El teodolito tiene tres ejes principales y dos ejes secundarios.

main axes

The Vertical Axis of Instrumental Rotation is the axis that follows the trajectory of the Zenith-Nadir, also known as the plumb line, and that marks the vertical of the place.

The optical axis is the axis where the points are focused. The principal axis is the axis where horizontal angles are measured. The axis that follows the path of the line of sight must be perpendicular to the secondary axis and this must be perpendicular to the vertical axis. The discs are fixed and the alidade is the moving part. The eclimeter") is also the vertical disk.

The Horizontal Axis of Rotation of the Telescope or trunnion axis is the secondary axis of the theodolite, in which the "Viewfinder (photography)" viewer moves. The trunnion axis must be measured when using direct methods, such as a measuring tape, and thus the geometric distance is obtained. If the height of the pole is measured, the elevated geometric distance will be obtained and if it is measured directly to the ground, the semi-elevated geometric distance will be obtained; Both are measured from the trunnion axis of the theodolite.

The collimation plane") is a vertical plane that passes through the collimation axis, which is in the center of the "Viewfinder (photography)" viewfinder of the device; it is generated by rotating the objective.

Este instrumento, previamente instalado sobre el trípode en un punto del terreno que se denomina estación&action=edit&redlink=1 "Estación (topografía) (aún no redactado)"), realiza los movimientos sobre los ejes principales.

alidad movement

This movement is carried out on the vertical axis (S-S), also present in instruments of all theodolite generations. Allows the operator to rotate the telescope horizontally, in a range of 360.

Glasses movement

This movement is carried out on the horizontal axis (K-K) and allows the operator to rotate from the support point to the zenith, although these cases are very rare since they mostly cover an average range of 90° and another.

To carry out a good topographic survey, the following conditions must be considered:

Historical background

Before the theodolite, instruments such as the groma"), the geometric square") and the dioptra, and various other graduated circles (see circumferentor")) and semicircles (see graphometer) were used to obtain measurements of vertical or horizontal angles. Over time, their functions were combined into a single instrument that could measure both angles simultaneously.

The first appearance of the word "theodolite" is found in the surveying textbook A geometric practice named Pantometria (1571) by Leonard Digges&action=edit&redlink=1 "Leonard Digges (scientist) (not yet written)").[4]​ The origin of the word is unknown. The first part of Neo-Latin theo-delitus could come from the Greek, "to contemplate or contemplate attentively."[5]​ The second part is often attributed to an unscholarly variation of the Greek word: , meaning "evident" or "clear."[6]​[7]​ Other Neo-Latin or Greek derivations have been suggested, as well as an English origin of "alidada."[8]​.

The early precursors of the theodolite were sometimes azimuthal instruments for measuring horizontal angles, while others had an altazimuth mount for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. Gregorius Reisch") illustrated an altazimuthal instrument in the appendix to his 1512 book Margarita Philosophica.[4] Martin Waldseemüller, a surveyor and cartographer made the device in that year[9] calling it the polimetrum.[10] In Digges' book of 1571, the term "theodolite" was applied to an instrument for measuring angles. horizontals only, but he also described an instrument that measured both altitude and azimuth, which he called a topographic instrument.[11] Possibly the first instrument that came close to a true theodolite was the one built by Josua Habemel") in 1576, complete with compass and tripod.[9] The Cyclopaedia of 1728 compares "graphometer" with "medium." theodolite.

The first instrument to combine the essential features of the modern theodolite was built in 1725 by Jonathan Sisson.

There is a long history of using theodolites to measure winds aloft, using specially made theodolites to track the horizontal and vertical angles of special weather balloons called pilot balloons. The first attempts at this were made in the early years of the century, but the instruments and procedures were not fully developed until a hundred years later. This method was widely used in World War II and afterwards, and was gradually replaced by radio and GPS measurement systems from the 1980s onwards.

The pilot theodolite uses a prism to bend the optical path by 90 degrees so that the operator's eye position does not change when the elevation changes a full 180 degrees. The theodolite is usually mounted on a sturdy steel stand, configured to be level and pointing north, with the altitude and azimuth scales being zero degrees. A balloon is launched in front of the theodolite and its position is accurately tracked, usually once a minute. The balloons are carefully constructed and filled, so their rate of ascent can be known quite accurately in advance. Mathematical calculations on time, climb rate, azimuth, and angular altitude can produce good estimates of wind speed and direction at various altitudes.[14]​.

El teodolito tiene tres ejes principales y dos ejes secundarios.

main axes

The Vertical Axis of Instrumental Rotation is the axis that follows the trajectory of the Zenith-Nadir, also known as the plumb line, and that marks the vertical of the place.

The optical axis is the axis where the points are focused. The principal axis is the axis where horizontal angles are measured. The axis that follows the path of the line of sight must be perpendicular to the secondary axis and this must be perpendicular to the vertical axis. The discs are fixed and the alidade is the moving part. The eclimeter") is also the vertical disk.

The Horizontal Axis of Rotation of the Telescope or trunnion axis is the secondary axis of the theodolite, in which the "Viewfinder (photography)" viewer moves. The trunnion axis must be measured when using direct methods, such as a measuring tape, and thus the geometric distance is obtained. If the height of the pole is measured, the elevated geometric distance will be obtained and if it is measured directly to the ground, the semi-elevated geometric distance will be obtained; Both are measured from the trunnion axis of the theodolite.

The collimation plane") is a vertical plane that passes through the collimation axis, which is in the center of the "Viewfinder (photography)" viewfinder of the device; it is generated by rotating the objective.

Este instrumento, previamente instalado sobre el trípode en un punto del terreno que se denomina estación&action=edit&redlink=1 "Estación (topografía) (aún no redactado)"), realiza los movimientos sobre los ejes principales.

alidad movement

This movement is carried out on the vertical axis (S-S), also present in instruments of all theodolite generations. Allows the operator to rotate the telescope horizontally, in a range of 360.

Glasses movement

This movement is carried out on the horizontal axis (K-K) and allows the operator to rotate from the support point to the zenith, although these cases are very rare since they mostly cover an average range of 90° and another.

To carry out a good topographic survey, the following conditions must be considered:

Historical background

Before the theodolite, instruments such as the groma"), the geometric square") and the dioptra, and various other graduated circles (see circumferentor")) and semicircles (see graphometer) were used to obtain measurements of vertical or horizontal angles. Over time, their functions were combined into a single instrument that could measure both angles simultaneously.

The first appearance of the word "theodolite" is found in the surveying textbook A geometric practice named Pantometria (1571) by Leonard Digges&action=edit&redlink=1 "Leonard Digges (scientist) (not yet written)").[4]​ The origin of the word is unknown. The first part of Neo-Latin theo-delitus could come from the Greek, "to contemplate or contemplate attentively."[5]​ The second part is often attributed to an unscholarly variation of the Greek word: , meaning "evident" or "clear."[6]​[7]​ Other Neo-Latin or Greek derivations have been suggested, as well as an English origin of "alidada."[8]​.

The early precursors of the theodolite were sometimes azimuthal instruments for measuring horizontal angles, while others had an altazimuth mount for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. Gregorius Reisch") illustrated an altazimuthal instrument in the appendix to his 1512 book Margarita Philosophica.[4] Martin Waldseemüller, a surveyor and cartographer made the device in that year[9] calling it the polimetrum.[10] In Digges' book of 1571, the term "theodolite" was applied to an instrument for measuring angles. horizontals only, but he also described an instrument that measured both altitude and azimuth, which he called a topographic instrument.[11] Possibly the first instrument that came close to a true theodolite was the one built by Josua Habemel") in 1576, complete with compass and tripod.[9] The Cyclopaedia of 1728 compares "graphometer" with "medium." theodolite.

The first instrument to combine the essential features of the modern theodolite was built in 1725 by Jonathan Sisson.

There is a long history of using theodolites to measure winds aloft, using specially made theodolites to track the horizontal and vertical angles of special weather balloons called pilot balloons. The first attempts at this were made in the early years of the century, but the instruments and procedures were not fully developed until a hundred years later. This method was widely used in World War II and afterwards, and was gradually replaced by radio and GPS measurement systems from the 1980s onwards.

The pilot theodolite uses a prism to bend the optical path by 90 degrees so that the operator's eye position does not change when the elevation changes a full 180 degrees. The theodolite is usually mounted on a sturdy steel stand, configured to be level and pointing north, with the altitude and azimuth scales being zero degrees. A balloon is launched in front of the theodolite and its position is accurately tracked, usually once a minute. The balloons are carefully constructed and filled, so their rate of ascent can be known quite accurately in advance. Mathematical calculations on time, climb rate, azimuth, and angular altitude can produce good estimates of wind speed and direction at various altitudes.[14]​.