido a los ingresos obtenidos derivados del turismo.[85]​ La gestión comercial de las zonas costeras de su litoral supone una de sus principales fuentes de riqueza. En segundo lugar se extiende en la promoción del paquete complementario: zonas que contienen instalaciones deportivas o cuya topografía permite actividades orientadas hacia la naturaleza, como es el caso del parque Galazón "Galazón (finca)") o de las islas Malgrats, declaradas reserva ecológica y las 88,85 ha de su parte emergida declaradas indefinidamente como área especial de protección de las aves.[39]​.

En 1998 se desarrolló un plan elaborado para permitir la realización de dichas bases predeterminadas, naciendo así el organismo municipal llamado Agenda 21 Local para Calvià. El plan se configura como una actuación de la administración pública que garantice el futuro económico, social, medioambiental y patrimonial. Está proyectado hacia la sostenibilidad y basado en las inversiones necesarias para ejecutar proyectos de diversa índole. Su financiación procede del ayuntamiento de Calviá, en colaboración con el Gobierno de España y la comunidad autónoma de las Baleares.[86]​ Algunos de los resultados obtenidos incluyen la voladura y demolición de doce edificios de la costa, convirtiendo alguno de los lugares en zona verde, y la creación de mil quinientos miembros del servicio especializado en la formación y el empleo. La inversión inicial del proyecto en 1998 superó los 810.000 euros.

Calviá es una de las ciudades de Baleares con mayor renta per cápita debido al sustento económico que brindan sus servicios turísticos. Aunque la ganadería y la agricultura es una fuente de ingresos para las familias, su economía se orienta sobre todo a apoyar el sector terciario, desde la construcción hasta la puesta en marcha de servicios.[87]​.

Debido a la diferencia cuantitativa entre población residente y la gran cantidad que acude en calidad de turista, no es posible evaluar el presupuesto municipal con relación a la primera, con la cual suele resultar que se simplifica como uno de los municipios aparentemente más ricos de Europa, en función de la inversión pública recibida per cápita.[88]​.

La renta per cápita media de España fue en 2008 de 24 020 euros según datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística "Instituto Nacional de Estadística (España)") (INE). A Baleares se le atribuye una renta media de 25 967 euros, cifra superior a la media nacional.[89]​ Sin embargo El Centro de Investigación Económica (CRE) ha informado mediante el XLI Informe Económico y Social de Balears 2008 de que la renta per cápita balear, ajustada de acuerdo al poder de compra, se sitúa por primera vez en este siglo por debajo de la media nacional.[90]​.

Mediante el Instituto de Formación y Ocupación se llevan a cabo talleres de empleo, formación, inserción profesional y acciones formativas. En los talleres de empleo, durante un año, los alumnos son contratados por el ayuntamiento para realizar trabajos determinados, mientras que el plan de formación se encarga de proporcionar a los desempleados la necesaria cualificación para su inserción laboral.[91]​.

Según datos del Anuario Económico de España 2009, editado por la Caixa,[92]​ el paro que ha existido durante los primeros años de la década de 2000 fue prácticamente insignificante, no superando ningún año el dos por ciento. En agosto de 2009, en el contexto de la crisis económica de ámbito global sobrevenida en 2008, el índice de desempleo se mantuvo bajo, aunque repuntó hasta el 3,6 %, lo que en la práctica se traduce en pleno empleo.[93]​.

Agriculture, livestock and fishing

Also, although to a lesser extent, its economy is based on agriculture, mainly olive trees, carob trees (Ceratonia silicua) and almond trees. In livestock, pigs and sheep and also a notable variety of fishing. In its extension there are numerous farmhouses that once constituted the sources of food supply for the population.

The agricultural holdings, 175 according to the 1999 census, occupied 8917 hectares, 92% of the property and eight percent leased. 3,365 hectares are cultivated (945 of herbaceous, 1,462 of fruit trees, 99 of olive groves and one of vineyards), 198 are dedicated to permanent pastures, 4,753 to forestry operations and 601 hectares are other non-forest lands. Most of them, 113 had less than five hectares and thirty exceeded fifty hectares. The livestock units registered in 1999 were 681: 562 sheep, forty-nine poultry, thirty-three goats, twenty-five pigs, ten horses and two cattle.

Industry and construction

Its industrial activity has been basically focused on the construction sector, since in 2008 there were a total of 1,380 companies registered; however, in activities related to the industry there was only a census of 226 of them, dedicated to various industrial fields.[92]​.

Services

The main objective of the municipal area of ​​Commerce and Economic Activities is the development of projects and tasks for the modernization, promotion and revitalization of the municipality's companies. It is divided into two sections, that of Commerce and Economic Activities and that of the Technical and Study Office, whose task is to manage the processing of licenses at the request of interested parties. It also develops actions that increase and sustain business activity, especially commerce, as well as restaurants and entertainment. It also contributes to the solution of sectoral agreements with the most relevant business associations to promote business.[94]​.

Since the beginning of the 1960s, upon receiving the first large shipments of tourists, it quickly built an entire infrastructure of services for this (golf courses, water parks, hotels, etc.), becoming one of the areas with the greatest tourist activity on the island.[95] In 2009, it is internationally known for some of its towns, such as Magaluf, Palma Nova, Santa Ponsa, El Toro "El Toro (Baleares)"), Portals Nous, Illetas and Peguera "Peguera (Baleares)"), due to the tourists who frequent them every year.

To accommodate the million and a half annual visitors (1,600,000),[96]​ there is an offer that included in 2005 more than 120,000 beds: 44,000 in hotels, 16,000 in apartments and 60,000 tourist residences.[97]​ The offer is completed with 853 taverns and restaurants, in addition to 1,145 shops.[92]​ Some multinationals such as Fiesta Hotel Group (based in Ibiza "Ibiza (city)") or Sol Meliá have a wide offer in the area, mainly in the town of Magaluf.[98]​ However, despite receiving mass tourism during the high season, it suffers from tourist seasonality in winter, which represents a problem to be solved by developing a new proposal with a better offer and product.[99]​.

It obtained second place among the municipalities with the most blue flags on its beaches in Spain.[100]​ The Palmanova beach "Palmanova (Baleares)") concentrates the majority of services, which is why it was awarded the Q quality award, being the only one in the Balearic Islands that has this distinction.[101]​ The units that ensure the safety of its users (tourist police, civil protection and lifeguards) have a maritime rescue boat. This team is joined by the association Voluntaris sense fronteres, which under sections three and four of article 30 of the Spanish constitution, voluntarily undertakes to fulfill the duties that said constitution attributes to them.[102] Due to its association with the material that was used in the construction of the Palma cathedral, the Portals Vells cove stands out. The rest of the main beaches are located in the resorts of Magaluf, Santa Ponsa and Peguera "Peguera (Baleares)").

In the late 1990s the local government team invested in a project that carried out a series of public shows with multimedia content (using laser technology with audiovisual equipment and machines that created an aquatic screen) on its coasts and beaches. They were held on summer weekends and had massive attendance, between six thousand and ten thousand people per session.[103]​.

Transport and communications

Article 7 of the Law on Traffic, Circulation and Road Safety (approved by RDL 339/1990) attributes to municipalities sufficient powers to allow, among others, the immobilization of vehicles, the organization and control of traffic and the regulation of its uses.[113]​ This regulation takes place through the Municipal Traffic, Circulation and Road Safety Ordinance, approved in a session of Plenary session on July 29, 2004, and it defines the uses that can be given to the roads, the speeds that vehicles can reach as well as the schedules and areas established for loading and unloading goods in the city.[114]​.

The municipality has a vehicle fleet of 714 cars per 1,000 inhabitants, higher than the 602 of the island group.[92]​ On the other hand, there is a fleet of 4,077 vehicles, including trucks and vans, especially high given the importance of delivery logistics to urbanizations.

The Ma-1 highway or Autovía de Poniente is the most important communication route that connects the different urban centers with Palma de Mallorca and Andrach. The highway passes through Cas Catala, Illetas, Portals Nous, Palmanova "Palmanova (Baleares)"), Santa Ponsa, Peguera "Peguera (Baleares)"), the town of Calviá, Camp de Mar, Andrach and the Port of Andrach. This main road runs through the entire municipality and divides it into two very different areas. A northern agricultural-rural part and a southern tourist-urban part.[115]​.

The distance by road from the town of Calviá to the center of Palma is 20 km, from its furthest town, Peguera, it is 22.2 and from its closest town, Illetas, 11.3 km. Another important road is the secondary road Ma-1C (former C-719) that runs through the urbanizations on the coast, from Cala Mayor to Magaluf.

Currently there are multiple intercity bus lines that run through the municipality and connect it with Palma de Mallorca and Andrach. Line 4 of the EMT of Palma de Mallorca runs through the municipality, since its route ends in the town of Illetas.

Energy

On April 10, 2006, the regulations that authorized Red Eléctrica Española to carry out the functions of operating the Balearic electrical system came into force. Royal Decree 1747/2003, of December 19, was developed by ministerial orders ITC 913/2006, of March 30, which states that Red Eléctrica is the operator of the electrical system in the Balearic Islands and is responsible for the technical management of its systems.[116]​.

The Balearic electrical system has two subsystems: Mallorca-Menorca and Ibiza "Ibiza (city)")-Formentera. The Mallorca-Menorca subsystem is connected to 132 KV. It is planned to expand the electrical connection through two submarine links. The underwater link between Sagunto and Santa Ponsa is being installed in 2011 and the testing period will soon begin. Through this underwater link, with the peninsular network of Red Eléctrica Española, Mallorca's energy dependence on its thermal power plants disappears. Additionally, in Mallorca, ecological energy can be consumed from wind farms and waterfalls, without having to install them on the island, with the consequent savings in impact on the island territory.

The production of electrical energy in Mallorca is fed until 2011 by the power plants of Son Reus (612 MW), Cas Tresorer (313 MW) and Alcudia (585 MW).[117]​.

The Hydrocarbon Logistics Company (CLH) has its most important facilities on the island in Son Banya. In these facilities the fuel arrives by tanker. There it is stored and distributed by tanker trucks to gas stations and by pipeline since 1994 to CLH's Son San Juan airport facility.[118]​.

The municipalities of Palma and its metropolitan area, Marrachí, Calviá and Lluchmayor, will have natural gas, thanks to a new gas pipeline with seventeen kilometers of pipe that will connect to the underwater channel. The future plan is that all the power plants on the islands, except Es Murterar, in Alcudia, use only natural gas.[119]​.

Urban waste

In order to achieve the sustainability of the municipality, various programs are carried out such as selective collection or individual composting.[120] Selective collection accounts for only 17% of the total organic waste generated in the municipality and comes from hotels. The rest of the municipal organic waste fraction, 51,984 tons in 2008, 83% of the total, is not collected selectively but rather mixed with packaging, plastics and paper, having to be taken to the incinerator or to the "Landfill (garbage)") landfill in Son Reus,[121] which in 2008 was paid 7,300,000 euros for its treatment. There is a municipal ordinance for the cleaning and elimination of solid and urban waste.[122]​.

Water and sanitation

Cleaning, water and maintenance management is carried out by the company Calvià 2000. The political program known as Local Agenda 21 contemplates the ecological commitment.[123]​ The local wastewater treatment plant is located between Santa Ponsa and Palmanova, on the highway towards Andrach, in front of the Galazón urbanization.

The Balearic Water Agency's drinking water desalination plant is located in Son Ferrer and produces 2,000,000 cubic meters of drinking water per year. The rest of the aquifer needs are covered mainly with the Palma de Mallorca desalination plant and the aquifers managed by the Agency. The city council purchases 10,000,000 cubic meters of water from said agency each year and these are distributed by the company. Calvià 2000, through its capillary network. On October 27, 2005, the Municipal Ordinance Regulating the Drinking Water Supply Service was approved.[124]​.

However, the government team of Carlos Delgado, head of the popular party, agreed in 2010 to privatize the municipality's drinking water supply for 50 years.[125] The operation was carried out in exchange for awarding it for the payment of an initial amount of 15 million euros to which during the first four years, 2.5 million more will be added, 5% of the water billed during the total award period and 1 million more euros from the fifth to the eighth year.[125]​.

The supply was previously managed by three companies that operated in various territorial areas: Aguas del Término Municipal de Calviá S.A., under the Aterca brand and belonging to the Agbar group, Compañía de Aguas Peguera S.L and finally the municipal company Calvià 2000, which is also in charge of cleaning and maintaining the municipality.[125] Aterca and Aguas Peguera provided a service of 1.6844 and 1.6772 euros per cubic meter, respectively, while Calvià 2000, with a quality service and practically without incidents, did so for 1.4754 euros.[125] The measure carried out by the council generated a confrontation with the unions, citizen entities and opposition political parties, whose union and in an assembly held, decided to generate a calendar of mobilizations against said resolution.[126]​[127]​ Under the motto «Because the public is a service and the private is a benefit. No to the privatization of Calvià 2000", and remembering that the drinking water service was the most profitable of the company, since in the previous year a surplus of three million euros had been estimated, several protest rallies were held with the attendance of representatives of various political parties and unions.[126] For its part, the government team held a plenary session of the city council for the first time in the history of the municipality at eight in the morning, with the aim of avoid demonstrations.[128]​.

Catering

The municipality has a good network of commercial establishments dedicated to food of different sizes and management, from hypermarkets to small traditional food stores, including several supermarkets. These establishments are supplied by delivery trucks from wholesale warehouses and sometimes it is the shopkeepers and hoteliers themselves who travel with their vehicles to the Mercapalma facilities, a few kilometers away from the different population centers, to purchase the perishable products they sell.[129]​.

Languages

The official languages in the municipality, as in the rest of the municipalities on the island, are Catalan and Spanish.[130]​ The municipality has an official language school, which is located in the town of Bendinat.[131]​ The most notable aspects of the Catalan of Mallorca, Mallorquín, are the neutralization of the stressed a and e in [ə], and the use of the salty article (es, sa, ses) instead of el, la, els and les. Due to the high level of tourism, many of its inhabitants are fluent in several European languages, mainly English and German and to a lesser extent Swedish, Norwegian and Italian.

One of its main characteristics is the linguistic diversity of the population. Mallorcan, Spanish, German and English are the most used languages. Some population centers such as Magaluf or Peguera have become places of extensive residence of British and Germanic origin. A significant number of its businesses are advertised in English or German.[132][133]​.

In order to channel the concerns of different groups and people in the municipality regarding an alleged degradation of the language, the Calvià per la Llengua platform was created, dedicated to working for the full normalization of the Catalan language.[134]​.

Education

The public educational center offer is made up of eleven primary schools and three secondary education institutes (IES): Calviá, Son Ferrer and Bendinat.[135]​.

The Municipal Institute of Education and Libraries of Calvià (IMEB) is a local administrative and service body. Its mission consists of the direct and decentralized management of municipal powers in matters of education and libraries. It is made up of a variety of services.[136]​.

The municipality has a radio station and a television station called IB3, which is located in the Son Bugadelles industrial estate. The institution that manages training and employment is the Calvià Training and Occupation Institute (IFOC), which is located in Palmanova, next to the post office, the medical center and the civil guard barracks.[137]​.

In the Son Bugadelles industrial estate there is the Deixalles institution, which offers help to all those people with difficulties in social integration by carrying out activities in which they best adapt. It carries out artistic courses and workshops.[138]​ In the same place, all types of utensils, objects and clothing that are in good condition can be delivered, likewise, all types of utensils can be obtained at a low price.

On April 25, 2007, within the program known as Digital Cities of the Balearic Islands, a project consisting of a telecommunications network was launched to provide voice and data services through wireless technology, through which free Internet access was created on its important beaches.[139]​.

Health

For primary care, there are basic health units in the main urban centers and there are also health centers in Santa Ponsa and Palmanova (the latter was inaugurated in September 2009 and offers a wide range of health services[140]​).

Its main hospital is the PAC of Santa Ponsa, which operates twenty-four hours a day as a continuous care center, covering regular and emergency health care.[141] There are a total of twenty-five pharmacies, of which four of them provide a twenty-four-hour on-call service.[142]

Likewise, it has a care center for drug addicts, a project that was launched by the government team on January 25, 2007. Its facilities are located in the town of Magaluf, on Tirso de Molina Street, No. 1.[143]​.

Citizen security

Between 1930 and 1960, there was a single police officer who carried out all types of functions, and it was not until 1964 when the local police force of Calvià was created, with a total of ten members, commanded by an officer. In 1972 the staff was expanded again, adding another ten agents and some vehicles. Starting in 1981, specific police legislation began. In 1984, new promotions were incorporated and a management team was set up. In 2009 it has a total of 166 agents, divided between four inspectors, six sergeants, thirteen officers, 116 police officers and twenty-seven tourist police officers in the summer season. The force has a fleet of more than fifty vehicles and a modern communications network.[144]​.

It should be noted that in 2004, Calviá was the first Spanish municipality to prohibit the practice of prostitution on public roads and, since then, the local police have made a total of 964 complaints.[145]​.

The 112 Emergency system is operational, which responds to any emergency situation. Citizen Security is in charge of the Civil Guard with its recent Main Post located in the Polígono de Son Bugadellas and two Citizen Service Offices for the summer season, called SATE (Service for Attention to Foreign Tourists), one in Magaluf and another in Peguera and the local Police, also based in the Polígono de Son Bugadellas. It also has Civil Protection and a Fire Station located in Santa Ponsa.

During the Calviá local police day[146] different decorations and distinctions are awarded to police officers and civilians for their work in security matters with the Cross of Police Merit.

Social services

In order to alleviate as much as possible the effects produced by the global crisis on numerous families, it had an economic budget to increase benefits to those most in need. 70,631 euros were given to a total of 228 of them as aid, an increase of 40% compared to the 49,000 from the previous year.[147]​.

For elderly people who need help to carry out daily activities, there is a residence called Llar de Majors. The building is located in the town of Calviá, is three stories high, is adapted for people with disabilities and has central heating.[148]​.

In its Comprehensive Care Program for people with disabilities it transfers the right to use a municipal home to the Balearic Down Syndrome Association (ASNIMO). The fundamental objective of said organization is to improve the quality, freedom and responsibilities of the group of people with intellectual disabilities.[149]​.

El veinticuatro de julio de 2009, Carlos Delgado, junto a la teniente de alcalde de Patrimonio, Teresa Martorell y al director general de Ordenación del Territorio y Turismo, Jaime Martínez, presentó el Plan de recuperación del Patrimonio Histórico y Natural, entre cuyos objetivos se encuentra la restauración de varios de sus yacimientos arqueológicos, así como la puesta en marcha de su funcionamiento.[150]​.

religious architecture

The parish church of San Juan Bautista "Iglesia de San Juan Bautista (Calvià)") was erected in the year 1248 in honor of San Juan Bautista.[151] It consists of a single nave, with five side chapels with a semicircular arch, dedicated to different saints. The chancel "Channel (architecture)") is defined by a main arch covered by a shell-shaped quarter sphere. The portico is formed by five semicircular archivolts, which alternate floral decoration with a diamond tip. Above the portico there is a huge relief that represents Jesus in the garden of Gethsemane. On the sides there are niches with images of Saint Francis, Saint Paula and Saint Rita. At the crown of the façade is the archangel Saint Michael, posing with the attitude of having defeated Lucifer. In 1780 the rectory was renovated on top of the old church. The portal and the cloister stand out. The entrance consists of a vestibule covered by a lowered groin vault.

In 1595, the temple continued to be isolated, but it was surrounded by homes that ended up forming the rural town. In the century it had a defense tower. At the same time the image of the Virgin of Sorrows was venerated. The building has a chapel dedicated to Saint Sebastian "Sebastián (martyr)"), to whom the miracle of saving the town from the plague that hit the island in 1652 is attributed. Over the years, the building underwent various renovations. In 1867 the old church collapsed and new construction began, which soon had to stop. The works were restarted in 1890 and concluded six years later, resulting in a mixture of styles, highlighting neoclassical with neo-Romanesque and neo-Gothic elements.

The hermitage of the sacred stone is a small neo-Romanesque construction that is located on the slope of a hill between Santa Ponsa and Palmanova. Its importance lies in the fact that it preserves the stone where James I of Aragon made an altar official for the ceremony of entry into combat before beginning the conquest of the island.[152]​.

The Portals Nous hermitage was designed by the architect Antonio Sureda y Villalonga, who drew up his plans in the neo-Gothic style in 1865. It is located in the town of Portals Nous, in the area called Patio de los Silos.[153]​.

civil architecture

As water is a scarce commodity in their lands, there are many constructions built to obtain it and convey it to the crop areas. Within this typology, the Qüanats stand out in relevance, which are pipes of Arab origin that have been used since ancient times. The most significant are Sa Galareia d'aigua de Valldurgent and Sa Font de Sa Corriola. It is also worth mentioning the elaborate water engineering system of Bendinat and the public fountain of Capdellá.[154]​.

Its two historic urban centers, the towns of Calviá and Capdellá, contain some houses of heritage interest, among which are Can Verger, Can Ros and Es Pontet.

The town hall headquarters building is located at the entrance to the town. It was inaugurated in 1989 and was designed by architects Rafael Balaguer and Jaime Vidal, who united elements of popular and traditional Mallorcan architecture, such as tile, maré or crushed stone, with the functionality and design of avant-garde constructions.

In 1929 a cross was built to commemorate the seventh centenary of the reconquest. Its base contains representations of several scenes from it. It is located on one of the ends of the bay "Bahía (geography)") of Santa Ponsa. During the annual landing celebration, concerts are held next to it, as well as theater performances and conferences.

Possessions

There are thirty-one possessions "Possession (architecture)") that once constituted the main sources of local food and economic supply. Some of them remain in operation, either because of their owners, as is the case of La Porraza, or because they have been converted to agrotourism, such as Son Boronat. Some old houses have been rebuilt or renovated by their new owners.[155]​ Since it was acquired in May 2006, the most notable property is the Galazón natural park "Galazón (finca)").[156]​ It has more than fourteen million square meters of extension and is the largest publicly owned property in the Balearic Islands.[157]​ The property has more than 5,000 square meters of buildings, among which are They have two water mills, a chapel, numerous farmer's cabins and lime kilns. In its extension there are oak forests, pine forests, wild olive garrigues, palmettos, (Chamaerops humilis) reeds, steppes, as well as olive trees, carob trees, (Ceratonia siliqua) almond trees and orchards incorporated by man. Regarding its fauna, it contains Mallorcan goats, martens, weasels, (Mustela nivalis) genets, rabbits, partridges, wood pigeons, turtles, thrushes and all kinds of invertebrate reptiles typical of this mountain range. It is also part of an important nucleus of more than 15 archaeological sites from pre-Talayotic and Talayotic times. Remains of Arab and Roman ceramics were found, which suggests that after the Talayotic era, the possession of the property was built on an Arab farmhouse "Alquería (Al-Ándalus)".[158]​.

Mills

The existing mills reflect the agricultural activity that took place until the 1950s, consisting of one of the few typologies of ethnological heritage cataloged and protected. Among the most important are the Galazón mills, which were built in Roman times, the Santa Ponsa mill, which was completely renovated by a local workshop school, and the urban mills of Calvià.

Coastal towers

As a defense system against the raids carried out by Berber or Turkish pirates at the end of the century, watchtowers were built at different points along the coast. When a pirate or unknown ship approached, they warned the population. In 2009 they continue standing, although some of them are in a serious state of deterioration. They are under the protection of the Generic Declaration of the Decree of April 22, 1949, and the Law 16/1985 on Spanish Historical Heritage.[159]​ The following are included:.

Tower that was built between 1580 and 1582 and consists of a building 180 meters above sea level. Its cylindrical design has an upper terrace and a main chamber. It has a lintel portal located four meters from the ground. The main chamber is vaulted, built with masonry and locked with mortar. A staircase that leaves the portal leads to the terrace.

It consists of a tower with a circular plan with a truncated conical volume and with two semi-cylindrical rings of carved marés that was built in 1302 and was reinforced in 1588. It has two floors, on the first are the rooms that served as the troop's quarters and the powder magazine, on the main floor the door was originally located.

It is a circular tower built between 1577 and 1597 to which a lining was later added around it to increase the surface area of ​​its upper terrace and thus be able to place more artillery pieces.

The construction of the La Porraza tower began in 1595 and ended in 1616. It is located about forty meters above sea level. It consists of a defense tower with a slightly truncated-conical main chamber, with a base of variable height topped by a crodó. An internal spiral staircase allows you to go up to the upper floor. It is built with stone and marés masonry.

It was built between 1579 and 1582. It consists of a tower located about 20 meters above sea level. It is made up of two bodies, one frustoconical at the base and another circular, where the main chamber is located.

It was built in 1584, using mixed stone and sandstone masonry set with mortar. It is located 25 meters above sea level. It is a cylindrical building and has a main chamber about four meters above the ground. It is accessed through a portal with a limestone lintel. The vault is spherical and the pavement is sandstone.

Green area equipment

Since the late 1980s and under the general plan of Local Agenda 21, the municipality has been applying different policies dedicated to minimizing the tourist impact. The project incorporated a high-quality natural and tourist environment on which to develop a non-expansive or overcrowded tourism model. Obsolete hotels in the most congested areas were demolished and projects focused on urban ecology, the regeneration of beaches, the construction of promenades, the Na Burguesa natural park, marine reserves and wastewater treatment were developed.

The demolition of hotels and creation of green areas had a budget of 9,999 million pesetas. In the first phase, 215 million were invested to buy and demolish old properties and buildings. 2000 million pesetas were invested in the Plan for the improvement and beautification of tourist areas.[160]​.

La cultura calvianera, debido a la constante inmigración, está basada en la multiculturalidad, influencias de muchos lugares que se han hermanado con las costumbres propiamente mallorquinas.[161]​ Posee variedad de instalaciones repartidas por los distintos núcleos de población. Para permitir que sus visitantes exploren su cultura, existen actividades tanto en verano como en invierno.[162]​ Debido a la multitud de bienes culturales con que cuenta, en 2009, el municipio fue incluido con una tipología propia en el catálogo de bienes culturales a proteger, aprobado por el boletín oficial del BOIB con el número 126.[163]​.

El departamento municipal de Cultura coordina los distintos centros culturales del municipio. Se ofrecen actividades para todos los públicos, entre ellas cabe destacar los talleres, los cursillos de formación, las exposiciones de artistas, así como la utilización de salas para reuniones e información de eventos culturales.[164]​ Dispone de seis instalaciones que incluyen biblioteca y aulas temáticas distribuidas entre sus núcleos de población más importantes, además, también dispone de una escuela de danza, una de música y una de idiomas.[165]​.

El 5 de junio de 2009 se inauguró una exposición permanente realizada por el Grupo Pro Arte y Cultura. Se trata de una donación de 81 obras al consistorio por parte de 78 artistas. El colectivo está representado por la artista y mecenas Mayte Spínola y amadrinado por Ana de Orleans, duquesa de Calabria. Además, celebra exposiciones benéficas destinadas a la Fundación Irene Megías contra la meningitis.[166]​.

scenic spaces

The three municipal performing spaces it has are Sa Societat, the Palmanova room and the Casal de Peguera and they are part of the Association of Theaters and Public Auditoriums of the Balearic Islands (ATAPIB), as well as the Performing Arts Circuit of the Consell de Mallorca. They are also included in the Alcover Project. They have sound and lighting technical service throughout the year. The different programs offered include: concerts by the municipal band and the music school, plays classified for different audiences, both children, youth and adults, in amateur and professional modes, dance and samples of school artistic expression. There is a municipal ordinance in which the rates to be paid for its temporary transfer are specified.[167]​.

The official languages in the municipality, as in the rest of the municipalities on the island, are Spanish, which is the national language, and Mallorcan.[130]​ The municipality has an official language school, which is located in the town of Bendinat.[131]​ The most notable aspects of Mallorcan are the neutralization of the stressed a and e in [ə], and the use of the article (es, sa, ses). instead of el, la, els and les. Due to the high level of tourism, many of its inhabitants are fluent in several European languages, mainly English and German and to a lesser extent Swedish, Norwegian and Italian.

One of its main characteristics is the linguistic diversity of the population. Mallorcan, Spanish, German and English are the most used languages. Some population centers such as Magaluf or Peguera have become places of extensive residence of British and Germanic origin. A significant number of its businesses are advertised in English or German.[132][133]​.

In order to channel the concerns of different groups and people in the municipality regarding an alleged degradation of the language, the Calvià per la Llengua platform was created, dedicated to working towards the full normalization of the local language, Mallorcan.[134]​.

Cultural activities

In 2001, the Great Hip Hop Festival in Mallorca was inaugurated, the largest hip-hop concert in the Balearic Islands, in which several groups of this musical style met at the Magaluf sports center. The Calviner graffiti contest also began at that festival. In 2009, municipal walls were enabled to carry out hip-hop graffiti events throughout the year.[168][169]​.

Throughout the year, open-air concerts, dances, theater, plastic arts, gastronomy and craft workshops are held. In order to promote low-season tourism, the government team inaugurated in 2009 a cultural tour called Disembarkation Routes, which offers the practice of a sporting activity such as walking, with the added cultural and historical value of the route.[170]​.

Since 2017, the Mallorca Live Festival has been held at the Antiguo Aquapark in Calviá, the most important independent music festival that takes place on the islands,[171]​ which closed its third edition with sold-out tickets and more than 27,000 attendees in 2018[172]​ and an economic impact of 3.6 million euros.[173]​.

Popular festivals

The landing festivities are the most representative cultural and festive event of the municipality. They commemorate the landing of the troops of King James I of Aragon on the coast of Santa Ponsa in 1229. During the celebration, the landing of the Christian king on the beach is recreated, followed by the skirmish that took place between the Christian troops and the Moors. As is typical, Calviá has two giants, Jaime I and his wife Violante of Hungary, who were built in 1999 by Vicente Alberola.[174]​.

These are festivities in honor of San Antonio and San Sebastián "Sebastián (saint)") that are celebrated on the 17th for Antonio Abad and on January 20 for San Sebastián. A huge bonfire is lit next to the church, in which a doll representing a demon is burned; Small bonfires are lit in the surrounding area where residents roast butifarrones and sobrasada. There is evidence of this tradition since 1952, the year in which the plague did not affect the town, apparently thanks to San Sebastián.[175]​.

In 1994, a group of Valencians from the El Toro urbanization "El Toro (Baleares)") decided to make a Fallas monument to celebrate the festival typical of their land. Since then the Falla El Toro was created, which is celebrated year after year in said town.[176]​.

In the days preceding the arrival of Lent, the carnival is celebrated, which is first for children and adolescents and then another one is celebrated for adults. In both, a contest is held for the best costume and group, the winners receive cash prizes.

On May 16, 1997, the creation of the brotherhood and brotherhood of Cristo de la Sangre and Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza of Son Ferrer and El Toro was agreed. The statutes were approved by decree by the Mallorcan bishop Teodoro Úbeda. Two carved images were acquired in the Cordoba town of Cabra "Cabra (Córdoba)"), by the image maker Salvador Guzmán Moral, one of a Christ and the other of a Virgin.[177]​.

After Holy Week, the parishes call on the neighbors to go on a short excursion to the countryside. The event meal consists of sharing leftovers that were prepared especially for Easter, such as panades, blondies, and crespells.

On June 24, the festival is celebrated in honor of San Juan Bautista, the patron saint of the municipality. In the town, tribute is paid to the elderly, celebrating a mass and performances of regional dances. This celebration has been taking place since the 1950s.

Traditions

Part of the traditional customs of the inhabitants are rooted in the way they make a living. The collection of olives, charcoal and firewood were the most common activities before the appearance of tourism. Girls used to work alongside their mothers and other women when they turned ten. They left their homes on foot at dawn and returned at dusk, accompanying the carts that transported the product. They came escorted by the foreman who, on the back of his horse, watched over the fields where they worked throughout the day.[178]​.

In the winter months, they carried smooth stones collected in the torrents "Torrente (hydrography)") called macs de torrent that they heated over a fire and wrapped in scarves to later warm their hands when they became numb from the cold. A popular Mallorcan phrase, amolla es mac ('let go of the stone'), is used to require something from another person.

Between the miseries they suffered and the severity of the foreman, who forced them to return to the olive grove for a single olive that had been forgotten or having to go on foot to the olive groves despite the carts being empty, the Songs of olive harvesting were born.[179]​ The men, while the women did the harvesting, shook the branches of the olive trees and cleaned the pine forests. For centuries, the tasks of clearing the forests and carving firewood that were then sold in Palma, in pottery and bread ovens, kept the fields preserved from fires.

The possessions "Possession (architecture)") found throughout the municipality represent the symbol of a social and economic system characteristic of the old regime. Due to the ruggedness of its lands, agricultural activity was quite basic, olive trees, carob trees, almond trees and cereals. The livestock consisted mainly of sheep and goats. Due to their shallow draft, the coastal coves did not serve as ports and were only used by small fishing boats to shelter from bad weather. The only cove that was used as a port was Santa Ponsa, which was used to transport almonds commercially. Added to the exploitation of the pine forests to make firewood, it formed the main source of wealth for the municipality.[180]​.

Until the arrival of tourism, homes did not have minimal hygienic services. The possessions were most of the time located in the same property as the peasant's, although their limits were well defined. The gentlemen had a rudimentary toilet that used to empty into the prickly pear trees that were next to the fields of the houses. The service could only be used by the owners when they needed it on their visiting days, but not by the farmers, except on rare occasions with the authorization of the lords when they were sick. The needs of the farmers were carried out in "es figueral de moro" (the prickly pear field) in summer, winter, day or night.[181]​.

Self-sufficiency marked domestic life with products obtained from one's own garden such as: vegetables, meat from poultry, and milk from sheep or goats. Few families used to own a cow, but all of them used to eat pork sausages from the slaughter they did each year, which consisted of one pig that was fattened for personal use and another that was sold. The usual menus consisted of dishes made with the most affordable raw materials, such as (bread with oil), sopes (scalded soups), Mallorcan fried food (fried potatoes with liver, peppers and fennel) and other dishes of the so-called "poor food" in which vegetables and cereals were the main ingredients.

Gastronomy

One of the most popular dishes is the Mallorcan fried (frit mallorquí), which consists of fried liver with potatoes and peppers; It can be blood or offal of lamb, pork or also sailor. It is also worth mentioning the Mallorcan soups, tumbet, loin with cabbage") or with esclatasang (the tastiest variety of rovellón found in the Iberian Peninsula), and stuffed eggplants. There are various ways of preparing rice, the most typical is the so-called arròs brut, which consists of soupy rice with mushrooms, snails, pork, rabbit and poultry. Pa amb oli, typical of some dinners, it also consists of the island's regional dish. Cured meats are also one of the main elements of its gastronomy; sobrasada, butifarrón, camaiot and blanquet, among others.

At meals and generally family gatherings, it is typical to make roasted porcella, with chopped potatoes and seasoned with island herbs, such as rosemary. The salad, which is usually consumed in summer or with porcella, is known as trempó and is made with tomato, onion and green pepper.

The sweet par excellence is the ensaimada, which is usually eaten for breakfast although they are also made in family sizes filled with cream "Crema (gastronomía)"), angel hair "Cabello de angel (dulce)"), chocolate or with sobrasada. At Easter, empanadas are essential, filled with chard and raisins, although the rest of the year they are also usually made with chicken with peas, tuna or sobrasada. They can be made of sweet or salty pasta, although salty pasta is more common. Also typical are crespells and empanadas known as rubioles, traditionally filled with cottage cheese, angel hair (sweet angel hair) or jam. Also very common is the so-called coca de trempó, made from a type of salad known as trempó or roasted red peppers, along with cocarolls, which are a type of triangular-shaped empanadas filled with vegetables and raisins.

Sport

In the 2000s, a pedestrian promenade was built that connects with all its centers. The so-called Calviá promenade, known as the Green Lung of the municipality, has rest areas, thematic and sports facilities on a 32-kilometer route. Its philosophy is based on prioritizing pedestrian traffic. With a basic budget of 255,000 euros[184]​, the project began to be developed in 2003. In 2008, once completed, it was also approved as suitable for cyclists in a municipal plenary session.

The town annually hosts the finish line of the last of the one-day professional cycling races or trophies that make up the Challenge Vuelta a Mallorca, which opens the cycling season in Spain in the month of February; This day is called Calvià Trophy. The event receives a significant number of tourists, which allows small hotel establishments to start the season a little earlier than usual.

In addition, throughout the year the town has five cycle tourism itineraries, highlighting that any of its routes can be done in both directions and start from any of its points. Likewise, the five circuits are linked forming a more extensive itinerary.

The marathon is held in the month of December. The XXV edition of 2009 allowed additional voluntary registration that allowed those who wished to obtain a 0 Number to collaborate with the Unicef ​​organization. It is organized by the Calviá Athletics Sports Association (ADA Calviá). Sponsorship is provided by the city council and the Mediterranean Savings Bank (CAM). It begins on Avenida de las Palmeras, next to the Magaluf municipal sports center and has a mixed route of 21,097 km in which one lap makes up the half marathon modality and two laps the full marathon. The route was officially approved by the Royal Spanish Athletics Federation (RFEA).[185]​.

In 2004 it hosted the XXXVI Chess Olympiad, the queen of the international calendar of this sport, bringing together a record participation of 150 countries and more than 1,700 chess players, including Viswanathan Anand, Alexei Shirov, Vassily Ivanchuk, Victor Korchnoi, Francisco Vallejo Pons and Magnus Carlsen. Since then and on an annual basis, the Calviá Chess Festival has been held.[186] This festival, which in 2005 received a visit from Anatoly Karpov and which celebrated its third edition in 2006, proposes a program of tournaments for participants of all categories and ages. The International Open, the star event of the Calvià Chess Festival, brought together in 2006 117 players from 35 countries, of which 26 held the title of International Grandmaster. The Calvià Chess Festival has established itself as one of the most relevant chess events among those held in Spain. The fourth edition took place from October 6 to 24, 2007.

Among the varied services offered by the municipal Sports area are nine sports facilities, five professional golf courses and five marinas.[187]​ In 2009, an athletics track was inaugurated next to the Magaluf sports center.[188]​ The use of the facilities is regulated by the municipal ordinance regulating the provision of services in municipal sports facilities.

Media

Due to the proximity of Palma, the mass media consumed are those published in the capital, such as Última Hora "Última Hora (Spain)"), Diario de Mallorca, El Mundo "El Mundo (Spain)"), Diario de Baleares and the local English edition Majorca Daily Bulletin. These media pay attention to the news that is generated in the municipality through correspondents. The main national and international newspapers are also sold, especially British ones, such as The Sun, The Star, The Daily Mirror and News of the World "News of the World (newspaper)"), which are distributed among all bookstores and hotels in the municipality.[193]​.

With the aim of encouraging commerce, the Calvià Foundation developed a guide project called Calvià Shopping, which aims to show a list of the establishments in each area, as well as the services they offer. It is distributed throughout the term completely free of charge.[194]​.

Almost all the stations that broadcast from Palma and which represent all national and regional radio stations are tuned in normally. In addition, the municipal station Radio Calviá, which was founded in the mid-1980s, broadcasts locally. It broadcasts from 107.4 of the Frequency Modulated (FM) dial.[195]​ The station is part of one of the IFOC training projects. It is also worth mentioning the Radio Cultural de Calvià association, an amateur radio station that in emergency cases acts as support for law enforcement and civil protection forces.[196]​.

The main Internet sites of the municipality are:

• - The official website of the Calviá City Council, published in Spanish, Catalan and English and which includes several sections, among which the following stand out: institutional information of the City Council, on its configuration and areas of government, citizen access to various information on useful services for the citizen, agenda of the activities that take place in the town, taxpayer calendar and press section, which reports on the most notable news that happens locally.[197]​.

• - The Calviá tourism portal. This is an official portal published by the Calviá City Council in several languages. It tries to offer tourists the most relevant information about the possibilities of leisure, rest and their surroundings.[198]​.

• - Wikimedia Commons hosts a multimedia category about Calviá.

• - Calvià on Wikimapia.

• - Calvià City Council.

Following a report from the Royal Academy of History based on documents from the 19th century, in which the arms of the municipality were defined as an Easter lamb and a cross, the coat of arms was approved on June 25, 1976 with the following blazon:[14]​.

Contenido

Se encuentra situado en la parte occidental de la isla de Mallorca, junto a la sierra de Tramontana y se extiende hasta la sierra de Na Burguesa.[5]​ Tiene una superficie aproximada de 145,02 km². De un total de 14 372 ha, el 81 % corresponde a suelo rústico con niveles de protección, el 18 % suelo urbanizable o urbano y el uno por ciento restante a suelo de baja protección.[15]​ Limita por el norte con los términos de Puigpuñent y Estellenchs, por el este con el de Palma de Mallorca, por el oeste con el de Andrach, y por el sur con el mar Mediterráneo.

La mayor cota de la zona es el pico de Galazón con 1026 , la segunda cima "Cima (topografía)"), con 926 es el Esclop, monte formado por un laberinto de barrancos "Barranco (geografía)") extendidos entre colinas como el pico Batiat y la peña Blanca.[16]​.

Su terreno urbanizable se encuentra muy delimitado geográficamente debido a que la península sobre la que se asienta está marcada por la presencia de zonas húmedas al este y oeste (salobrar de Magaluf, de Palma Nova y el de Santa Ponsa) que de cierto modo, dan lugar a un estrechamiento similar a un istmo que se cierra al norte.[17]​.

El terreno urbano se ha expandido por todo su litoral, constituyéndose varios núcleos de población en las principales playas. El litoral se extiende desde el cabo Andritxol, hasta la zona de Cas Català Ses Illetes. Posee 54 km de longitud y es muy rocoso, hecho que no impide que se cuenten hasta 34 playas y calas.[18]​ En él existen cinco hábitats naturales distintos: 35,5 km de costas rocosas, 4,5 km de costas arenosas, tres salobrales, 10 islotes, y 7000 ha de mar litoral, con una profundidad de hasta 50 m Sus islotes más destacados son: el Sec, Sa Porrassa, d'en Sales, Ses Illetes, d'estenedor y Sa Caleta. Los de mayor relevancia y de cierto interés ecológico son las Malgrats y el de El Toro "El Toro (Baleares)"), por haber sido declarados como reserva marina y área de especial protección para las aves. El territorio del término municipal que contiene el núcleo urbano está representado en la hoja 698 del Mapa Topográfico Nacional.[19]​.

Population centers

It is divided into eighteen population centers. The most relevant are its tourist complexes, such as Palma Nova, which was one of the first tourist towns to be built on the island, within the grounds of an old estate called Ses Planes which, like the rest, began with a project that intended to build a garden city-type residential area, but which was paralyzed due to the Spanish civil war. In 2009, it is considered one of the most relevant tourist areas of Mallorca.[20] Another of its towns, Santa Ponsa, has historical relevance for being the place of James I's landing. The town of Portals Nous, whose relevance lies in the fact that it has the renowned Portals marina (a meeting point for businessmen, celebrities, high society figures, as well as members of the Spanish royal family during their summer stays at the Palace of Marivent).[21]​[22]​ Another of its tourist centers is Peguera "Peguera (Balearic Islands)"), where many Germans spend their summers and reside, whose fame gained due to the fact that two films were filmed in the late 1950s. Likewise, it is worth mentioning the towns adjacent to the complexes, such as the El Toro urbanization "El Toro (Baleares)"), which is a residential area with a marina and a small beach, the Son Ferrer urbanization, born as a residence for the first emigrants during the 1960s, and the Galazón urbanization, where the Son Bugadelles industrial estate is located.

Town planning

Its urban development is strongly influenced by the impact of tourism, which has led it to become one of the main tourist destinations in Europe.[24] In 1975, the accelerated construction of the town of Palmanova had more than twenty hotel establishments. From this series of events the term Balearicization was born, a subject used in international urban planning faculties as an example of poor urban planning. It was coined in the early 1970s, especially for urbanizing on the coastline, almost inside the sea, building massively and without prior planning, a multitude of hotel establishments and other peculiar buildings (during the 1960s some housing towers were built that were taken as the stereotypical image of Balearicization in Palmanova "Palmanova (Baleares)") and Magaluf).[25] Until then, the municipality was not important, It did not have any port and its economy was based on agriculture dominated by large estates. In 1936 it only had three tourist accommodations, which rose to thirteen in 1955.[26] However, with the massive arrival of tourism in the 1960s, it rose to 112 accommodations, with an approximate capacity of 6,800 beds, transforming the coastal space of little agricultural value into high-priced plots, except for Cape Cala Figuera, which was a military zone.[26]​ For these reasons dates, the municipality quickly became the main destination for tourist masses in the Mediterranean.[26]​.

Before 1934, the current tourist complexes consisted of a garden city-type urbanization project for residential areas, but during the Civil War it came to a standstill. In 1970, due to the tourism boom, they were resumed with a different concept than the original, uncontrollably building a multitude of establishments on the coast, with the consequent destruction of the landscape.

In 1983, Francisco Obrador Moratinos assumed the mayor's office, becoming the first socialist councilor in the municipality since the establishment of democracy.[27] He built schools, sports facilities and the bases and infrastructure to develop the municipality. Moratinos received the Cemento award from the environmental association Grup d'Ornitologia Balear (GOB),[28]​ for his considerable lack of planning and foresight, causing dysfunctions in the environment.[29]​ Years later, in 1973, three architects, Joana Roca, Joan Morey and Guillem Oliver, developed an urban study that consisted of drawing attention to the negative consequences that basing their entire economy on the systematic development of the landscape would have for the landscape. tourism.

The politician Josep Meliá denounced in 1977 that:

The process of change occurred extraordinarily quickly; between 1968 and 1973 the environment was altered in such a way that in 2009, despite the enormous volume of construction in recent years, it continues to resemble that of 1973. In the same decade, other important testimonies cite the destruction of the landscape in the towns of Magaluf and Palmanova "Palmanova (Balearic Islands)") as hopeless.

Eco-responsible ordinance

The general review of the Urban Planning Plan of Calviá 2000 incorporated a series of Urban Planning Standards that all newly constructed buildings must comply with, which regarding environmental issues establishes the following in some of its articles:[31]​.

Geology and relief

Its relief is marked by the contrast between the mountain ranges in the north of the municipality and the rest of the municipality, with much flatter characteristics.

Its main mountain range is called Na Burguesa and is located between the Son Falconer estate in Calvi and the Son Vida urbanization in Palma, and like the rest of the mountains of Mallorca, it has its origin in the Alpine orogeny. It is the southernmost area of ​​the Tramontana mountain range. In the past it was known as Portopí or d'en Bou. It has a height of 500 meters and is covered by important formations of pine forest and Mediterranean garrigue.[5]​

The mountain ranges are composed of Triassic and Jurassic materials, mainly limestone and dolomite, with the presence of marl and gypsum as well.[32]​ The mountain ranges present a complicated tectonic structure, which forms a folded relief with numerous thrusts, and quite fractured.

The karstic character of the Tramontana causes peculiar physiognomies in the rocks, especially numerous caves, and some sinkholes "Dolina (geology)") and lapiaces, etc.[33]​.

The rest of the municipal area is relatively flat, with wide valleys filled with slightly deformed Quaternary and Tertiary materials, in a subhorizontal arrangement, and small hills, of Mesozoic materials, occasionally emerging.[34]​.

Its coastline "Litoral (geography)") is made up of calcareous materials (Calcarenite and similar), on which a varied vegetation settles depending on the substrate, rocky or sandy, and the adaptation to salt, wind and lack of water as determining factors.

Climate

Given the proximity to the Palma de Mallorca airport, the data available in its observatory is taken.

It has a temperate Mediterranean climate with an average annual temperature of 16.5 °C and an average annual precipitation of 410 mm. It is influenced by two types of atmospheric circulation that manifest themselves in two well-differentiated seasons: warm and dry summer, with a low pressure gradient, and occasional precipitation as opposed to a wet and cool winter. The coldest month is January, with 15.1/3.5 °C and the hottest month is August, with 31.0/18.2 °C. There is precipitation for approximately 51 days a year and about 2,756 hours of sunshine. The average temperature in summer is 27 degrees and in winter 14 °C. The driest month is July, dropping to an average of 7.8 l/m², while the rainiest is December, with an average of 81.1 l/m².).[35]​ The area is sheltered from the Nordic wind of the Tramuntana by mountains more than a thousand meters high.

The thermal variation of its waters has an amplitude of around 15 degrees Celsius. During winter it drops to about 13 °C. In late spring, a warming occurs that raises the temperature by one degree each week. During the summer there is a surface layer of 25 cm that warms above 25 degrees (something like a thermocline).

Hydrology

According to reports from the Geological and Mining Institute of Spain, it receives 4.9 hectometers

cubic of rain per year, 0.1 of irrigation return and 0.2 of infiltration

of waste water. Pumping output is 6.7 cubic hectometers annually, but

A project was carried out following the Balearic Hydrological Plan to reduce it to 4.1 hectometers.[36]​.

Due to the torrential nature of the rainfall that occurs between the months of October and November, its hydrographic network contains a large flow with various torrents "Torrente (hydrography)") that run through its geography, presenting abrupt profiles that channel the currents towards the sea. Among them is the Gorg torrent, which originates in Capdellá and flows into Peguera. The Vial torrent, which begins on the outskirts of the town and flows into the Santa Ponsa cove, is the result of the confluence of hundreds of ravines and other small torrents, among which the Cobaix ravine and the Pas de la Mula ravine are worth mentioning. One of the longest of them is Galazón, with a length of 23 kilometers and a hydrographic basin of 72 km². Its source occurs on the western slope of the Galazón peak and also flows into the bay of Santa Ponsa.[35]​.

Fauna and flora

Of its 14,552 hectares, more than 49% correspond to forests and garrigues, mainly pine forests, although in recent decades it has suffered deforestation. The arable land is around 32%, in which almond trees, carob trees (Ceratonia siliqua), olive trees and, to a lesser extent, fig trees stand out. Some estates also grow cereals.

The animal species in the environment are not of special relevance due to the high human presence, lack of resources and harsh climate. The areas to highlight consist of its rocky coastline and the islets of Cala Figuera, such as El Toro, the islet of Refeubetx and the Malgrats Islands, which were internationally recognized when the European Commission declared them Area of Special Interest for Birdlife.[35]​ In 2008, a diver reported and photographed in this reserve a specimen of monk seal (Monachus monachus) of which It is estimated that there are less than 500 specimens left worldwide. The Balearic Government studied the possibility of reintroducing them to the islands.[37]​.

Among its vegetation are the native species of the islands along with holm oak and pine forests. In its fauna there are more than a thousand species, among which the Cory's shearwater, the cormorant, the swift, the pigeon shearwater and also a large number of reptiles, such as the endemic Balearic lizard, a species present in the different islets of the archipelago. Murcia and Almería).[40]​.

Although the vegetation on the cliffs is scarce, some species such as the penyal violet and the cantil carnation (Dianthus alpinus) deserve special interest due to their endemism status. Eleanor's falcons, and ospreys, along with the last black island vultures in the world.[42]​[43]​ It is worth mentioning, mainly as part of the gastronomy, the varieties of snail Helix aspersa and Helix pomatia.

As for fungi, the autumn rains allow the appearance of their reproductive structures (mushrooms); The esclata-sang stands out, a type of Iberian chanterelle.[44]​ It is highly appreciated for its unique flavor and gastronomic value, because it is the most used mushroom in the gastronomy recipes of the archipelago.[44]​.

The different species of wild plants found in this region can be classified into four groups of interest:

• - Herbaceous plants: nettles, sorrel (Rumex pulcher) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) are most frequently found, as well as other wild plants such as heather (Calluna vulgaris). It exclusively has five endemic species of saladina, species that develop on old salt marshes, found in the old salt mines of Magaluf.[45]​[46]​ In the Santa Ponsa garrigue there are some varieties of orchid Orchis collina.

• - : the most widespread and common is the shrub from the Mediterranean basin called mastic (), but there are also other species such as rosemary, thyme, a species of white steppe () and asparagus of various species (, , ). You can also find ivy () and another series of plants that are protected, such as palmetto (), myrtle and juniper ().[47]​.

Prehistory and Ancient Age

Its history begins as a town two thousand years before the Christian era, although its first settlers date back to the Neolithic era.[49] Later, eastern navigators arrived who stopped before reaching the Iberian Peninsula, where they went in search of metals. They came from Italy, other Mediterranean islands and the East and built small towns along the coasts, becoming its first inhabitants. Historians agree in calling this period the "Cave Culture", due to the frequent use of these as rooms and funerary enclosures. In the Galazón municipal estate "Galazón (finca)") you can find at the bottom of the valley, in the Ses Sinyes area, a cave with human remains, which proves to have been inhabited. Some other vestiges of that period are cataloged in an archaeological site called the Puig de sa Morisca archaeological park,[50]​ in which remains of what was a talayot ​​nine meters in diameter are preserved.[51]​ It is located on a small mountainous elevation in the town of Santa Ponsa. In addition, it is worth highlighting a nave called Alemany, the Turó de Ses Abelles, a necropolis located on the Son Boronat estate and the Son Ferrer tumulus.[52]​.

From its Roman era, which lasted since the island was conquered by Quintus Caecilius Metellus in the year 123 BC. C. until the century, there are no significant vestiges. Only a few archaeological testimonies remain, among which the siquia and the mills that convey water to the houses of Galazón and the remains of a Roman villa in the area of ​​Santa Ponsa known as Sa Mesquida, which contains an oven that was used for the manufacture of ceramics, stand out.[53]

In the year 425 it was invaded by the Vandals, a town that ended up settling. The absence of vestiges has not allowed us to find out much about this era, apart from the decline that began with the destruction of Pollensa. When the Byzantine general Flavius ​​Belisarius ordered the conquest of the archipelago in the year 534, this period ended.

The first recorded Muslim landing dates back to the year 707, which marked the end of Byzantine domination. During the next two centuries no relevant events occurred, until in 903, the island fell into the power of the Muslim dynasty of the Umayyads.[54]​.

Middle Ages

In 903, Mallorca was conquered by the Almoravid general Issam al-Khawlaní, who had the approval of the emir of Córdoba "Córdoba (Spain)") Abd Allah and called it Madina Mayurqa. It later passed into the hands of the Almohads, finally being incorporated into the kingdoms of Taifas. The lands of Calviá were included in the administrative division of Juz' d' Ahwaz al-Madina.[55]​.

In 1229 and after the conquest of James I, the term of Calvía ​​was colonized, among others, by Catalan families who brought their language and culture with them.[56]​ In the repartimiento, the term of Calviá was part of the medietas magnatum, which the king donated to the four porcioneros. Specifically, it was awarded to the bishop of Barcelona, Berenguer de Palou, forming part of the Barony of the Bishops of Barcelona.[57]​ The distribution among the nobles who had contributed to the king's campaign caused quite a bit of tension until the Pariatge formula was adopted, an agreement that consolidated the feudal rights of the bishops of Barcelona that would prevail until 1834.[58][59][60]​

The conquerors came from different places and in different proportions. Thus, and according to the Llibre del Repartiment, the conquered lands were distributed among people from what would now be Catalonia but which at that time belonged to the crown of Aragon, Occitania (24.26%), Italy (16.19%), Aragon (7.35%), Navarre (5.88%), France (4.42%), Castile (1.47%) and Flanders (0.73%). extermination or expulsion of most of the native population, there was not enough labor to cultivate the countryside. In 1230 the charter of frankness was issued, privileges that attracted more settlers to cultivate the countryside. The new population of Mallorca essentially came from Catalonia, more specifically from the northeast and within this, from Ampurdán.

Since 1248 it had its own parish church, Sante Ihoannes Caviano, dedicated to Saint John and in 1285, 55 years later and during the reign of James II of Aragon, the second son of James I,[61]​ it was established as a town. By then it already had its own mayor appointed by the king or the governor, who was in charge of executing their orders, as well as public order and administering justice. However, they did not have the power to administer the town, which was the responsibility of the juries of pro-men.[62]​ (medieval figure who had certain functions).

In medieval times the presence of pirates in the Mediterranean Sea forced the construction of numerous defense towers.[63]​.

To support the parishes "Parish (religion)") and their clerics, the king and the landowners who held jurisdiction, gave up a quarter of the tithes they received from the farmers. This amount was divided into four other parts, of which three of them were in the possession of the rector of the parish and the last was granted to the priest or vicar.[64]​.

The health system was served mostly by Jewish doctors, those known as chuetas, a group of descendants of a part of the Majorcan Jews who converted to Christianity. The nearest hospital was in San Telmo "San Telmo (Mallorca)"), which had been founded in 1303 by James II. Fundamentally, it was dedicated to serving and picking up merchants and sailors from the ships that were heading to Barcelona from Palma. They also used it as a shelter when the weather was bad.

Modern Age

From the century until the middle of the century, agriculture constituted the only dedication of the population. At first, agricultural activity was carried out around the bay of Santa Ponsa, and at that time the area was called Santa Ponsa; The expression term of Calviá was applied much later. Despite its long coastline, the population lived with their backs to the sea, busy taking advantage of a dry and infertile land.

In the century the town was freed from the scourge of the plague that decimated the population, despite the fact that other municipalities such as neighboring Andrach suffered the epidemic.[66]​ At that time and due to their way of life, the population suffered from epidemics and diseases such as malaria, which only some, such as the priest and some artisans, were spared by not working in Ses Rotes, where they transformed the cereal. A worker's daily wage consisted of four or six sous (a dozen eggs cost one and a half sou). During these centuries there were Arab slaves, except in maritime areas, in order to avoid escape or complicity with pirates.[67]​.

In 1748 the situation of misery in the municipality became so tragic that a chronicler of the time described it like this:

Landownership organized the economic and social life of the town from century to century and the territory was mostly owned by a few lords. In 1863, 66.3% of the land was distributed, following a centuries-old tradition, between four owners. The Marquis of la Romana had 2,516 hectares, which covered Bendinat and Peguera, but he also owned another 990 in the municipality of Andrach. The Marquis of Bellpuig owned 4,376 hectares in Santa Ponsa, the largest estate in Mallorca until the beginning of the century. On the other hand, there was a small group of peasants known as els roters, to whom the lords had given portions of land near the sea, farmers who grew cereals and lived in miserable conditions.

In the 19th century, a persistent drought and a poor cereal harvest on the municipality's lands caused a long period of famine. On November 28, 1715, Philip V suppressed the privileges and privileges of the Balearic Islands through the New Planta decree that extended the administrative organization of the Kingdom of Castile, the prohibition of Catalan and the mandatory use of Castilian in the islands.[69]​.

In 1838 the Barcelona-Palma maritime line of steamships was inaugurated, a fact that facilitated the arrival of travelers from the peninsula and from abroad, who came to enjoy the coves and beaches of the municipality. At this time, travelers arrived motivated by a desire for adventure, an interest in exploring a world and a society different from the one they knew, or even for therapeutic reasons, as was the case of Frédéric Chopin, for example. Days in which the publication and dissemination of works referring to the island contributed to making it a preferred destination for many travelers, scholars, artists and geographers.

Contemporary Age

Due to the caciquil attitude that had prevailed since ancient times, Calviá was one of the first areas to develop a critical and non-conformist attitude, despite having hardly any industry, since there were only two companies producing cement and gypsum. At the beginning of the century, on an economic structure based on self-sufficient large-scale agriculture, the first socialist workers' associations were created. The land workers were day laborers who barely managed to survive and the weak industry was dedicated to transporting the products of the land to Palma. Social structure that was maintained until the early 1960s.

The first developments in the municipality began to take shape in 1920, when when the owners of the land died, their loved ones sold the properties or the owners themselves sold them due to ignorance of their true value. By 1960, ownership changes were so fundamental that they facilitated immediate development. Rapid urbanization of three-quarters of the coast began, cementing its best areas. Some of the last landowners, such as Miguel Nigorra Oliver, the president of the Banco de Crédito Balear, came to control almost the entire development of Santa Ponsa through their real estate subsidiaries.

The union movement and socialism played an important role in its politics until the Second Republic. In 1923 the Federació Obrera Calvianera was founded, a member of UGT "General Union of Workers (Spain)") and later the Unió Agrària de Calvià, in addition to La Fraternal. On September 30 of this same year, the Casa del Pueblo "Casa del Pueblo (Spain)") was inaugurated with a budget of half a million pesetas. Years later, in 1962, it had four butcher shops, three bakeries, a dairy, ten grocery stores, three cafes, two haberdasheries, five carpentry shops, two blacksmiths, a bicycle workshop and a bus line. Its meager industry consisted of five masonry masters, several transporters, two cement and gypsum factories, a nut dealer, an almond shelling machine, a flour mill, a carob crusher, a firewood dealer and an oil mill. In 1964, Calviá was, along with the towns of Pollensa and Sóller, among the main municipalities receiving tourism on the island, having quadrupled the number of rooms and quintupled the number of beds ten years later.[71]​ In 1986, it had more than ten thousand chalets throughout the municipality.[72]​.

On July 30, 2009, around two in the afternoon, the town of Palmanova suffered an attack by the terrorist group ETA, placing limpet explosives in two civil guard vehicles, only one of which exploded, causing casualties and the death of two civil guards, Diego Salvà Lezaun, 27 years old, and Carlos Sáenz de Tejada García, 28 years old, next to the house. barracks.[73]​[74]​.

Calviá has a population of (INE "National Institute of Statistics (Spain)") 2025).

The demographic explosion of Calviá is considered unprecedented in Mallorca, having grown by 50,000 inhabitants in 50 years.[77]​ The population of Mallorcan roots is scarce, mostly made up of Spaniards of peninsular origin who come mainly from Andalusia, who arrived on the island in the first important remittances of workers in the 1960s, along with their descendants, as well as foreign immigrants.[78]​

In 2008 it had a census of 50,777 inhabitants, of which 25,548 were men and 25,229 were women (50.31% compared to 49.69% men).[79] It is the second municipality, in number of inhabitants, in the entire Balearic archipelago, only behind the capital, Palma.[80]​.

After the Reconquista, its population, like that of the rest of the island, was basically made up of Catalan, Occitan and Italian families who had immigrated encouraged by the conquerors.

After the Civil War, the town was completely impoverished. Hunger, smuggling and lack of employment forced locals to resume agricultural activities that had been abandoned due to their low productivity. To revitalize the economy, the Administration carried out a public works policy, building the port of Palma, along with a campaign that promoted honeymoons in Mallorca, with the aim of attracting national tourism that would enhance the wealth of the island. Starting in 1970, there was a spectacular increase in the population as a result of tourism development. The continuous arrival of foreigners, both from Spanish regions and other countries, increased the demand for employment.

Municipal government

The political administration of the municipality is carried out through a democratically managed city council, whose members are elected every four years by universal suffrage. The electoral roll is made up of all residents registered in Calviá, over 18 years of age and with nationality of any of the member countries of the European Union. According to the provisions of the Law of the General Electoral Regime,[81]​ which establishes the number of eligible councilors based on the population of the municipality, the municipal corporation is made up of 25 councilors. In the 2015 Municipal Elections, the Socialist Party was the most voted force, obtaining 10 councilors, followed by the Popular Party with 9, Sí Se Podemos Calviá with 2, Ciudadanos with 2 and Izquierda Abierta de Calviá (EOC) with 2. Through an agreement with SSPC and EOC the PSOE appointed its candidate, Alfonso Luis Rodríguez Badal, as mayor.

The plenary session of the City Council, meeting in an extraordinary meeting on December 9, 2010, approved the municipal budget for the 2011 financial year.

The government team presented to the plenary session a municipal budget of €99,761,573.81, 6.85% less than in 2010. To this figure we must add the budgets of municipal companies and autonomous organizations, that is, IMEB, IFOC, Llar de Calvià S.A. and Calvià 2000 S.A. The consolidated budget (obtained from the sum of the previous budgets without counting the amounts derived from operations between them) reaches 107,122,083.16 euros, which represents a decrease compared to 2010 of 13.22%.

The municipal plenary session constitutes the body of maximum political representation of citizens in the municipal government. It has, among other powers, the approval of Municipal Ordinances, municipal budgets, urban planning plans and the control and supervision of government bodies. The Plenary Session is convened and chaired by the mayor, and is made up of the 25 councilors.

Municipal executive management is organized into management areas headed by a councilor from the government team. Each government area has several delegations depending on the powers assigned to it and which vary from one municipal government to another. The current management areas of the City Council are the following:[83]​.

• - Agriculture. Town hall. Supply. Quality. Calvia 2000. Foreign Citizens. Trade. Communication. Culture. Citizen Ombudsman. Sports. Education and Libraries (IMEB). Beach and Coastal Management. IFOC (training and employment). Youth. Llar de Majors. Maintenance. Environment. Mobility and Urban Services. Heritage. Local Police.

Autonomous administration

It is the Island Council of Mallorca that is responsible for the autonomous government of the island of Mallorca. The Government of the Balearic Islands is the autonomous executive body for the entire Balearic archipelago, which includes: Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza "Ibiza (island)") and Formentera. The main powers managed by the Government are non-university education, public health and territorial planning.

Justice

The municipality belongs to the judicial district "Judicial District (Spain)") number 3 of the Balearic Islands, whose courts of first instance and investigation are located in the city of Palma de Mallorca, on Vía Alemanya, 5. The municipality has a magistrate's court, located in the Palmanova Services Center on Diego Salvà Lezaun Street, no. 2, which develops the powers of this legal figure.[84]​.

La actividad económica se basa principalmente en el turismo, cuya oferta comprende el conjunto completo de su territorio. En 1996, el municipio estaba considerado como el más rico de España, así como uno de los más ricos de Europa, debido a los ingresos obtenidos derivados del turismo.[85]​ La gestión comercial de las zonas costeras de su litoral supone una de sus principales fuentes de riqueza. En segundo lugar se extiende en la promoción del paquete complementario: zonas que contienen instalaciones deportivas o cuya topografía permite actividades orientadas hacia la naturaleza, como es el caso del parque Galazón "Galazón (finca)") o de las islas Malgrats, declaradas reserva ecológica y las 88,85 ha de su parte emergida declaradas indefinidamente como área especial de protección de las aves.[39]​.

En 1998 se desarrolló un plan elaborado para permitir la realización de dichas bases predeterminadas, naciendo así el organismo municipal llamado Agenda 21 Local para Calvià. El plan se configura como una actuación de la administración pública que garantice el futuro económico, social, medioambiental y patrimonial. Está proyectado hacia la sostenibilidad y basado en las inversiones necesarias para ejecutar proyectos de diversa índole. Su financiación procede del ayuntamiento de Calviá, en colaboración con el Gobierno de España y la comunidad autónoma de las Baleares.[86]​ Algunos de los resultados obtenidos incluyen la voladura y demolición de doce edificios de la costa, convirtiendo alguno de los lugares en zona verde, y la creación de mil quinientos miembros del servicio especializado en la formación y el empleo. La inversión inicial del proyecto en 1998 superó los 810.000 euros.

Calviá es una de las ciudades de Baleares con mayor renta per cápita debido al sustento económico que brindan sus servicios turísticos. Aunque la ganadería y la agricultura es una fuente de ingresos para las familias, su economía se orienta sobre todo a apoyar el sector terciario, desde la construcción hasta la puesta en marcha de servicios.[87]​.

Debido a la diferencia cuantitativa entre población residente y la gran cantidad que acude en calidad de turista, no es posible evaluar el presupuesto municipal con relación a la primera, con la cual suele resultar que se simplifica como uno de los municipios aparentemente más ricos de Europa, en función de la inversión pública recibida per cápita.[88]​.

La renta per cápita media de España fue en 2008 de 24 020 euros según datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística "Instituto Nacional de Estadística (España)") (INE). A Baleares se le atribuye una renta media de 25 967 euros, cifra superior a la media nacional.[89]​ Sin embargo El Centro de Investigación Económica (CRE) ha informado mediante el XLI Informe Económico y Social de Balears 2008 de que la renta per cápita balear, ajustada de acuerdo al poder de compra, se sitúa por primera vez en este siglo por debajo de la media nacional.[90]​.

Mediante el Instituto de Formación y Ocupación se llevan a cabo talleres de empleo, formación, inserción profesional y acciones formativas. En los talleres de empleo, durante un año, los alumnos son contratados por el ayuntamiento para realizar trabajos determinados, mientras que el plan de formación se encarga de proporcionar a los desempleados la necesaria cualificación para su inserción laboral.[91]​.

Según datos del Anuario Económico de España 2009, editado por la Caixa,[92]​ el paro que ha existido durante los primeros años de la década de 2000 fue prácticamente insignificante, no superando ningún año el dos por ciento. En agosto de 2009, en el contexto de la crisis económica de ámbito global sobrevenida en 2008, el índice de desempleo se mantuvo bajo, aunque repuntó hasta el 3,6 %, lo que en la práctica se traduce en pleno empleo.[93]​.

Agriculture, livestock and fishing

Also, although to a lesser extent, its economy is based on agriculture, mainly olive trees, carob trees (Ceratonia silicua) and almond trees. In livestock, pigs and sheep and also a notable variety of fishing. In its extension there are numerous farmhouses that once constituted the sources of food supply for the population.

The agricultural holdings, 175 according to the 1999 census, occupied 8917 hectares, 92% of the property and eight percent leased. 3,365 hectares are cultivated (945 of herbaceous, 1,462 of fruit trees, 99 of olive groves and one of vineyards), 198 are dedicated to permanent pastures, 4,753 to forestry operations and 601 hectares are other non-forest lands. Most of them, 113 had less than five hectares and thirty exceeded fifty hectares. The livestock units registered in 1999 were 681: 562 sheep, forty-nine poultry, thirty-three goats, twenty-five pigs, ten horses and two cattle.

Industry and construction

Its industrial activity has been basically focused on the construction sector, since in 2008 there were a total of 1,380 companies registered; however, in activities related to the industry there was only a census of 226 of them, dedicated to various industrial fields.[92]​.

Services

The main objective of the municipal area of ​​Commerce and Economic Activities is the development of projects and tasks for the modernization, promotion and revitalization of the municipality's companies. It is divided into two sections, that of Commerce and Economic Activities and that of the Technical and Study Office, whose task is to manage the processing of licenses at the request of interested parties. It also develops actions that increase and sustain business activity, especially commerce, as well as restaurants and entertainment. It also contributes to the solution of sectoral agreements with the most relevant business associations to promote business.[94]​.

Since the beginning of the 1960s, upon receiving the first large shipments of tourists, it quickly built an entire infrastructure of services for this (golf courses, water parks, hotels, etc.), becoming one of the areas with the greatest tourist activity on the island.[95] In 2009, it is internationally known for some of its towns, such as Magaluf, Palma Nova, Santa Ponsa, El Toro "El Toro (Baleares)"), Portals Nous, Illetas and Peguera "Peguera (Baleares)"), due to the tourists who frequent them every year.

To accommodate the million and a half annual visitors (1,600,000),[96]​ there is an offer that included in 2005 more than 120,000 beds: 44,000 in hotels, 16,000 in apartments and 60,000 tourist residences.[97]​ The offer is completed with 853 taverns and restaurants, in addition to 1,145 shops.[92]​ Some multinationals such as Fiesta Hotel Group (based in Ibiza "Ibiza (city)") or Sol Meliá have a wide offer in the area, mainly in the town of Magaluf.[98]​ However, despite receiving mass tourism during the high season, it suffers from tourist seasonality in winter, which represents a problem to be solved by developing a new proposal with a better offer and product.[99]​.

It obtained second place among the municipalities with the most blue flags on its beaches in Spain.[100]​ The Palmanova beach "Palmanova (Baleares)") concentrates the majority of services, which is why it was awarded the Q quality award, being the only one in the Balearic Islands that has this distinction.[101]​ The units that ensure the safety of its users (tourist police, civil protection and lifeguards) have a maritime rescue boat. This team is joined by the association Voluntaris sense fronteres, which under sections three and four of article 30 of the Spanish constitution, voluntarily undertakes to fulfill the duties that said constitution attributes to them.[102] Due to its association with the material that was used in the construction of the Palma cathedral, the Portals Vells cove stands out. The rest of the main beaches are located in the resorts of Magaluf, Santa Ponsa and Peguera "Peguera (Baleares)").

In the late 1990s the local government team invested in a project that carried out a series of public shows with multimedia content (using laser technology with audiovisual equipment and machines that created an aquatic screen) on its coasts and beaches. They were held on summer weekends and had massive attendance, between six thousand and ten thousand people per session.[103]​.

Transport and communications

Article 7 of the Law on Traffic, Circulation and Road Safety (approved by RDL 339/1990) attributes to municipalities sufficient powers to allow, among others, the immobilization of vehicles, the organization and control of traffic and the regulation of its uses.[113]​ This regulation takes place through the Municipal Traffic, Circulation and Road Safety Ordinance, approved in a session of Plenary session on July 29, 2004, and it defines the uses that can be given to the roads, the speeds that vehicles can reach as well as the schedules and areas established for loading and unloading goods in the city.[114]​.

The municipality has a vehicle fleet of 714 cars per 1,000 inhabitants, higher than the 602 of the island group.[92]​ On the other hand, there is a fleet of 4,077 vehicles, including trucks and vans, especially high given the importance of delivery logistics to urbanizations.

The Ma-1 highway or Autovía de Poniente is the most important communication route that connects the different urban centers with Palma de Mallorca and Andrach. The highway passes through Cas Catala, Illetas, Portals Nous, Palmanova "Palmanova (Baleares)"), Santa Ponsa, Peguera "Peguera (Baleares)"), the town of Calviá, Camp de Mar, Andrach and the Port of Andrach. This main road runs through the entire municipality and divides it into two very different areas. A northern agricultural-rural part and a southern tourist-urban part.[115]​.

The distance by road from the town of Calviá to the center of Palma is 20 km, from its furthest town, Peguera, it is 22.2 and from its closest town, Illetas, 11.3 km. Another important road is the secondary road Ma-1C (former C-719) that runs through the urbanizations on the coast, from Cala Mayor to Magaluf.

Currently there are multiple intercity bus lines that run through the municipality and connect it with Palma de Mallorca and Andrach. Line 4 of the EMT of Palma de Mallorca runs through the municipality, since its route ends in the town of Illetas.

Energy

On April 10, 2006, the regulations that authorized Red Eléctrica Española to carry out the functions of operating the Balearic electrical system came into force. Royal Decree 1747/2003, of December 19, was developed by ministerial orders ITC 913/2006, of March 30, which states that Red Eléctrica is the operator of the electrical system in the Balearic Islands and is responsible for the technical management of its systems.[116]​.

The Balearic electrical system has two subsystems: Mallorca-Menorca and Ibiza "Ibiza (city)")-Formentera. The Mallorca-Menorca subsystem is connected to 132 KV. It is planned to expand the electrical connection through two submarine links. The underwater link between Sagunto and Santa Ponsa is being installed in 2011 and the testing period will soon begin. Through this underwater link, with the peninsular network of Red Eléctrica Española, Mallorca's energy dependence on its thermal power plants disappears. Additionally, in Mallorca, ecological energy can be consumed from wind farms and waterfalls, without having to install them on the island, with the consequent savings in impact on the island territory.

The production of electrical energy in Mallorca is fed until 2011 by the power plants of Son Reus (612 MW), Cas Tresorer (313 MW) and Alcudia (585 MW).[117]​.

The Hydrocarbon Logistics Company (CLH) has its most important facilities on the island in Son Banya. In these facilities the fuel arrives by tanker. There it is stored and distributed by tanker trucks to gas stations and by pipeline since 1994 to CLH's Son San Juan airport facility.[118]​.

The municipalities of Palma and its metropolitan area, Marrachí, Calviá and Lluchmayor, will have natural gas, thanks to a new gas pipeline with seventeen kilometers of pipe that will connect to the underwater channel. The future plan is that all the power plants on the islands, except Es Murterar, in Alcudia, use only natural gas.[119]​.

Urban waste

In order to achieve the sustainability of the municipality, various programs are carried out such as selective collection or individual composting.[120] Selective collection accounts for only 17% of the total organic waste generated in the municipality and comes from hotels. The rest of the municipal organic waste fraction, 51,984 tons in 2008, 83% of the total, is not collected selectively but rather mixed with packaging, plastics and paper, having to be taken to the incinerator or to the "Landfill (garbage)") landfill in Son Reus,[121] which in 2008 was paid 7,300,000 euros for its treatment. There is a municipal ordinance for the cleaning and elimination of solid and urban waste.[122]​.

Water and sanitation

Cleaning, water and maintenance management is carried out by the company Calvià 2000. The political program known as Local Agenda 21 contemplates the ecological commitment.[123]​ The local wastewater treatment plant is located between Santa Ponsa and Palmanova, on the highway towards Andrach, in front of the Galazón urbanization.

The Balearic Water Agency's drinking water desalination plant is located in Son Ferrer and produces 2,000,000 cubic meters of drinking water per year. The rest of the aquifer needs are covered mainly with the Palma de Mallorca desalination plant and the aquifers managed by the Agency. The city council purchases 10,000,000 cubic meters of water from said agency each year and these are distributed by the company. Calvià 2000, through its capillary network. On October 27, 2005, the Municipal Ordinance Regulating the Drinking Water Supply Service was approved.[124]​.

However, the government team of Carlos Delgado, head of the popular party, agreed in 2010 to privatize the municipality's drinking water supply for 50 years.[125] The operation was carried out in exchange for awarding it for the payment of an initial amount of 15 million euros to which during the first four years, 2.5 million more will be added, 5% of the water billed during the total award period and 1 million more euros from the fifth to the eighth year.[125]​.

The supply was previously managed by three companies that operated in various territorial areas: Aguas del Término Municipal de Calviá S.A., under the Aterca brand and belonging to the Agbar group, Compañía de Aguas Peguera S.L and finally the municipal company Calvià 2000, which is also in charge of cleaning and maintaining the municipality.[125] Aterca and Aguas Peguera provided a service of 1.6844 and 1.6772 euros per cubic meter, respectively, while Calvià 2000, with a quality service and practically without incidents, did so for 1.4754 euros.[125] The measure carried out by the council generated a confrontation with the unions, citizen entities and opposition political parties, whose union and in an assembly held, decided to generate a calendar of mobilizations against said resolution.[126]​[127]​ Under the motto «Because the public is a service and the private is a benefit. No to the privatization of Calvià 2000", and remembering that the drinking water service was the most profitable of the company, since in the previous year a surplus of three million euros had been estimated, several protest rallies were held with the attendance of representatives of various political parties and unions.[126] For its part, the government team held a plenary session of the city council for the first time in the history of the municipality at eight in the morning, with the aim of avoid demonstrations.[128]​.

Catering

The municipality has a good network of commercial establishments dedicated to food of different sizes and management, from hypermarkets to small traditional food stores, including several supermarkets. These establishments are supplied by delivery trucks from wholesale warehouses and sometimes it is the shopkeepers and hoteliers themselves who travel with their vehicles to the Mercapalma facilities, a few kilometers away from the different population centers, to purchase the perishable products they sell.[129]​.

Languages

The official languages in the municipality, as in the rest of the municipalities on the island, are Catalan and Spanish.[130]​ The municipality has an official language school, which is located in the town of Bendinat.[131]​ The most notable aspects of the Catalan of Mallorca, Mallorquín, are the neutralization of the stressed a and e in [ə], and the use of the salty article (es, sa, ses) instead of el, la, els and les. Due to the high level of tourism, many of its inhabitants are fluent in several European languages, mainly English and German and to a lesser extent Swedish, Norwegian and Italian.

One of its main characteristics is the linguistic diversity of the population. Mallorcan, Spanish, German and English are the most used languages. Some population centers such as Magaluf or Peguera have become places of extensive residence of British and Germanic origin. A significant number of its businesses are advertised in English or German.[132][133]​.

In order to channel the concerns of different groups and people in the municipality regarding an alleged degradation of the language, the Calvià per la Llengua platform was created, dedicated to working for the full normalization of the Catalan language.[134]​.

Education

The public educational center offer is made up of eleven primary schools and three secondary education institutes (IES): Calviá, Son Ferrer and Bendinat.[135]​.

The Municipal Institute of Education and Libraries of Calvià (IMEB) is a local administrative and service body. Its mission consists of the direct and decentralized management of municipal powers in matters of education and libraries. It is made up of a variety of services.[136]​.

The municipality has a radio station and a television station called IB3, which is located in the Son Bugadelles industrial estate. The institution that manages training and employment is the Calvià Training and Occupation Institute (IFOC), which is located in Palmanova, next to the post office, the medical center and the civil guard barracks.[137]​.

In the Son Bugadelles industrial estate there is the Deixalles institution, which offers help to all those people with difficulties in social integration by carrying out activities in which they best adapt. It carries out artistic courses and workshops.[138]​ In the same place, all types of utensils, objects and clothing that are in good condition can be delivered, likewise, all types of utensils can be obtained at a low price.

On April 25, 2007, within the program known as Digital Cities of the Balearic Islands, a project consisting of a telecommunications network was launched to provide voice and data services through wireless technology, through which free Internet access was created on its important beaches.[139]​.

Health

For primary care, there are basic health units in the main urban centers and there are also health centers in Santa Ponsa and Palmanova (the latter was inaugurated in September 2009 and offers a wide range of health services[140]​).

Its main hospital is the PAC of Santa Ponsa, which operates twenty-four hours a day as a continuous care center, covering regular and emergency health care.[141] There are a total of twenty-five pharmacies, of which four of them provide a twenty-four-hour on-call service.[142]

Likewise, it has a care center for drug addicts, a project that was launched by the government team on January 25, 2007. Its facilities are located in the town of Magaluf, on Tirso de Molina Street, No. 1.[143]​.

Citizen security

Between 1930 and 1960, there was a single police officer who carried out all types of functions, and it was not until 1964 when the local police force of Calvià was created, with a total of ten members, commanded by an officer. In 1972 the staff was expanded again, adding another ten agents and some vehicles. Starting in 1981, specific police legislation began. In 1984, new promotions were incorporated and a management team was set up. In 2009 it has a total of 166 agents, divided between four inspectors, six sergeants, thirteen officers, 116 police officers and twenty-seven tourist police officers in the summer season. The force has a fleet of more than fifty vehicles and a modern communications network.[144]​.

It should be noted that in 2004, Calviá was the first Spanish municipality to prohibit the practice of prostitution on public roads and, since then, the local police have made a total of 964 complaints.[145]​.

The 112 Emergency system is operational, which responds to any emergency situation. Citizen Security is in charge of the Civil Guard with its recent Main Post located in the Polígono de Son Bugadellas and two Citizen Service Offices for the summer season, called SATE (Service for Attention to Foreign Tourists), one in Magaluf and another in Peguera and the local Police, also based in the Polígono de Son Bugadellas. It also has Civil Protection and a Fire Station located in Santa Ponsa.

During the Calviá local police day[146] different decorations and distinctions are awarded to police officers and civilians for their work in security matters with the Cross of Police Merit.

Social services

In order to alleviate as much as possible the effects produced by the global crisis on numerous families, it had an economic budget to increase benefits to those most in need. 70,631 euros were given to a total of 228 of them as aid, an increase of 40% compared to the 49,000 from the previous year.[147]​.

For elderly people who need help to carry out daily activities, there is a residence called Llar de Majors. The building is located in the town of Calviá, is three stories high, is adapted for people with disabilities and has central heating.[148]​.

In its Comprehensive Care Program for people with disabilities it transfers the right to use a municipal home to the Balearic Down Syndrome Association (ASNIMO). The fundamental objective of said organization is to improve the quality, freedom and responsibilities of the group of people with intellectual disabilities.[149]​.

El veinticuatro de julio de 2009, Carlos Delgado, junto a la teniente de alcalde de Patrimonio, Teresa Martorell y al director general de Ordenación del Territorio y Turismo, Jaime Martínez, presentó el Plan de recuperación del Patrimonio Histórico y Natural, entre cuyos objetivos se encuentra la restauración de varios de sus yacimientos arqueológicos, así como la puesta en marcha de su funcionamiento.[150]​.

religious architecture

The parish church of San Juan Bautista "Iglesia de San Juan Bautista (Calvià)") was erected in the year 1248 in honor of San Juan Bautista.[151] It consists of a single nave, with five side chapels with a semicircular arch, dedicated to different saints. The chancel "Channel (architecture)") is defined by a main arch covered by a shell-shaped quarter sphere. The portico is formed by five semicircular archivolts, which alternate floral decoration with a diamond tip. Above the portico there is a huge relief that represents Jesus in the garden of Gethsemane. On the sides there are niches with images of Saint Francis, Saint Paula and Saint Rita. At the crown of the façade is the archangel Saint Michael, posing with the attitude of having defeated Lucifer. In 1780 the rectory was renovated on top of the old church. The portal and the cloister stand out. The entrance consists of a vestibule covered by a lowered groin vault.

In 1595, the temple continued to be isolated, but it was surrounded by homes that ended up forming the rural town. In the century it had a defense tower. At the same time the image of the Virgin of Sorrows was venerated. The building has a chapel dedicated to Saint Sebastian "Sebastián (martyr)"), to whom the miracle of saving the town from the plague that hit the island in 1652 is attributed. Over the years, the building underwent various renovations. In 1867 the old church collapsed and new construction began, which soon had to stop. The works were restarted in 1890 and concluded six years later, resulting in a mixture of styles, highlighting neoclassical with neo-Romanesque and neo-Gothic elements.

The hermitage of the sacred stone is a small neo-Romanesque construction that is located on the slope of a hill between Santa Ponsa and Palmanova. Its importance lies in the fact that it preserves the stone where James I of Aragon made an altar official for the ceremony of entry into combat before beginning the conquest of the island.[152]​.

The Portals Nous hermitage was designed by the architect Antonio Sureda y Villalonga, who drew up his plans in the neo-Gothic style in 1865. It is located in the town of Portals Nous, in the area called Patio de los Silos.[153]​.

civil architecture

As water is a scarce commodity in their lands, there are many constructions built to obtain it and convey it to the crop areas. Within this typology, the Qüanats stand out in relevance, which are pipes of Arab origin that have been used since ancient times. The most significant are Sa Galareia d'aigua de Valldurgent and Sa Font de Sa Corriola. It is also worth mentioning the elaborate water engineering system of Bendinat and the public fountain of Capdellá.[154]​.

Its two historic urban centers, the towns of Calviá and Capdellá, contain some houses of heritage interest, among which are Can Verger, Can Ros and Es Pontet.

The town hall headquarters building is located at the entrance to the town. It was inaugurated in 1989 and was designed by architects Rafael Balaguer and Jaime Vidal, who united elements of popular and traditional Mallorcan architecture, such as tile, maré or crushed stone, with the functionality and design of avant-garde constructions.

In 1929 a cross was built to commemorate the seventh centenary of the reconquest. Its base contains representations of several scenes from it. It is located on one of the ends of the bay "Bahía (geography)") of Santa Ponsa. During the annual landing celebration, concerts are held next to it, as well as theater performances and conferences.

Possessions

There are thirty-one possessions "Possession (architecture)") that once constituted the main sources of local food and economic supply. Some of them remain in operation, either because of their owners, as is the case of La Porraza, or because they have been converted to agrotourism, such as Son Boronat. Some old houses have been rebuilt or renovated by their new owners.[155]​ Since it was acquired in May 2006, the most notable property is the Galazón natural park "Galazón (finca)").[156]​ It has more than fourteen million square meters of extension and is the largest publicly owned property in the Balearic Islands.[157]​ The property has more than 5,000 square meters of buildings, among which are They have two water mills, a chapel, numerous farmer's cabins and lime kilns. In its extension there are oak forests, pine forests, wild olive garrigues, palmettos, (Chamaerops humilis) reeds, steppes, as well as olive trees, carob trees, (Ceratonia siliqua) almond trees and orchards incorporated by man. Regarding its fauna, it contains Mallorcan goats, martens, weasels, (Mustela nivalis) genets, rabbits, partridges, wood pigeons, turtles, thrushes and all kinds of invertebrate reptiles typical of this mountain range. It is also part of an important nucleus of more than 15 archaeological sites from pre-Talayotic and Talayotic times. Remains of Arab and Roman ceramics were found, which suggests that after the Talayotic era, the possession of the property was built on an Arab farmhouse "Alquería (Al-Ándalus)".[158]​.

Mills

The existing mills reflect the agricultural activity that took place until the 1950s, consisting of one of the few typologies of ethnological heritage cataloged and protected. Among the most important are the Galazón mills, which were built in Roman times, the Santa Ponsa mill, which was completely renovated by a local workshop school, and the urban mills of Calvià.

Coastal towers

As a defense system against the raids carried out by Berber or Turkish pirates at the end of the century, watchtowers were built at different points along the coast. When a pirate or unknown ship approached, they warned the population. In 2009 they continue standing, although some of them are in a serious state of deterioration. They are under the protection of the Generic Declaration of the Decree of April 22, 1949, and the Law 16/1985 on Spanish Historical Heritage.[159]​ The following are included:.

Tower that was built between 1580 and 1582 and consists of a building 180 meters above sea level. Its cylindrical design has an upper terrace and a main chamber. It has a lintel portal located four meters from the ground. The main chamber is vaulted, built with masonry and locked with mortar. A staircase that leaves the portal leads to the terrace.

It consists of a tower with a circular plan with a truncated conical volume and with two semi-cylindrical rings of carved marés that was built in 1302 and was reinforced in 1588. It has two floors, on the first are the rooms that served as the troop's quarters and the powder magazine, on the main floor the door was originally located.

It is a circular tower built between 1577 and 1597 to which a lining was later added around it to increase the surface area of ​​its upper terrace and thus be able to place more artillery pieces.

The construction of the La Porraza tower began in 1595 and ended in 1616. It is located about forty meters above sea level. It consists of a defense tower with a slightly truncated-conical main chamber, with a base of variable height topped by a crodó. An internal spiral staircase allows you to go up to the upper floor. It is built with stone and marés masonry.

It was built between 1579 and 1582. It consists of a tower located about 20 meters above sea level. It is made up of two bodies, one frustoconical at the base and another circular, where the main chamber is located.

It was built in 1584, using mixed stone and sandstone masonry set with mortar. It is located 25 meters above sea level. It is a cylindrical building and has a main chamber about four meters above the ground. It is accessed through a portal with a limestone lintel. The vault is spherical and the pavement is sandstone.

Green area equipment

Since the late 1980s and under the general plan of Local Agenda 21, the municipality has been applying different policies dedicated to minimizing the tourist impact. The project incorporated a high-quality natural and tourist environment on which to develop a non-expansive or overcrowded tourism model. Obsolete hotels in the most congested areas were demolished and projects focused on urban ecology, the regeneration of beaches, the construction of promenades, the Na Burguesa natural park, marine reserves and wastewater treatment were developed.

The demolition of hotels and creation of green areas had a budget of 9,999 million pesetas. In the first phase, 215 million were invested to buy and demolish old properties and buildings. 2000 million pesetas were invested in the Plan for the improvement and beautification of tourist areas.[160]​.

La cultura calvianera, debido a la constante inmigración, está basada en la multiculturalidad, influencias de muchos lugares que se han hermanado con las costumbres propiamente mallorquinas.[161]​ Posee variedad de instalaciones repartidas por los distintos núcleos de población. Para permitir que sus visitantes exploren su cultura, existen actividades tanto en verano como en invierno.[162]​ Debido a la multitud de bienes culturales con que cuenta, en 2009, el municipio fue incluido con una tipología propia en el catálogo de bienes culturales a proteger, aprobado por el boletín oficial del BOIB con el número 126.[163]​.

El departamento municipal de Cultura coordina los distintos centros culturales del municipio. Se ofrecen actividades para todos los públicos, entre ellas cabe destacar los talleres, los cursillos de formación, las exposiciones de artistas, así como la utilización de salas para reuniones e información de eventos culturales.[164]​ Dispone de seis instalaciones que incluyen biblioteca y aulas temáticas distribuidas entre sus núcleos de población más importantes, además, también dispone de una escuela de danza, una de música y una de idiomas.[165]​.

El 5 de junio de 2009 se inauguró una exposición permanente realizada por el Grupo Pro Arte y Cultura. Se trata de una donación de 81 obras al consistorio por parte de 78 artistas. El colectivo está representado por la artista y mecenas Mayte Spínola y amadrinado por Ana de Orleans, duquesa de Calabria. Además, celebra exposiciones benéficas destinadas a la Fundación Irene Megías contra la meningitis.[166]​.

scenic spaces

The three municipal performing spaces it has are Sa Societat, the Palmanova room and the Casal de Peguera and they are part of the Association of Theaters and Public Auditoriums of the Balearic Islands (ATAPIB), as well as the Performing Arts Circuit of the Consell de Mallorca. They are also included in the Alcover Project. They have sound and lighting technical service throughout the year. The different programs offered include: concerts by the municipal band and the music school, plays classified for different audiences, both children, youth and adults, in amateur and professional modes, dance and samples of school artistic expression. There is a municipal ordinance in which the rates to be paid for its temporary transfer are specified.[167]​.

The official languages in the municipality, as in the rest of the municipalities on the island, are Spanish, which is the national language, and Mallorcan.[130]​ The municipality has an official language school, which is located in the town of Bendinat.[131]​ The most notable aspects of Mallorcan are the neutralization of the stressed a and e in [ə], and the use of the article (es, sa, ses). instead of el, la, els and les. Due to the high level of tourism, many of its inhabitants are fluent in several European languages, mainly English and German and to a lesser extent Swedish, Norwegian and Italian.

One of its main characteristics is the linguistic diversity of the population. Mallorcan, Spanish, German and English are the most used languages. Some population centers such as Magaluf or Peguera have become places of extensive residence of British and Germanic origin. A significant number of its businesses are advertised in English or German.[132][133]​.

In order to channel the concerns of different groups and people in the municipality regarding an alleged degradation of the language, the Calvià per la Llengua platform was created, dedicated to working towards the full normalization of the local language, Mallorcan.[134]​.

Cultural activities

In 2001, the Great Hip Hop Festival in Mallorca was inaugurated, the largest hip-hop concert in the Balearic Islands, in which several groups of this musical style met at the Magaluf sports center. The Calviner graffiti contest also began at that festival. In 2009, municipal walls were enabled to carry out hip-hop graffiti events throughout the year.[168][169]​.

Throughout the year, open-air concerts, dances, theater, plastic arts, gastronomy and craft workshops are held. In order to promote low-season tourism, the government team inaugurated in 2009 a cultural tour called Disembarkation Routes, which offers the practice of a sporting activity such as walking, with the added cultural and historical value of the route.[170]​.

Since 2017, the Mallorca Live Festival has been held at the Antiguo Aquapark in Calviá, the most important independent music festival that takes place on the islands,[171]​ which closed its third edition with sold-out tickets and more than 27,000 attendees in 2018[172]​ and an economic impact of 3.6 million euros.[173]​.

Popular festivals

The landing festivities are the most representative cultural and festive event of the municipality. They commemorate the landing of the troops of King James I of Aragon on the coast of Santa Ponsa in 1229. During the celebration, the landing of the Christian king on the beach is recreated, followed by the skirmish that took place between the Christian troops and the Moors. As is typical, Calviá has two giants, Jaime I and his wife Violante of Hungary, who were built in 1999 by Vicente Alberola.[174]​.

These are festivities in honor of San Antonio and San Sebastián "Sebastián (saint)") that are celebrated on the 17th for Antonio Abad and on January 20 for San Sebastián. A huge bonfire is lit next to the church, in which a doll representing a demon is burned; Small bonfires are lit in the surrounding area where residents roast butifarrones and sobrasada. There is evidence of this tradition since 1952, the year in which the plague did not affect the town, apparently thanks to San Sebastián.[175]​.

In 1994, a group of Valencians from the El Toro urbanization "El Toro (Baleares)") decided to make a Fallas monument to celebrate the festival typical of their land. Since then the Falla El Toro was created, which is celebrated year after year in said town.[176]​.

In the days preceding the arrival of Lent, the carnival is celebrated, which is first for children and adolescents and then another one is celebrated for adults. In both, a contest is held for the best costume and group, the winners receive cash prizes.

On May 16, 1997, the creation of the brotherhood and brotherhood of Cristo de la Sangre and Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza of Son Ferrer and El Toro was agreed. The statutes were approved by decree by the Mallorcan bishop Teodoro Úbeda. Two carved images were acquired in the Cordoba town of Cabra "Cabra (Córdoba)"), by the image maker Salvador Guzmán Moral, one of a Christ and the other of a Virgin.[177]​.

After Holy Week, the parishes call on the neighbors to go on a short excursion to the countryside. The event meal consists of sharing leftovers that were prepared especially for Easter, such as panades, blondies, and crespells.

On June 24, the festival is celebrated in honor of San Juan Bautista, the patron saint of the municipality. In the town, tribute is paid to the elderly, celebrating a mass and performances of regional dances. This celebration has been taking place since the 1950s.

Traditions

Part of the traditional customs of the inhabitants are rooted in the way they make a living. The collection of olives, charcoal and firewood were the most common activities before the appearance of tourism. Girls used to work alongside their mothers and other women when they turned ten. They left their homes on foot at dawn and returned at dusk, accompanying the carts that transported the product. They came escorted by the foreman who, on the back of his horse, watched over the fields where they worked throughout the day.[178]​.

In the winter months, they carried smooth stones collected in the torrents "Torrente (hydrography)") called macs de torrent that they heated over a fire and wrapped in scarves to later warm their hands when they became numb from the cold. A popular Mallorcan phrase, amolla es mac ('let go of the stone'), is used to require something from another person.

Between the miseries they suffered and the severity of the foreman, who forced them to return to the olive grove for a single olive that had been forgotten or having to go on foot to the olive groves despite the carts being empty, the Songs of olive harvesting were born.[179]​ The men, while the women did the harvesting, shook the branches of the olive trees and cleaned the pine forests. For centuries, the tasks of clearing the forests and carving firewood that were then sold in Palma, in pottery and bread ovens, kept the fields preserved from fires.

The possessions "Possession (architecture)") found throughout the municipality represent the symbol of a social and economic system characteristic of the old regime. Due to the ruggedness of its lands, agricultural activity was quite basic, olive trees, carob trees, almond trees and cereals. The livestock consisted mainly of sheep and goats. Due to their shallow draft, the coastal coves did not serve as ports and were only used by small fishing boats to shelter from bad weather. The only cove that was used as a port was Santa Ponsa, which was used to transport almonds commercially. Added to the exploitation of the pine forests to make firewood, it formed the main source of wealth for the municipality.[180]​.

Until the arrival of tourism, homes did not have minimal hygienic services. The possessions were most of the time located in the same property as the peasant's, although their limits were well defined. The gentlemen had a rudimentary toilet that used to empty into the prickly pear trees that were next to the fields of the houses. The service could only be used by the owners when they needed it on their visiting days, but not by the farmers, except on rare occasions with the authorization of the lords when they were sick. The needs of the farmers were carried out in "es figueral de moro" (the prickly pear field) in summer, winter, day or night.[181]​.

Self-sufficiency marked domestic life with products obtained from one's own garden such as: vegetables, meat from poultry, and milk from sheep or goats. Few families used to own a cow, but all of them used to eat pork sausages from the slaughter they did each year, which consisted of one pig that was fattened for personal use and another that was sold. The usual menus consisted of dishes made with the most affordable raw materials, such as (bread with oil), sopes (scalded soups), Mallorcan fried food (fried potatoes with liver, peppers and fennel) and other dishes of the so-called "poor food" in which vegetables and cereals were the main ingredients.

Gastronomy

One of the most popular dishes is the Mallorcan fried (frit mallorquí), which consists of fried liver with potatoes and peppers; It can be blood or offal of lamb, pork or also sailor. It is also worth mentioning the Mallorcan soups, tumbet, loin with cabbage") or with esclatasang (the tastiest variety of rovellón found in the Iberian Peninsula), and stuffed eggplants. There are various ways of preparing rice, the most typical is the so-called arròs brut, which consists of soupy rice with mushrooms, snails, pork, rabbit and poultry. Pa amb oli, typical of some dinners, it also consists of the island's regional dish. Cured meats are also one of the main elements of its gastronomy; sobrasada, butifarrón, camaiot and blanquet, among others.

At meals and generally family gatherings, it is typical to make roasted porcella, with chopped potatoes and seasoned with island herbs, such as rosemary. The salad, which is usually consumed in summer or with porcella, is known as trempó and is made with tomato, onion and green pepper.

The sweet par excellence is the ensaimada, which is usually eaten for breakfast although they are also made in family sizes filled with cream "Crema (gastronomía)"), angel hair "Cabello de angel (dulce)"), chocolate or with sobrasada. At Easter, empanadas are essential, filled with chard and raisins, although the rest of the year they are also usually made with chicken with peas, tuna or sobrasada. They can be made of sweet or salty pasta, although salty pasta is more common. Also typical are crespells and empanadas known as rubioles, traditionally filled with cottage cheese, angel hair (sweet angel hair) or jam. Also very common is the so-called coca de trempó, made from a type of salad known as trempó or roasted red peppers, along with cocarolls, which are a type of triangular-shaped empanadas filled with vegetables and raisins.

Sport

In the 2000s, a pedestrian promenade was built that connects with all its centers. The so-called Calviá promenade, known as the Green Lung of the municipality, has rest areas, thematic and sports facilities on a 32-kilometer route. Its philosophy is based on prioritizing pedestrian traffic. With a basic budget of 255,000 euros[184]​, the project began to be developed in 2003. In 2008, once completed, it was also approved as suitable for cyclists in a municipal plenary session.

The town annually hosts the finish line of the last of the one-day professional cycling races or trophies that make up the Challenge Vuelta a Mallorca, which opens the cycling season in Spain in the month of February; This day is called Calvià Trophy. The event receives a significant number of tourists, which allows small hotel establishments to start the season a little earlier than usual.

In addition, throughout the year the town has five cycle tourism itineraries, highlighting that any of its routes can be done in both directions and start from any of its points. Likewise, the five circuits are linked forming a more extensive itinerary.

The marathon is held in the month of December. The XXV edition of 2009 allowed additional voluntary registration that allowed those who wished to obtain a 0 Number to collaborate with the Unicef ​​organization. It is organized by the Calviá Athletics Sports Association (ADA Calviá). Sponsorship is provided by the city council and the Mediterranean Savings Bank (CAM). It begins on Avenida de las Palmeras, next to the Magaluf municipal sports center and has a mixed route of 21,097 km in which one lap makes up the half marathon modality and two laps the full marathon. The route was officially approved by the Royal Spanish Athletics Federation (RFEA).[185]​.

In 2004 it hosted the XXXVI Chess Olympiad, the queen of the international calendar of this sport, bringing together a record participation of 150 countries and more than 1,700 chess players, including Viswanathan Anand, Alexei Shirov, Vassily Ivanchuk, Victor Korchnoi, Francisco Vallejo Pons and Magnus Carlsen. Since then and on an annual basis, the Calviá Chess Festival has been held.[186] This festival, which in 2005 received a visit from Anatoly Karpov and which celebrated its third edition in 2006, proposes a program of tournaments for participants of all categories and ages. The International Open, the star event of the Calvià Chess Festival, brought together in 2006 117 players from 35 countries, of which 26 held the title of International Grandmaster. The Calvià Chess Festival has established itself as one of the most relevant chess events among those held in Spain. The fourth edition took place from October 6 to 24, 2007.

Among the varied services offered by the municipal Sports area are nine sports facilities, five professional golf courses and five marinas.[187]​ In 2009, an athletics track was inaugurated next to the Magaluf sports center.[188]​ The use of the facilities is regulated by the municipal ordinance regulating the provision of services in municipal sports facilities.

Media

Due to the proximity of Palma, the mass media consumed are those published in the capital, such as Última Hora "Última Hora (Spain)"), Diario de Mallorca, El Mundo "El Mundo (Spain)"), Diario de Baleares and the local English edition Majorca Daily Bulletin. These media pay attention to the news that is generated in the municipality through correspondents. The main national and international newspapers are also sold, especially British ones, such as The Sun, The Star, The Daily Mirror and News of the World "News of the World (newspaper)"), which are distributed among all bookstores and hotels in the municipality.[193]​.

With the aim of encouraging commerce, the Calvià Foundation developed a guide project called Calvià Shopping, which aims to show a list of the establishments in each area, as well as the services they offer. It is distributed throughout the term completely free of charge.[194]​.

Almost all the stations that broadcast from Palma and which represent all national and regional radio stations are tuned in normally. In addition, the municipal station Radio Calviá, which was founded in the mid-1980s, broadcasts locally. It broadcasts from 107.4 of the Frequency Modulated (FM) dial.[195]​ The station is part of one of the IFOC training projects. It is also worth mentioning the Radio Cultural de Calvià association, an amateur radio station that in emergency cases acts as support for law enforcement and civil protection forces.[196]​.

The main Internet sites of the municipality are:

• - The official website of the Calviá City Council, published in Spanish, Catalan and English and which includes several sections, among which the following stand out: institutional information of the City Council, on its configuration and areas of government, citizen access to various information on useful services for the citizen, agenda of the activities that take place in the town, taxpayer calendar and press section, which reports on the most notable news that happens locally.[197]​.

• - The Calviá tourism portal. This is an official portal published by the Calviá City Council in several languages. It tries to offer tourists the most relevant information about the possibilities of leisure, rest and their surroundings.[198]​.

• - Wikimedia Commons hosts a multimedia category about Calviá.

• - Calvià on Wikimapia.

• - Calvià City Council.