In chemistry, laboratory equipment refers to all vessels, tools, equipment and other devices used in the chemical laboratory to carry out chemical processes such as synthesis or analysis.
Classical equipment includes tools such as Bunsen burners and microscopes as well as specialized equipment such as conditioning chambers, spectrometers, and calorimeters.
There are a number of special devices for use in the chemistry laboratory. These are characterized above all by the fact that they are made of very resistant materials, as they are exposed to many different chemicals, often aggressive and sometimes to extreme temperatures. Mainly glass is used here, in particular borosilicate glass, which is characterized by a low coefficient of thermal expansion and is therefore insensitive to sharp temperature fluctuations. In addition to its insensitivity to acids, alkalis and heat, the advantages of glass are its transparency and the possibility of glass blowing. Build custom devices or repair broken devices. Other materials are porcelain, fluorinated plastics such as PTFE (Teflon) or PVDF, and more rarely wood and metals. The last two are generally only used when little contact with chemicals is expected (mounts, tripods).
In addition, a modular design is also important for laboratory equipment, so that individual elements can be assembled as desired from a construction kit. This is of particular interest in preparative chemistry, since here a suitable apparatus is set up depending on the synthesis task.
Flexibility in mounting the glass apparatus is achieved through the use of so-called standard ground joints. The cutout ensures that two glass devices can be gas-tightly connected. The connection can also be sealed with grounded grease or Teflon sleeves and secured with a grounded clamp. Larger and more unstable devices are fixed using material supports, which consist of vertical metal rods with legs, to which the laboratory equipment is attached by means of support clamps.
Characteristics
An agitator is a device intended to guarantee the homogeneity of a medium (in terms of homogenization of the components of the medium and/or temperature). There are different types of agitator according to the medium, the unit configuration and the desired effect. It generally has a motor whose shaft has propellers or vanes fixed to it that are inserted into the solution.
Other analysis equipment
Introduction
In chemistry, laboratory equipment refers to all vessels, tools, equipment and other devices used in the chemical laboratory to carry out chemical processes such as synthesis or analysis.
Classical equipment includes tools such as Bunsen burners and microscopes as well as specialized equipment such as conditioning chambers, spectrometers, and calorimeters.
There are a number of special devices for use in the chemistry laboratory. These are characterized above all by the fact that they are made of very resistant materials, as they are exposed to many different chemicals, often aggressive and sometimes to extreme temperatures. Mainly glass is used here, in particular borosilicate glass, which is characterized by a low coefficient of thermal expansion and is therefore insensitive to sharp temperature fluctuations. In addition to its insensitivity to acids, alkalis and heat, the advantages of glass are its transparency and the possibility of glass blowing. Build custom devices or repair broken devices. Other materials are porcelain, fluorinated plastics such as PTFE (Teflon) or PVDF, and more rarely wood and metals. The last two are generally only used when little contact with chemicals is expected (mounts, tripods).
In addition, a modular design is also important for laboratory equipment, so that individual elements can be assembled as desired from a construction kit. This is of particular interest in preparative chemistry, since here a suitable apparatus is set up depending on the synthesis task.
Flexibility in mounting the glass apparatus is achieved through the use of so-called standard ground joints. The cutout ensures that two glass devices can be gas-tightly connected. The connection can also be sealed with grounded grease or Teflon sleeves and secured with a grounded clamp. Larger and more unstable devices are fixed using material supports, which consist of vertical metal rods with legs, to which the laboratory equipment is attached by means of support clamps.
Characteristics
An agitator is a device intended to guarantee the homogeneity of a medium (in terms of homogenization of the components of the medium and/or temperature). There are different types of agitator according to the medium, the unit configuration and the desired effect. It generally has a motor whose shaft has propellers or vanes fixed to it that are inserted into the solution.
A laboratory autoclave is a device used to sterilize laboratory material.
Autoclaves are widely used in laboratories, as an elementary measure of material sterilization. Although it should be noted that, because the process involves high-temperature steam, certain materials cannot be sterilized in an autoclave, such as paper and many plastics (with the exception of polypropylene).
This product is for general use in laboratories and is not a medical device, therefore it does not carry the CE marking according to Directive 93/42/EEC nor does this legislation apply to it. When the autoclave is intended for the sterilization of medical products, it has special requirements.
An analytical balance is a type of laboratory balance designed to measure small masses, initially in the range of less than a gram (and digital ones go up to one ten-thousandth of a gram: [0.0001 g or 0.1 mg]) of error. The measuring pans of an analytical balance are inside a transparent box provided with doors to prevent dust from accumulating and to prevent any draft in the room from affecting the operation of the balance. (This enclosure is sometimes called a draft shield.) The use of a safety closure with balanced ventilation, with acrylic aerodynamic profiles designed exclusively for this purpose, allows a continuous air flow inside without turbulence that prevents fluctuations of the scale and allows masses to be measured below 1 μg without fluctuations or product losses. Additionally, the sample must be at room temperature to prevent natural convection from forming air currents inside the box that could cause an error in the reading.
A crucible is a container usually made of graphite with some clay content and that can withstand high temperature elements, be it molten gold or any other metal, usually over 500 °C. Some crucibles withstand temperatures exceeding 1500 °C. This is also the name given to a fire-resistant laboratory container used to melt substances. It is used in gravimetric analyses.
A Büchner funnel is a tool used in the chemical laboratory to perform vacuum filtration or assisted pressure filtration. It is traditionally produced in porcelain, which is why it is classified among the porcelain material "Porcelain material (chemistry)"). But they are also available in glass and plastic.
A separatory funnel is a glass element "Glassware (chemistry)") used in laboratories to separate two immiscible liquids. At the top it has a pluggable mouth through which its interior is loaded. At the bottom it has a shut-off cock or stopcock that allows you to regulate or cut off the flow of liquid through the tube at its lowest end.[2].
A spectrometer is an instrument used to separate and measure the spectral components of a physical phenomenon. A mass spectrometer measures the mass spectrum of the atoms or molecules present in a gas. The ability of spectroscopy to determine chemical composition drove its advancement and remains one of its main uses.
The Erlenmeyer flask is a glass flask widely used in laboratories. It is used to measure quantities of liquids, to make titrations or to react substances that require long heating. It is also used to contain liquids that must be stored for a long time or that are not directly affected by light. It was created in 1861 by the chemist Emil Erlenmeyer (1825-1909),[3] which is where the name of this flask comes from.
A mortar or molcajete is a concave container and a 'pestle', 'maneta', 'macilla' or pestle, to mash or crush food or condiments.[4] Used in the laboratory to crush different solid substances, they can be metallic such as a pestle, stone or ceramic.[5].
A pipette is a volumetric instrument "Volumetric material (chemistry)") used in laboratories that allows measuring the aliquot of a liquid with great precision. They are usually made of glass "Glass material (chemistry)") or plastic. It is made up of a transparent tube that ends in one of its conical tips, and has a graduation (a series of engraved marks) with which different volumes are indicated.
A pyrometer is an instrument that allows measuring the temperature of a substance without having to be in contact with it. The term is usually applied to those instruments capable of measuring temperatures above 600 degrees Celsius. The temperature range of a pyrometer is between -50 degrees Celsius or degrees Celsius") up to +4000 degrees Celsius. A typical application is the measurement of the temperature of incandescent metals in steel mills or foundries.
The Petri dish is a round glass container, so that a lid can be placed on top and close the container, although not airtight. It is part of the collection known as "glass material "Glass material (chemistry)"). It is used in microbiology to grow cells, observe seed germination, or examine the behavior of microorganisms.
The test tube is a volumetric instrument "Volumetric material (chemistry)") that consists of a common glass graduated cylinder that allows liquids to be contained and is used to measure volumes accurately.[6].
laboratory equipment industry
In 2013, the global laboratory technology and analysis market amounted to around US$45 billion. In the same year, the 330 German manufacturers, with their approximately 40,000 employees, generated a turnover of 6.7 billion euros, after having been 6.6 billion euros in 2011 (with a global market of around 40 billion dollars)[7]. National sales amounted to 3.1 billion euros and foreign sales to 3.6 billion euros. Consequently, the export rate was 54%.
The most important customer sectors for German manufacturers are currently industry, the public sector and the pharmaceutical and chemical sectors. About 85 percent of national sales are generated in these markets. In addition, there are many other sectors and niches in which companies are successfully establishing themselves. Examples of this are the areas of biotechnology and food. The USA, China, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Korea, Japan, the Netherlands and Switzerland are among the most important destination countries for German exports of laboratory analysis and technology.
Security
In many laboratories there are risks. Laboratory hazards may include poisons; infectious agents; flammable, explosive or radioactive materials; moving machinery; extreme temperatures; lasers, intense magnetic fields or high voltage. Therefore, safety precautions are of vital importance.[8][9] Standards exist to minimize individual risk, and safety equipment is used to protect laboratory users from injury or to help respond to an emergency.
The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), recognizing the unique characteristics of the laboratory workplace, has developed a standard for occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories. This standard is often called the "Laboratory Standard." Under this standard, a laboratory must develop a Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) that addresses the specific hazards found at its location and how to address them.
To determine the appropriate Chemical Hygiene Plan for a particular company or laboratory, it is necessary to understand the requirements of the standard, the evaluation of current safety, health and environmental practices and the evaluation of hazards. The CHP should be reviewed annually. Many schools and companies employ safety, health and environmental specialists, such as a Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO) to develop, manage and evaluate their CHP. In addition, third-party review is also used to obtain an objective "outside view" that provides new insight into areas and issues that may be taken for granted or overlooked due to habit.
Periodic inspections and audits may also be conducted to assess risks arising from the handling and storage of chemicals, electrical equipment, biological hazards, hazardous waste management, chemical waste, cleaning and emergency preparedness, radiation safety, ventilation, as well as respiratory testing and indoor air quality. Staff and management must commit to working to reduce the likelihood of accidents, injuries, and potential litigation. Efforts are made to ensure that laboratory safety videos are relevant and engaging.[10].
Sustainability
The effects of climate change are of increasing concern to organizations, and the research community is seeking climate change mitigation strategies. Although many laboratories are used to research and find innovative solutions to this global challenge, sustainable work practices in laboratories are also factors that contribute to a greener environment. Many laboratories are already trying to minimize their environmental impact by reducing energy consumption, recycling and applying waste classification processes to ensure correct disposal.
Find more "Other analysis equipment" in the following countries:
[5] ↑ Caro Bellido, Antonio (2008). Diccionario de términos cerámicos y de alfarería. Cádiz: Agrija Ediciones. p. 176. ISBN 84-96191-07-9.
[6] ↑ Real Academia Española. «Probeta». Diccionario de la lengua española (23.ª edición). 1. f. Tubo de cristal, con pie o sin él, cerrado por un extremo y destinado a contener líquidos o gases.: https://dle.rae.es/Probeta
[9] ↑ Cossairt, J. Donald; Quinn, Matthew (2019). Física de la radiación de aceleradores para la protección del personal y del medio ambiente (en inglés) (1 edición). Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2019]: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-429-49163-4. S2CID 189160205. doi:10.1201/9780429491634.: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429958496
[10] ↑ Michael L. Matson; Jeffrey P. Fitzgerald; Shirley Lin (1 de octubre de 2007). «Creación de vídeos de seguridad en el laboratorio personalizados, relevantes y atractivos». Journal of Chemical Education 84 (10): 1727. Bibcode:2007JChEd..84.1727M. doi:10.1021/ed084p1727.: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JChEd..84.1727M
A laboratory autoclave is a device used to sterilize laboratory material.
Autoclaves are widely used in laboratories, as an elementary measure of material sterilization. Although it should be noted that, because the process involves high-temperature steam, certain materials cannot be sterilized in an autoclave, such as paper and many plastics (with the exception of polypropylene).
This product is for general use in laboratories and is not a medical device, therefore it does not carry the CE marking according to Directive 93/42/EEC nor does this legislation apply to it. When the autoclave is intended for the sterilization of medical products, it has special requirements.
An analytical balance is a type of laboratory balance designed to measure small masses, initially in the range of less than a gram (and digital ones go up to one ten-thousandth of a gram: [0.0001 g or 0.1 mg]) of error. The measuring pans of an analytical balance are inside a transparent box provided with doors to prevent dust from accumulating and to prevent any draft in the room from affecting the operation of the balance. (This enclosure is sometimes called a draft shield.) The use of a safety closure with balanced ventilation, with acrylic aerodynamic profiles designed exclusively for this purpose, allows a continuous air flow inside without turbulence that prevents fluctuations of the scale and allows masses to be measured below 1 μg without fluctuations or product losses. Additionally, the sample must be at room temperature to prevent natural convection from forming air currents inside the box that could cause an error in the reading.
A crucible is a container usually made of graphite with some clay content and that can withstand high temperature elements, be it molten gold or any other metal, usually over 500 °C. Some crucibles withstand temperatures exceeding 1500 °C. This is also the name given to a fire-resistant laboratory container used to melt substances. It is used in gravimetric analyses.
A Büchner funnel is a tool used in the chemical laboratory to perform vacuum filtration or assisted pressure filtration. It is traditionally produced in porcelain, which is why it is classified among the porcelain material "Porcelain material (chemistry)"). But they are also available in glass and plastic.
A separatory funnel is a glass element "Glassware (chemistry)") used in laboratories to separate two immiscible liquids. At the top it has a pluggable mouth through which its interior is loaded. At the bottom it has a shut-off cock or stopcock that allows you to regulate or cut off the flow of liquid through the tube at its lowest end.[2].
A spectrometer is an instrument used to separate and measure the spectral components of a physical phenomenon. A mass spectrometer measures the mass spectrum of the atoms or molecules present in a gas. The ability of spectroscopy to determine chemical composition drove its advancement and remains one of its main uses.
The Erlenmeyer flask is a glass flask widely used in laboratories. It is used to measure quantities of liquids, to make titrations or to react substances that require long heating. It is also used to contain liquids that must be stored for a long time or that are not directly affected by light. It was created in 1861 by the chemist Emil Erlenmeyer (1825-1909),[3] which is where the name of this flask comes from.
A mortar or molcajete is a concave container and a 'pestle', 'maneta', 'macilla' or pestle, to mash or crush food or condiments.[4] Used in the laboratory to crush different solid substances, they can be metallic such as a pestle, stone or ceramic.[5].
A pipette is a volumetric instrument "Volumetric material (chemistry)") used in laboratories that allows measuring the aliquot of a liquid with great precision. They are usually made of glass "Glass material (chemistry)") or plastic. It is made up of a transparent tube that ends in one of its conical tips, and has a graduation (a series of engraved marks) with which different volumes are indicated.
A pyrometer is an instrument that allows measuring the temperature of a substance without having to be in contact with it. The term is usually applied to those instruments capable of measuring temperatures above 600 degrees Celsius. The temperature range of a pyrometer is between -50 degrees Celsius or degrees Celsius") up to +4000 degrees Celsius. A typical application is the measurement of the temperature of incandescent metals in steel mills or foundries.
The Petri dish is a round glass container, so that a lid can be placed on top and close the container, although not airtight. It is part of the collection known as "glass material "Glass material (chemistry)"). It is used in microbiology to grow cells, observe seed germination, or examine the behavior of microorganisms.
The test tube is a volumetric instrument "Volumetric material (chemistry)") that consists of a common glass graduated cylinder that allows liquids to be contained and is used to measure volumes accurately.[6].
laboratory equipment industry
In 2013, the global laboratory technology and analysis market amounted to around US$45 billion. In the same year, the 330 German manufacturers, with their approximately 40,000 employees, generated a turnover of 6.7 billion euros, after having been 6.6 billion euros in 2011 (with a global market of around 40 billion dollars)[7]. National sales amounted to 3.1 billion euros and foreign sales to 3.6 billion euros. Consequently, the export rate was 54%.
The most important customer sectors for German manufacturers are currently industry, the public sector and the pharmaceutical and chemical sectors. About 85 percent of national sales are generated in these markets. In addition, there are many other sectors and niches in which companies are successfully establishing themselves. Examples of this are the areas of biotechnology and food. The USA, China, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Korea, Japan, the Netherlands and Switzerland are among the most important destination countries for German exports of laboratory analysis and technology.
Security
In many laboratories there are risks. Laboratory hazards may include poisons; infectious agents; flammable, explosive or radioactive materials; moving machinery; extreme temperatures; lasers, intense magnetic fields or high voltage. Therefore, safety precautions are of vital importance.[8][9] Standards exist to minimize individual risk, and safety equipment is used to protect laboratory users from injury or to help respond to an emergency.
The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), recognizing the unique characteristics of the laboratory workplace, has developed a standard for occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories. This standard is often called the "Laboratory Standard." Under this standard, a laboratory must develop a Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) that addresses the specific hazards found at its location and how to address them.
To determine the appropriate Chemical Hygiene Plan for a particular company or laboratory, it is necessary to understand the requirements of the standard, the evaluation of current safety, health and environmental practices and the evaluation of hazards. The CHP should be reviewed annually. Many schools and companies employ safety, health and environmental specialists, such as a Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO) to develop, manage and evaluate their CHP. In addition, third-party review is also used to obtain an objective "outside view" that provides new insight into areas and issues that may be taken for granted or overlooked due to habit.
Periodic inspections and audits may also be conducted to assess risks arising from the handling and storage of chemicals, electrical equipment, biological hazards, hazardous waste management, chemical waste, cleaning and emergency preparedness, radiation safety, ventilation, as well as respiratory testing and indoor air quality. Staff and management must commit to working to reduce the likelihood of accidents, injuries, and potential litigation. Efforts are made to ensure that laboratory safety videos are relevant and engaging.[10].
Sustainability
The effects of climate change are of increasing concern to organizations, and the research community is seeking climate change mitigation strategies. Although many laboratories are used to research and find innovative solutions to this global challenge, sustainable work practices in laboratories are also factors that contribute to a greener environment. Many laboratories are already trying to minimize their environmental impact by reducing energy consumption, recycling and applying waste classification processes to ensure correct disposal.
Find more "Other analysis equipment" in the following countries:
[5] ↑ Caro Bellido, Antonio (2008). Diccionario de términos cerámicos y de alfarería. Cádiz: Agrija Ediciones. p. 176. ISBN 84-96191-07-9.
[6] ↑ Real Academia Española. «Probeta». Diccionario de la lengua española (23.ª edición). 1. f. Tubo de cristal, con pie o sin él, cerrado por un extremo y destinado a contener líquidos o gases.: https://dle.rae.es/Probeta
[9] ↑ Cossairt, J. Donald; Quinn, Matthew (2019). Física de la radiación de aceleradores para la protección del personal y del medio ambiente (en inglés) (1 edición). Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2019]: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-429-49163-4. S2CID 189160205. doi:10.1201/9780429491634.: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429958496
[10] ↑ Michael L. Matson; Jeffrey P. Fitzgerald; Shirley Lin (1 de octubre de 2007). «Creación de vídeos de seguridad en el laboratorio personalizados, relevantes y atractivos». Journal of Chemical Education 84 (10): 1727. Bibcode:2007JChEd..84.1727M. doi:10.1021/ed084p1727.: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JChEd..84.1727M