Open source

Introduction

Open Source is a term that denotes that a product includes permission to use its source code, design documents, or content. It usually refers to the open source model, in which open source software or other products are released under an open source license as part of the open source software movement. Use of the term originated with software, but has expanded beyond the software sector to cover other open content and forms of open collaboration.

Origins

Contenido

La simple frase en inglés "código abierto" ha ocurrido esporádicamente en libros que datan de cientos de años. Por ejemplo, en 1685, Thomas Willis escribió en The London Practice of Physick, o The Whole Practical part of Physick, que el fluido de una herida "fluyó en una corriente abundante a partir de una Fuente abierta, hasta que se extrajo de la totalidad."[1] Aun así, el significado moderno del código abierto "de plazo" era primero un grupo de personas en el movimiento de software libre quién era crítico en el orden del día político y la filosofía moral implicada en el plazo "software libre" y buscado a volver a encuadrar el discurso para reflejar una posición más importante comercialmente.[2] Además, se consideró que la ambigüedad del término "software libre" desalentaba la adopción empresarial.[3][4]

El grupo incluyó a Christine Peterson, Todd Anderson, Larry Augustin, Jon Hall, Sam Ockman, Michael Tiemann y Eric S. Raymond. Peterson sugirió "código abierto" en una reunión[5] celebrada en Palo Alto, California, como reacción al anuncio de Netscape en enero de 1998 de un lanzamiento de código fuente para Navigator. Linus Torvalds brindó su apoyo al día siguiente, y Phil Hughes respaldó el término en Linux Journal. Richard Stallman, el fundador del movimiento de software libre, inicialmente pareció adoptar el término, pero luego cambió de opinión.[5][6] Netscape lanzó su código fuente bajo la Licencia Pública de Netscape y luego bajo la Licencia Pública de Mozilla.[7].

Raymond fue especialmente activo en el esfuerzo por popularizar el nuevo término. Hizo el primer llamado público a la comunidad de software libre para adoptarlo en febrero de 1998.[8] Poco después, fundó The Open Source Initiative en colaboración con Bruce Perens.[5].

El término ganó mayor visibilidad a través de un evento organizado en abril de 1998 por el editor de tecnología Tim O'Reilly. Originalmente titulado "Freeware Summit" y más tarde conocido como "Open Source Summit"[9] Al evento asistieron los líderes de muchos de los proyectos de código abierto más importantes, como Linus Torvalds, Larry Wall, Brian Behlendorf, Eric Allman, Guido van Rossum, Michael Tiemann, Paul Vixie, Jamie Zawinski y Eric Raymond. En esa reunión, se discutieron alternativas al término "software libre". Tiemann abogó por "sourceware" como un nuevo término, mientras que Raymond abogó por "open source". Los desarrolladores reunidos votaron y el ganador fue anunciado en una conferencia de prensa esa misma noche.[9].

Open source

Introduction

Origins

Contenido

Agriculture, economy, manufacturing and production

• - Open-source appropriate technology (OSAT), is designed for environmental, ethical, cultural, social, political, economic, and community aspects.

• - Open design movement, development of physical products, machines and systems via publicly shared design information, including free and open source software and open source hardware, among many others:

Open Architecture Network, improving global living conditions through innovative sustainable design

OpenCores, a digital open source hardware development community

Open Design Alliance, develops Teigha, a software development platform for creating engineering applications including CAD software

Open Hardware and Design Alliance (OHANDA), sharing open designs and hardware via free online services

Open Source Ecology (OSE), a network of farmers, engineers, architects and followers striving to manufacture Global Village Construction Sites (GVCS)

OpenStructures (OSP), a modular construction model where everyone designs on the basis of a shared OS geometric fence.

• - Open Manufacturing or "Open Production" or "Design Global, Local Manufacturing", a new socio-economic production model to openly and collaboratively produce and distribute physical objects.

• - Open source architecture (OSArc), emerging procedures in imagination and formation of virtual and real spaces within an inclusive universal infrastructure.

• - Open-source cola, cola soft drinks made for open-sourced recipes.

• - Open source hardware, or open hardware, computer hardware, such as microprocessors, that is designed in the same way as open source software

List of open source hardware projects.

• - Open source product development (OSPD), collaborative product and process transparency of open source hardware for any interested participants.

• - Open source robotics, the physical artifacts of the subject are offered by the open design movement.

• - Open Source Seed Initiative, open source varieties of crop seeds, when an alternative to patented-protected seeds sold by large agriculture companies.

Science and medicine

{The next two paragraphs may require "softening" some of the terms of these realities to satisfy Wikipedia's censors.}.

Open science is the antithesis of blind faith in scientism, and has a healthy skepticism inherent in a practical defense against establishment, "science", proprietary (closed) medicine and technology.

Open science uses the scientific method as an open discovery process of shared verifiable knowledge, while corporations and organizations privately develop proprietary science, however their "scientific" processes and research are not shared publicly (or hidden behind payments or published in expensive private journals). magazines), therefore, not verifiable as legitimate, forcing the public to have "faith" in its privatized science and "trust" that rigorous studies have been and are being carried out, adequate precautions have been taken, adequate warnings have been given, and that the results are beneficial to individuals, society and the environment, as well as serving its private shareholders. Furthermore, we are supposed to "believe" all the for-profit marketing, media hype and propaganda, not to mention political lobbyists (a soft term for legalized bribery), and trust that we are getting the best technology, medicines and healthcare. , and environmental stewardship, while corporate monopolies make their profits safely and honestly in a world where corporate corruption and status quo war deception are business as usual. This hidden or blind faith in corporate science is called scientism.

Scientism is an ideology that promotes science as the supposedly objective means by which society should determine normative and epistemological values. The term scientism is generally used critically, pointing to the cosmetic application of science in unjustified situations that are not amenable to the application of the scientific method or similar scientific standards. {Copied from Scientism article.}.

• - Open Science, the movement to make scientific research, data and dissemination accessible to all levels of an inquisitive society, amateur or professional↵

Open scientific data, a type of open data focused on the publication of observations and results of scientific activities available for anyone to analyze and reuse

Open Science Framework and the Open Science Center

Open Source Lab (disambiguation), various laboratories.

*Open-Source Lab (book), a 2014 book by Joshua M. Pearce

: See also: The antithesis of open science is Scientism, a blind faith in profit-driven proprietary (closed) science and marketing (i.e. proprietary software, proprietary protocols, fields of private biomedical engineering, biological patents, chemical (drug) patents, minimum sufficiency of disclosure, etc.)..

• - Open notebook science, the practice of making the entire primary record of a research project publicly available online when recorded.

• - Open Source Physics (OSP), a National Science Foundation and Davidson University project to expand the use of open source code libraries that will continue to support much of the heavy lifting for physics.

• - Open Source Geospatial Foundation.

• - NASA Open Source Agreement (NOSA), an OSI-approved software license.

• - List of open source software for mathematics.

• - List of open-source bioinformatics software.

• - List of open source health software.

• - List of open source health hardware.

References

[1] ↑ Thomas Willis, La Práctica de Londres de Physick, O La Parte Práctica Entera de Physick (1685), p. 173.

[2] ↑ O'Mahony, Siobhan Clare (2002). The emergence of a new commercial actor: Community managed software projects. Stanford, CA: Stanford University. pp. 34-42.

[3] ↑ Eric S. Raymond. «Goodbye, "free software"; hello, "open source"». «The problem with it is twofold. First, ... the term "free" is very ambiguous ... Second, the term makes a lot of corporate types nervous.».: http://www.catb.org/~esr/open-source.html

[4] ↑ Shea, Tom (23 de junio de 1983). «Free software - Free software is a junkyard of software spare parts». InfoWorld. Consultado el 10 de febrero de 2016. «"In contrast to commercial software is a large and growing body of free software that exists in the public domain. Public-domain software is written by microcomputer hobbyists (also known as "hackers") many of whom are professional programmers in their work life. [...] Since everybody has access to source code, many routines have not only been used but dramatically improved by other programmers."».: https://books.google.com/?id=yy8EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA31&dq=us%20government%20public%20domain%20software&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q=us%20government%20public%20domain%20software&f=false

[5] ↑ a b c Tiemann, Michael (19 de septiembre de 2006). «History of the OSI». Open Source Initiative. Archivado desde el original el 1 de octubre de 2002. Consultado el 23 de agosto de 2008.: https://web.archive.org/web/20021001164015/http://www.opensource.org/docs/history.php

[6] ↑ «Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software». fsf.org. 18 de mayo de 2012. Consultado el 14 de noviembre de 2012.: https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html

[7] ↑ Muffatto, Moreno (2006). Open Source: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-86094-665-3.

[8] ↑ «Goodbye, "free software"; hello, "open source"». Catb.org. Consultado el 25 de octubre de 2012.: http://www.catb.org/~esr/open-source.html

[9] ↑ a b van Rossum, Guido (10 de abril de 1998). «Open Source Summit». Linux Gazette. Archivado desde el original el 29 de diciembre de 2013. Consultado el 7 de febrero de 2015.: https://web.archive.org/web/20131229053622/http://linuxgazette.net/issue28/rossum.html

[10] ↑ a b c d Levine, Sheen S., & Prietula, M. J. (2013).

[11] ↑ Raymond, Eric S. (2001). The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary. OReilly. ISBN 978-0-596-00108-7.: https://books.google.com/books?id=jo4hAQAAIAAJ

[12] ↑ Pearce, Joshua M (2012). «The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology». Environment, Development and Sustainability 14 (3): 425-431. doi:10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9.: https://www.academia.edu/1517361

[13] ↑ "Ciencia 2.0 es aquí tan CSIR recurre a búsqueda de fármaco de fuente abierta para TB" Estándar Empresarial, 1 Marcha 2009.: http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/

[14] ↑ "Descubrimiento de Fármaco del código abierto para Consorcio de Malaria.

[15] ↑ a b Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2008).

[16] ↑ a b Lakhani, Karim R., & von Hippel, Eric (2003).

[17] ↑ a b Faraj, S., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2011).

[18] ↑ «Open collaboration leading to novel organizations - KurzweilAI».: http://www.kurzweilai.net/open-collaboration-leading-to-novel-organizations

[19] ↑ Levine, Sheen S.; Michael J. Prietula (30 de diciembre de 2013). «Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance». Organization Science: 131230050407004. ISSN 1047-7039. doi:10.1287/orsc.2013.0872. Consultado el 31 de agosto de 2014.: http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/orsc.2013.0872

[20] ↑ Riehle, D.; Ellenberger, J.; Menahem, T.; Mikhailovski, B.; Natchetoi, Y.; Naveh, B.; Odenwald, T. (March 2009). «Open Collaboration within Corporations Using Software Forges». IEEE Software 26 (2): 52-58. ISSN 0740-7459. doi:10.1109/MS.2009.44. Archivado desde el original el 8 de octubre de 2016. Consultado el 3 de enero de 2019.: https://web.archive.org/web/20161008003536/http://dirkriehle.com/uploads/2009/02/open-collaboration-within-corporations-using-software-forges.pdf

[21] ↑ «About». The International Symposium on Open Collaboration.: http://www.opensym.org/about-us/

[22] ↑ Dirk Riehle. «Definition of Open Collaboration». The Joint International Symposium on Open Collaboration. Archivado desde el original el 12 de marzo de 2013. Consultado el 26 de marzo de 2013. «Open collaboration is collaboration that is egalitarian （everyone can join, no principled or artificial barriers to participation exist）, meritocratic （decisions and status are merit-based rather than imposed） and self-organizing （processes adapt to people rather than people adapt to pre-defined processes）.».: https://web.archive.org/web/20130312135554/http://www.wikisym.org/2012/09/28/definition-of-open-collaboration/

[23] ↑ Lakhani, K.R.; von Hippel, E. (June 2003). «How Open Source Software Works: Free User to User Assistance». Research Policy 32 (6): 923-943. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00095-1.: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733302000951

[24] ↑ Gerber, A.; Molefo, O.; Van der Merwe, A. (2010). «Documenting open-source migration processes for re-use». En Kotze, P., ed. Proceedings of the SAICSIT 2010 Conference — Fountains of Computing Research. ACM Press. pp. 75-85. ISBN 978-1-60558-950-3. doi:10.1145/1899503.1899512.: https://dx.doi.org/10.1145%2F1899503.1899512

[25] ↑ Weber, 2004[página requerida].

[26] ↑ «Brief Definition of Open Source Licenses». Open Source Initiative. Consultado el 25 de abril de 2013.: http://opensource.org/licenses

[27] ↑ Popp, Dr. Karl Michael (2015). Best Practices for commercial use of open source software. Norderstedt, Germany: Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3738619096.

Agriculture, economy, manufacturing and production

• - Open-source appropriate technology (OSAT), is designed for environmental, ethical, cultural, social, political, economic, and community aspects.

Open Architecture Network, improving global living conditions through innovative sustainable design

OpenCores, a digital open source hardware development community

Open Design Alliance, develops Teigha, a software development platform for creating engineering applications including CAD software

Open Hardware and Design Alliance (OHANDA), sharing open designs and hardware via free online services

Open Source Ecology (OSE), a network of farmers, engineers, architects and followers striving to manufacture Global Village Construction Sites (GVCS)

OpenStructures (OSP), a modular construction model where everyone designs on the basis of a shared OS geometric fence.

• - Open Manufacturing or "Open Production" or "Design Global, Local Manufacturing", a new socio-economic production model to openly and collaboratively produce and distribute physical objects.

• - Open source architecture (OSArc), emerging procedures in imagination and formation of virtual and real spaces within an inclusive universal infrastructure.

• - Open-source cola, cola soft drinks made for open-sourced recipes.

• - Open source hardware, or open hardware, computer hardware, such as microprocessors, that is designed in the same way as open source software

List of open source hardware projects.

• - Open source product development (OSPD), collaborative product and process transparency of open source hardware for any interested participants.

• - Open source robotics, the physical artifacts of the subject are offered by the open design movement.

• - Open Source Seed Initiative, open source varieties of crop seeds, when an alternative to patented-protected seeds sold by large agriculture companies.

Science and medicine

{The next two paragraphs may require "softening" some of the terms of these realities to satisfy Wikipedia's censors.}.

• - Open Science, the movement to make scientific research, data and dissemination accessible to all levels of an inquisitive society, amateur or professional↵

Open scientific data, a type of open data focused on the publication of observations and results of scientific activities available for anyone to analyze and reuse

Open Science Framework and the Open Science Center

Open Source Lab (disambiguation), various laboratories.

*Open-Source Lab (book), a 2014 book by Joshua M. Pearce

• - Open notebook science, the practice of making the entire primary record of a research project publicly available online when recorded.

• - Open Source Geospatial Foundation.

• - NASA Open Source Agreement (NOSA), an OSI-approved software license.

• - List of open source software for mathematics.

• - List of open-source bioinformatics software.

• - List of open source health software.

• - List of open source health hardware.

References

[1] ↑ Thomas Willis, La Práctica de Londres de Physick, O La Parte Práctica Entera de Physick (1685), p. 173.

[2] ↑ O'Mahony, Siobhan Clare (2002). The emergence of a new commercial actor: Community managed software projects. Stanford, CA: Stanford University. pp. 34-42.

[7] ↑ Muffatto, Moreno (2006). Open Source: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-86094-665-3.

[8] ↑ «Goodbye, "free software"; hello, "open source"». Catb.org. Consultado el 25 de octubre de 2012.: http://www.catb.org/~esr/open-source.html

[10] ↑ a b c d Levine, Sheen S., & Prietula, M. J. (2013).

[14] ↑ "Descubrimiento de Fármaco del código abierto para Consorcio de Malaria.

[15] ↑ a b Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2008).

[16] ↑ a b Lakhani, Karim R., & von Hippel, Eric (2003).

[17] ↑ a b Faraj, S., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2011).

[18] ↑ «Open collaboration leading to novel organizations - KurzweilAI».: http://www.kurzweilai.net/open-collaboration-leading-to-novel-organizations

[21] ↑ «About». The International Symposium on Open Collaboration.: http://www.opensym.org/about-us/

[25] ↑ Weber, 2004[página requerida].

[26] ↑ «Brief Definition of Open Source Licenses». Open Source Initiative. Consultado el 25 de abril de 2013.: http://opensource.org/licenses

[27] ↑ Popp, Dr. Karl Michael (2015). Best Practices for commercial use of open source software. Norderstedt, Germany: Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3738619096.

Navegación

Open source

Introduction

Origins

Contenido

Open source

Introduction

Origins

Contenido

The open source and open collaboration model

Open source license

Open source software code

"Open"

"Open" versus "free" versus "free and open"

Software

Agriculture, economy, manufacturing and production

Science and medicine

Media

Organizations

Procedures

Society

References

The open source and open collaboration model

Open source license

Open source software code

"Open"

"Open" versus "free" versus "free and open"

Software

Agriculture, economy, manufacturing and production

Science and medicine

Media

Organizations

Procedures

Society

References