Open innovation architecture
Introduction
Open design or Free design is the development of physical products, machines and systems using publicly shared design information. Open design involves the realization of free and open source software (FOSS) as well as open source hardware. The process is generally facilitated over the Internet, often carried out without monetary compensation. The goals and philosophy are identical to those of the open source movement, but applied in the development of physical products instead of software.[5].
History
The exchange of manufacturing information dates back centuries and .[6][7] Aggressive patents put an end to that period of extensive knowledge sharing.[8] More recently, the principles of open design have been related to the free software and open source movements.[9] In 1997 Eric S. Raymond, Tim O' Reilly") and Larry Augustin") established the term "open source" as an alternative to "free software" and in 1997 Bruce Perens published the definition of open source. In late 1998, Dr. Sepehr Kiani (PhD in mechanical engineering at MIT) realized that designers could benefit from open source policies, and in early 1999 he convinced Dr. Ryan Vallance and Dr. Samir Nayfeh of the potential benefits of open design in machine design applications.[10] Together they established the Open Design Foundation (ODF) as a nonprofit corporation willing to develop a definition of design. open.[10].
The idea of open design was taken up, simultaneously or later, by other groups and individuals. The principles of open design are very similar to those of open source hardware design, which emerged in March 1998 when Reinoud Lamberts of the Technical University of Delft proposed on his Internet site "Open Design Circuits" the creation of a hardware design community in the spirit of free software.[11].
Ronen Kadushin coined the title "open design" in his 2004 master's thesis, and the term was later formalized in the 2010 open design manifesto.
[12].
Current directions of the open design movement
Currently, the open design movement unites two trends. On the one hand, people apply their skills and time on projects for the common good, perhaps where funding or commercial interest is lacking, for developing countries, or to help spread green or cheaper technologies. On the other hand, open design can provide a framework for the development of advanced projects and technologies that could be beyond the resources of a single company or country and involve people who would otherwise not be able to collaborate without the copyleft mechanism. There is also a third trend, where these two methods come together to use open source high technology (e.g. 3D printing) but adaptable local solutions for sustainable development.[13].