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Introduction
An electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical rotation energy through the action of magnetic fields generated in its coils. They are rotating electric machines composed of a stator and a rotor "Rotor (electric machine)").
Some electric motors are reversible, as they can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy by functioning as generators or dynamos. Electric traction motors used in locomotives or hybrid cars often perform both tasks, if properly designed.
They are used in countless sectors such as industrial, commercial and private facilities. Its use is widespread in fans, vibrators for mobile phones, water pumps, electric means of transportation, household appliances, angle grinders and other power tools, disk drives, etc. Electric motors can be driven by direct current (DC) sources and by alternating current (AC) sources.
Direct current or direct current comes from batteries "Battery (electricity)"), solar panels, dynamos "Dinamo (electric generator)"), power supplies installed inside the devices that operate with these motors and with rectifiers. Alternating current can be taken for use in electric motors either directly from the electrical grid, alternators from emergency power plants and other sources of two-phase or three-phase alternating current such as power inverters "Inverter (electronics)").
Small motors can even be found in electric watches. General purpose motors with more standardized dimensions and characteristics provide adequate power for industrial use. Larger electric motors are used for train propulsion, compressors "Compressor (machine)") and pumping applications with powers reaching 100 megawatts. These motors can be classified by the type of electrical power source, internal construction, application, type of motion output, etc.
History
Probably the first electric motor was a simple electrostatic motor, built by the Scottish Benedictine Andrew Gordon in 1740.[1][2][3].
In 1820, the Danish physicist and philosopher Hans Christian Ørsted discovered the magnetic effect of electric current, a fundamental phenomenon of electromagnetism. A year later, Michael Faraday published his work on "electromagnetic rotation." He constructed a device in which an electrical conductor rotated around a fixed magnet and, in a counter-experiment, a moving magnet rotated around a fixed conductor. In 1822 Peter Barlow developed the Barlow wheel that bears his name. The British scientist William Sturgeon invented another precursor to the motor in 1832.[5] On the European continent, Ányos Jedlik") (1827) and Moritz von Jacobi worked on the development of the direct current electric motor. Jacobi developed the first practical electric motor in Potsdam as early as 1834 and equipped a twelve-person ship in Saint Petersburg in 1838 with the 220 watt motor he had developed,[6] which was the first practical application of an electric motor. American blacksmith Thomas Davenport&action=edit&redlink=1 "Thomas Davenport (inventor) (not yet drafted)") also developed a commutator motor in Vermont. On February 25, 1837 he was granted a patent for his design.