The current Metro system
The New York Subway is designed to transport a large number of people each working day. It operates 24 hours a day, every day of the year; only three Metros in the entire world do it. In 2023, 2,027,286,000 trips were made on the Metro, with an average on weekdays of 6,593,700 trips, considering each boarding of a vehicle by a passenger as one trip.[4] This figure represents an increase of 13.06% compared to the number of trips in 2022, the year in which a total of 1,793,073,000 trips were made. [5] The New York subway exceeded the ridership levels it had before the COVID-19 pandemic. [6] [7] A typical subway station has waiting platforms measuring between 400 and 700 feet (122 to 213 m), enough to accommodate a large number of people. Users enter a station via stairs in the direction of ticket offices and vending machines to purchase the ticket, currently with a MetroCard. After passing through the turnstile, users go down to the waiting platforms. Some lines in the outer boroughs and Upper Manhattan have elevated tracks with stations that passengers have to board. With a few exceptions, subway tunnels between stations have a rectangular shape.
Most lines and stations have local and express services. The latter have three or four tracks - the two outer ones are for local trains and the central one(s) for express trains. The stations where express trains stop are usually important destination or transfer points. One line (Jamaica's "J/Z (New York Subway Service)", routes J and Z) use "skip-stop" service on some sections, in which two services operate on the line at peak times and less important stations are served by one of the two routes on the line. From 1989 until May 31, 2005, routes 1 and 9 offered alternate stop service on the sections between 238th and 145th streets, this service being eliminated by MTA New York City Transit and replaced by route 1 "1 (New York subway service)") which now makes all stops on the Broadway and Seventh Avenue line.
A typical subway convoy is made up of 8 to 11 cars (shuttles have at least 2 cars); when composed, they can measure from 150 to 600 feet (46 to 183 meters) long. As a general rule, the trains on the IRT legacy lines are shorter and narrower than the trains that operate on the other lines (IND and BMT); The result is that there are two different divisions that cannot share trains ("A" division for the former IRT trains and "B" division for the BMT and IND trains).
Subway stations are located throughout Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens and the Bronx. All services pass through Manhattan except one route, the G Brooklyn-Queens Crosstown local line "G (New York Subway Service)"), which directly links these two boroughs, and the Rockaway Park and Franklin Avenue ferries, which operate respectively in Queens and Brooklyn.
Staten Island is served by the railroad operated by the MTA Staten Island Railway, which links the northern and southern tips of this island and is actually an operating division of the MTA New York City Transit Subway section, although it is not considered part of the subway, as it is linked to the central system of the American railways.
On the other hand, there is a Metro with full systemic autonomy that unites the two banks of the Hudson River, between New York (Manhattan, terminals at 33rd Street/Herald Square and World Trade Center "World Trade Center (1973-2001)") and New Jersey (terminals in Newark, Hoboken, Journal Square and Exchange Place), but which is not operated by the MTA but by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, called Port Authority Trans-Hudson (known by its acronym PATH); Like its sister system, it has the characteristics of a Metro (total separation from any other traffic and subway system in most of the route) and operates 24 hours a day, all year round. [2] Archived July 2, 2018, at the Wayback Machine.
In 1994 the subway system introduced a special fare payment system called MetroCard that allows travelers to use cards that store money paid at the ticket counter or at a vending machine. The MetroCard was improved in 1997 to allow users to transfer between subways and buses within two hours. Other MetroCards with transfers only between meters were also put into circulation. The world-famous token was retired in 2003, the same year the MTA raised the base fare to $2 despite protests from riders and pressure groups like the Straphangers Campaign. In 2005, the MTA increased the prices of MetroCards for unlimited rides, but left the base fare at $2.
Because it is an old system, most of the stations are not accessible to people with disabilities. The exceptions are new construction (or renovations, such as Coney Island-Stillwell Avenue, which was completely rebuilt) and major stations, as stipulated by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).
In the summer of 2005, the MTA began testing for progressive automation of its subway, which includes automated driving. They started with the Canarsie BMT line (route L). This route was chosen because it has no branches and practically does not intersect with any other line. The next line planned to be automated is the IRT Flushing line (route 7) in the 2010s.[8].
The automation will allow the use of the so-called “One Person Train Operation” (“One Person Train Operation, OPTO”, in the terminology used by transit employees). The benefits of automated subway include cost reduction, safety and reliability. Automated systems can be safer, because all trains are in radio communication with all the others (called Communications-Based Train Control, CBTC) and their position and speed are precisely controlled. This would lead to fewer delays and better service. [9]
"Automatic trains" are not entirely new, they currently exist in Barcelona, Los Angeles and Paris. An experiment to automate the 42nd Street ferry in New York, begun in 1959, ended with a fire at Grand Central-42nd Street on April 24, 1964.[10].
Detractors of this automation argue that operating trains with a single person puts the personal safety of travelers at risk, since normally the driver (the employee who opens and closes train doors and makes announcements at stations where these are not automated) is in charge of notifying emergency services if necessary. This position would be eliminated and its duties would pass to the machinist.